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This book presents comprehensive information on a range of issues in connection with the Fair and Equitable Treatment (FET) standard, with a particular focus on arbitral awards against host developing countries, thereby contributing to the available literature in this area of international investment law. It examines in detail the interpretation of the FET standard of key arbitral awards affecting host developing countries, demonstrating the full range of interpretation approaches adopted by the current investment tribunals. At the same time, the book offers valuable practical guidance for counsels/scholars representing host developing countries in investment arbitration, where balancing the competing interests of the foreign investors and the host developing countries in investment disputes poses a complex challenge. The book puts forward the pressing need for a re-conceptualized interpretation of the FET standard in tune with the developmental issues and challenges faced by host developing countries, recognizing these countries' particular perspectives as an important and relevant aspect of investment disputes (often ignored by the current investment tribunals), while continuing to ensure reasonable protections for foreign investors and therefore serving the needs of the system as whole. The findings presented here will greatly benefit host developing countries engaged in investment arbitration. In addition, the book offers an insightful guide for all researchers whose work involves investment law and investment arbitration issues.

Originally written as an introduction to the author's Survey of international affairs in 1920-23 and intended for publication as part of the same volume. cf. Pref. ; "Second impression." ; "Issued under the auspices of the British institute of international affairs." ; Mode of access: Internet. ; 2

The maintenance of international peace and security is the primary purpose of the United Nations and the effective function of the ICJ is obviously to contribute to it. Now that 50years have passed since the foundation of this Court and while the Bosnian case is pending, the question of the effectiveness of its judicial function inevitably arises: in practice, it often suffers from the lack of political will of the sovereign States. But thanks to its contribution to the development of international law, the ICJ indirectly plays an effective role in the cause of world peace : it exercises a function of "normative supply", implied and derived from the primary function of the principal judicial organ of the United Nations.

In 2014, while the international military could support and justify their exit strategy by citing a fragile peace at the national level, at the local level competition over resources led to increasing violence and instability. Nowhere is this more visible than Afghanistan's extractive industry where powerful individuals and networks vie for access and control of valuable resources. Donors such as the US military have attempted to partner with these sub-national actors in a bid to manage conflict and ensure state stability/order (or more accurately, the facade of stability). The international assistance financially empowered key regional commanders; this enabled the latter to consolidate power within the state at sub-national level. Inadvertently, this approach reinforced the Taliban's own strategy of generating local revenue from the drug/extractive economies. linking the different levels of economic and violent interaction (local, sub-national, national, and international), detailed analysis of key resources can help identify shifts in power relationships within and between networks. Identifying who controls commodities and exchange, as well as the means of violence that determine the distribution of profits, can shed light on trends in the relationship between war economies, conflict onset and persistence, and even state (in)stability

"This book is a pivotal reference source for the latest research on the issues surrounding study abroad students in culturally diverse educational environments, featuring various perspectives from a global context on ensuring the educational, structural, and social needs of international students are met"--

1. Introduction 1. - 2. Practical Relevance of a Realistic Utopia 8. - 3. Why Peoples, Not States: Why States, Not Peoples? 19. - 4. A Typology of Political Regimes 38. - 5. International Justice and the Principles of the Law of Peoples 62. - 6. The Society of Peoples: A Union of Well-Ordered Societies? 96. - 7. Decent Peoples and the Real World 111. - 8. Decent Peace in The Law of Peoples and Beyond 127. - 9. Peace, Justice and International Order - A Conclusion 153

"This volume analyses South American regional and international cooperation during the COVID19 crisis started in 2020. Across thirteen chapters a collection of leading experts address how regional collaboration has developed, evolved, and recoiled. The chapters explore the state of regionalism at the pandemic surge and the challenges and opportunities this situation has opened for regional and international cooperation. Authors analyze the role of extra-regional powers and traditional regional leaders during the pandemic, identifying the extent to which regional cooperation has been possible across several policy agendas. They argue that fragmented visions of regionalism, ideological polarization, and weak leadership, has prevailed from before the pandemic which, accompanied by adverse interactions among major powers, has ensured that cooperation has remained bilateral rather than regional. Ultimately all these factors have created a complex scenario in which disintegration dynamics have emerged, darkening, even more, the South American regional panorama. Regional and International Cooperation in South America After Covid will be an invaluable resource for students, scholars and policy specialists of regionalism and regional integration, Latin American studies, international relations and international political economy"--

This review essay examines a number of areas in the study of war management. First, current work on war bargaining combines previous models of prewar bargaining with intra-war bargaining. These models attempt to depict both the elements of intra-war bargaining and its possible outcome within a dynamic setting in which battles as well as diplomacy provide combatants with information about the possible military outcome of the war. Second, studies of the domestic politics of war management focused primarily on the interrelations between war progress, casualties, and public opinion. As such these studies are strongly biased towards democratic politics of war management. We know very little about the domestic process of war management in non-democratic states. Nor is there much systematic empirical work on civil-military relations during wartime. Third, war expansion models have expanded our knowledge on the factors that increase the probability of third party intervention, as well as on the domestic and international factors that prohibit intervention. Fourth, the literature on the relationship between war management and war outcomes focused on selection models and performance models that attempt to account for the disproportionate tendency of democracies to win the war they fight. Finally, mediation studies have expanded our knowledge of the conditions under which third parties are likely to enter the war as peaceful mediators, the strategies of mediation they select, and the effect of these factors on the outcome of the mediation process. We evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of these literatures and identify several important lacunae that may stimulate future research on war management.