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Students of institutions have identified a pattern of ―serial replacement,‖ distinctive of Latin American countries in which institutional change has become frequent as well as radical. Patterns of serial replacement underlie wellknown ―traps‖ of deinstitutionalization: military coups beget more coups, democratic breakdowns make breakdowns more likely, constitutional replacements encourage the adoption of new constitutions, inter-branch conflicts feed further conflicts, and so on. In this paper we develop a theory of serial replacement and apply it to explain cycles of judicial instability in 18 Latin American countries. Using a novel dataset covering more than 3,000 Supreme Court and Constitutional Tribunal justices between 1900 and 2010, we show that political attempts to reshuffle Supreme Courts and Constitutional Tribunals encourage new attempts to reshuffle the high courts in later years, creating a sequential pattern of judicial instability. ; University of Pittsburgh ; UNSAM

This book is a collection of studies of drug policies in several Latin American countries. The chapters analyze the specific histories of drug policies in each country, as well as related phenomena and case studies throughout the region. It presents conceptual reflections on the origins of prohibition and the ℓ́ℓWar on Drugs, ℓ́ℓ including the topic of human rights and cognitive freedom. Further, the collection reflects on the pioneering role of some Latin American countries in changing paradigms of international drug policy. Each case study provides an analysis of where each state is now in terms of policy reform within the context of its history and current socio-political circumstances. Concurrently, local movements, initiatives, and backlash against the reformist debate within the hemisphere are examined. The recent changes regarding the regulation of marijuana in the United States and their possible impact on Latin America are also addressed. This work is an important, up-to-date and well-researched reference for all who are interested in drug policy from a Latin American perspective.

Old hegemons, new challenges and the limits of traditional responses -- Sponsorship linking resources, legitimacy and institutions -- "If I ruled the world:" imperialism, anti-corruption and the World Bank -- The Bush doctrine and the norms of preemptive and preventive intervention -- Cyberspace, the new frontier - and the same old multilateralism / Panayotis A. Yannakogeorgos -- George W. Bush and the sponsorship of the anti-trafficking norm: a rare success story -- Sponsoring global norms: emerging patterns and policy options in global politics

This study explores the effect on mayoral decision-making of three aspects of the decision environment: issue salience, context, and constraint. The study also tests the moderator effect that decision environment may have on a mayor's qualifications in terms of education and experience. These effects were tested on data drawn from a survey-experiment whose subjects were 120 incumbent mayors representing 12 Latin American countries. Mayors were presented with a hypothetical municipal problem in which their decision consisted of dealing with the problem by themselves or by delegating spending authority to a private agency. After manipulating the salience of the municipal problem (education vs. infrastructure), stressful context (statement about presence of guerrillas vs. no statement), and choice constraint (capable vs. incapable delegated private agency), analysis of variance and logit results show that under no constraint, mayors tend to delegate spending authority to a private agency for dealing with education, but not for infrastructure problems. Findings may suggest that mayors see more opportunities for rent-seeking and/or political benefits from handling spending personally in infrastructure but not in education. In Latin America, the position of city manager does not exist, making the elected mayor the primary decision-maker, and as most of the social spending takes place at the municipal level, mayors' decisions have a significant impact on development. Adapted from the source document.

Cover -- Contents -- List of Tables -- Acknowledgements -- List of Abbreviations -- Introduction -- 1 EU-Latin American Interregionalism -- 1.1 Regionalism and integration -- 1.2 The European Union and Latin America -- 1.3 Regionness and hybrid interregionalism -- 2 EU Policies towards Latin America -- 2.1 The EU system of external relations -- 2.2 EU institutions and Latin America -- 2.3 EU policies and Latin America -- 3 The Summits -- 3.1 Background of the interregional relationship -- 3.2 The summits: Rediscovering the other transatlantic relationship -- 4 Association Agreements

Fil: Palanza, M. Valeria. Universidad de San Andrés. Departamento de Economía; Argentina. ; Fil: Scartascini, Carlos G. Universidad de San Andrés. Departamento de Economía; Argentina. ; Fil: Tommasi, Mariano. Universidad de San Andrés. Departamento de Economía; Argentina. ; This paper is concerned with the characteristics, determinants and consequences of varying levels of congressional institutionalization. Our work can be traced back to the early work on congressional institutionalization done by Polsby (1968), which is complemented here by the game-theoretic notion that institutionalization is an equilibrium outcome that emerges from the beliefs and investments made by relevant political actors. The paper explores key characteristics and trends surrounding legislative careers and congressional assets such as organization and resources. It does so to uncover the effects of different belief systems and investment dynamics on levels of institutionalization and, ultimately, on policy outcomes. We approach our puzzle by analyzing two close yet contrasting cases: Argentina and Chile, which possess stark differences on many policy and institutional dimensions, despite relatively similar constitutional settings.

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act signed by President Obama in March 2010 is a landmark in U.S. social legislation, and the Supreme Court's recent decision upholding the Act has ensured that it will remain the law of the land. The new law extends health insurance to nearly all Americans, fulfilling a century-long quest and bringing the United States to parity with other industrial nations. Affordable Care aims to control rapidly rising health care costs and promises to make the United States more equal, reversing four decades of rising disparities between the very rich and everyone else. Millions of people of modest means will gain new benefits and protections from insurance company abuses - and the tab will be paid by privileged corporations and the very rich.

Capitalism has long been a major force in the creation of a market for mind-altering substances (eg, sugar, coffee, tea, cocoa, tobacco, & opium), but a new battle is brewing between economic & political interests in the US over how best to curtail the flow of mind-altering substances -- drugs -- from Latin America. After reviewing the shortcomings of the US's "counterinsurgency wars" & its "war on drugs," the geopolitical issues associated with mind-altering substances are discussed from the point of view of Latin America. Because drug production offers immediate relief from economic crisis, generates employment, & stimulates trade, it is often seen as the only real hope for the Latin American economy. As such, this complex situation will require a complex solution. 1 Table, 1 Figure, 101 References. M. Maguire