Suchergebnisse

Статья посвящена внешнеполитическому развитию ГДР на рубеже 1960-1970-х гг., когда резко обозначился кризис доктрин, строившихся на постулатах взаимного непризнания ГДР и ФРГ и становившихся решающим препятствием для налаживания политики разрядки международной напряженности. На основании архивных материалов дается представление о выработке единой тактики стран восточного блока в отношении новой восточной политики Брандта. Делается вывод о схожести внешнеполитической ситуации, в которой оказались ГДР и ФРГ, и различиях в способах практической реализации целей их дипломатии. Так, оба немецких государства на международной политической арене, как правило, воспринимались не столько в качестве самостоятельных игроков, сколько в качестве носителей идей соответствующего военно-политического блока. Любые их дипломатические шаги неизбежно рассматривались в контексте глобального противостояния Советского Союза и США. Опасаясь стать «лишними» в ландшафте холодной войны, руководство ГДР и ФРГ прилагало максимум усилий для интенсификации развития собственных экономик. Задача преодоления дипломатической блокады решалась через налаживание и координацию внешнеэкономических отношений внутри таких транснациональных объединений, как Совет экономической взаимопомощи и Европейское экономическое сообщество. Данные мероприятия привели к несоответствию уровня экономического развития этих стран их политическому весу на мировой арене. В этой связи острую полемику вызывал вопрос международно-правового статуса ГДР и ФРГ, основанный на тезисе о неправомерности притязаний ГДР или ФРГ по отдельности представлять интересы всего немецкого народа. Принципиальная позиция руководства ГДР в отношении новой восточной политики привела к отставке В. Ульбрихта и, как следствие, отказу от дальнейшего реформирования восточногерманской экономики. ; The article is devoted to the GDR foreign policy at the turn of the 1960s-1970s, when the crisis of the doctrines based on the principles of mutual non-recognition of the GDR and the FRG appeared and became a decisive impediment for the détente policy. On the basis of archival materials, the article outlines the development of a common tactic of the Eastern bloc in Willy Brandt's new Eastern policy. It concludes about the similarity of the foreign policy situations in which both the GDR and the FRG were, and the differences in the ways of practical implementation of their diplomacy objectives. As a rule, both German states were perceived not so much as independent players of the international political arena but as carriers of ideas of the relevant military-political bloc. Any diplomatic moves were inevitably discussed in the context of the global confrontation between the Soviet Union and the United States. Fearing to become "unnecessary" in the Cold War landscape, the GDR and the FRG leaderships have made maximum efforts to intensify the development of their own economies. The task of overcoming the diplomatic blockade was resolved through the establishment and coordination of external relations within transnational associations such as the Council for mutual economic assistance and the European Economic Community. These activities resulted in a mismatch between the level of economic development of these countries and their political weight on the world stage. In this regard, considerable controversy was caused by the issue of the GDR and the FRG international legal status based on the thesis of the illegality of the claims of the GDR or the FRG to represent the interests of the entire German people singularly. The fundamental position of the GDR leadership in the new Eastern policy led to Walter Ulbricht's resignation and, as a consequence, the abandonment of the further reform of the East German economy.

"This comprehensive Research Handbook provides insights into entrepreneurship across a range of country contexts, migration corridors and national policies to provide a collection of conceptual, empirical and policy-focused findings addressing transnational diaspora entrepreneurship. Chapters illustrate the phenomenon, considering what it is, how it works and how it is regulated. Contributions from top scholars in the field underline the view that transnational diaspora entrepreneurship is a socio-cultural as well as an economic phenomenon of increasing worldwide relevance in shifting economic, technological and political landscapes. Conceptual and methodological developments are presented from multiple perspectives, embedding unique country- and- context-based empirical research. Split into four key thematic sections, this Research Handbook first provides readers with an overview of the topic, before delving into country-specific case studies, migration corridors and their impacts, and then finally exploring the policy implications. Entrepreneurship scholars and students-particularly those with a focus on global entrepreneurship, diasporas, migration and international entrepreneurship-will find this a timely and important read. It will also be of value to administrators of entrepreneurial and migration programs, business developers, investment and startup agencies, diaspora organisations, NGOs and think-tanks"--

"Providing an up-to-date account of Modern Monetary Theory (MMT) with contributions from the world's leading experts, each chapter offers new insights on the topic, building upon MMT's established body of work. This innovative book analyses key economic issues from a wide set of regions including the UK, Europe and the Global South, addressing previous concerns that MMT is too US-focused. Alongside ground-breaking research written by MMT's original developers and leading academics, the book also includes contributions from economic historians and public policy campaigners, highlighting how MMT contributes to challenging neoliberalism and the hegemony of mainstream macroeconomics. Offering an examination of the existing legal, institutional and policy framework which governs the UK Exchequer in particular, it examines how the central claims of MMT map onto the financial activities of the UK government. This will be key reading for undergraduate and postgraduate economics students, as well as more advanced scholars of the discipline, particularly for those looking into theories of finance, money and banking. It will also have a wider appeal across the social sciences, including politics and sociology students"--

"Climate Change and Sustainable Development covers the climatic and atmospheric changes, greenhouse gases and their impact on eco-system, biodiversity, water resources, agriculture and food security, human health, extreme weather and environment across two sections. The mitigation and adaptation strategies involving sustainable development is also illustrated including efficient technology, renewable energy, developmental activities control and so forth. Nanotechnology for sustainable development, forest protection, environment, social and economic sustainability and climate change policy planning of international bodies like UNFCC, UNDP, Kyoto protocol is also included. Features: Covers climate change fundamentals and its impact on different ecosystems and natural disasters Describes non-renewable energy aspects like fossil fuel, coal, oil, natural gas and so forth Explores sustainable development in terms of environment, social and economic aspects Includes species diversity and loss, agriculture productivity, water resources scarcity, health and environmental, rise in sea level and coastal area submergence Illustrates scientific hybridization of traditional ecological knowledge for enhancing climate change adaptation This book is aimed at graduate students and researchers in engineering and public policy, engineering management, sustainable engineering, renewable energy engineering, environmental engineering, and sustainability"--

The United States Space Force, the sixth branch of the armed forces, will soon play a leading role in American foreign policy and will be necessary to protect its economic, political, and social interests at home and abroad. This book argues that America's newest branch of the armed forces, the United States Space Force, will soon play a key strategic role in American foreign policy, military and economic expansion, and technological innovation. Written by a leading expert on and member of the Space Force, the book offers an introduction to the Space Force, explains the urgent need for it, and walks readers through what exactly the Space Force is and is not. Drawing on dozens of interviews with high-ranking members of the armed forces, the author claims that, in the future, space will be the geopolitical center of world politics, as such countries as the U.S., Russia, and China jockey for control of it. America must therefore set aside partisan politics to make space a top priority, as a failure to do so will leave the U.S. and its citizens in a dangerous and vulnerable position on the world stage.

"Climate Change and Sustainable Development covers the climatic and atmospheric changes, greenhouse gases and their impact on eco-system, biodiversity, water resources, agriculture and food security, human health, extreme weather and environment across two sections. The mitigation and adaptation strategies involving sustainable development is also illustrated including efficient technology, renewable energy, developmental activities control and so forth. Nanotechnology for sustainable development, forest protection, environment, social and economic sustainability and climate change policy planning of international bodies like UNFCC, UNDP, Kyoto protocol is also included. Features: Covers climate change fundamentals and its impact on different ecosystems and natural disasters Describes non-renewable energy aspects like fossil fuel, coal, oil, natural gas and so forth Explores sustainable development in terms of environment, social and economic aspects Includes species diversity and loss, agriculture productivity, water resources scarcity, health and environmental, rise in sea level and coastal area submergence Illustrates scientific hybridization of traditional ecological knowledge for enhancing climate change adaptation This book is aimed at graduate students and researchers in engineering and public policy, engineering management, sustainable engineering, renewable energy engineering, environmental engineering, and sustainability"--

This book is about the social protection of lower-skilled migrants from Sri Lanka. It reasons out the importance of protecting Sri Lankan migrant workers considering the significant economic contribution of lower-skilled migrant workers and their higher level of exposure to risks at all stages of international migration: pre-departure, on the job, and after returnee reintegration. The book explores social protection programmes for low-skilled immigrants from three perspectives: legal aspects, national policies, and programmes. The chapter on legal background for protecting migrant workers focuses on declarations and on labour laws on the national and international level. Policies and programmes identify national level labour policies and other related policies that apply to migrant workers, as well as available social protection programmes for Sri Lankan migrant workers. In turn, the solutions for minimizing the related risks faced by Sri Lankan migrant workers. Highlighting the economic contribution of migrant workers and their vulnerability at all stages of migration, this book offers a timely and important contribution for policy makers and practitioners as well as scholars of migration studies, public policy and related fields.

"Drawing on participant observations, in-depth interviews and content analysis of online materials, Lai investigates the role of individual choice, relationships and institutions in unmarried Chinese women's decisions to terminate their pregnancies. Where many previous studies have focused on abortion in China as a state-mandated procedure to enforce the one-child policy, Lai looks at a new era, where abortion is primarily based on individuals' decisions. While women in China have become increasingly well-educated, free to travel and work, and thus accumulate social and economic capital, Lai finds they nevertheless face structural constraints from both old duties and new expectations. Marriage is still regarded as an indispensable life event, and procreation and caregiving key obligations, but at the same time there is new pressure to contribute to economic development. Experiences of abortion are deeply intertwined with the institution of family, the state, and the market, and Lai documents the impact of sweeping socioeconomic transformation on reproductive decisions made by unmarried adult women in contemporary China amidst the ending of the one-child policy. Essential reading for scholars of Chinese society, and of family and gender studies globally"--

First Published in 1959, The Soviet Union and the Middle East attempts to shed light on the evolution of Soviet attitudes toward the Middle East, its problems, challenges, and opportunities since 1917. Divided into two parts, the first part "The Soviet Image of the Middle East" presents an investigation into the sources of Soviet policy in that area, while the second part "The Great Breakthrough" explores the political, social, and economic conditions in the Middle East. The volume discusses themes like storm over Asia, the arms deal, the year of Suez, the Syrian Crisis of 1957, Soviet trade and economic aid (1954-1958), Soviet cultural policy and the intellectual climate in the Arab world, communism in the Middle East (1955-1958) and communism and Arab nationalism, to ask larger questions like did the Soviet Communists expect the revolutionary events in Asia? Were they instrumental in bringing them about or did they occur quite independently? This book will be of interest to scholars and researchers of political history, international relations, West Asian Studies, Russian Studies, and history of communism.

Protecting the climate is one of the greatest challenges our society is currently facing. In view of the heated political and social discussions surrounding this topic, the question naturally arises as to whether behavioral-economic insights can be used to sensitize German society to the dangers of climate change and to motivate it towards more sustainability. The field of behavioral economics provides empirical evidence of psychological factors that influence and even hinder sustainable behavior, ultimately leading to a gap between the will to act sustainably and actual behavior. Cognitive barriers, different social factors and group affiliations result in a complex system of diverse behavioral patterns, environmental attitudes, needs and expectations that must be considered when designing environmental policy instruments. People can be motivated to behave more ecologically without restricting their freedom of choice by the intelligent and effective use of green nudges rather than prohibitions. Identifying an effective, target-group-specific and ethical policy for counteracting climate change and encouraging more sustainable behavior requires an interdisciplinary approach combining behavioral-economic empiricism with ethical insights.

"This Handbook captures the salient features of Middle Eastern economies and critically examines the public policy responses required to address the challenges and opportunities across the region. Bringing together wide-ranging perspectives from carefully selected and renowned subject specialists, the collection fills a gap in this relatively young and growing academic field. Combining discussion of theory and empirical evidence, the book maps out the evolution of Middle East economics as a field within area studies and applied development economics. Presented in six thematic sections, the book enables the reader to gain a comprehensive understanding of the region's main economic themes and issues: Growth and Development in Comparative Perspectives Labour Force and Human Development Natural Resources, Resource Curse and Trade Poverty, Inequality and Social Policy Institutions and Transition to Democracy Corruption, Conflict and Refugees Providing an overview of the principal economic problems, policies and performances relating to the countries in the Middle East and North Africa region, this collection will be a key resource for upper-level undergraduates, graduates and scholars with an interest in Middle East economics, applied development economics and area studies"--