Suchergebnisse

В статье рассмотрены исторические и географические особенности развития терроризма в мире. Приводятся данные о первых проявлениях террористической деятельности в различных регионах мира. Выделены основные этапы развития терроризма, и на их основе исследованы территориальные изменения и векторы его развития. Также проанализированы основные направления террористической деятельности, их распространение и соотношение в различных исторических периодах. ; The article deals with the problem of terrorism as a global security. In a study of terrorism the historical and geographical approach is applied. By the beginning of the 21st century, terrorism has become a global threat to security for all countries, leading to mass casualties, economic damage and political instability. Analysis of the global historical and geographical patterns is one of the most important aspects of the study of the contemporary phenomenon of terrorism. It allows you to better understand the mechanisms of terrorist activities and identify its spatial changes over the long run. The article deals with the historical and geographical features of terrorism in the world and contains the data on the first manifestations of terrorism in various regions of the world. The first premise of terrorism was the emergence of the state, on the one hand, and the presence of a politically active population, on the other hand. The author presents the main factors of such manifestations and the basic historical stages of development of terrorism, since the 18th century. On the basis of the selected stages, the territorial changes of terrorist activities in the world are investigated. Also, the basic directions of terrorist activities, such as a separatist, radical religious, "left" radical and others are described. In compliance with the proposed stages of terrorist activity, the ratio of these directions at different times and in different regions of the world is analyzed.

Важную роль при образовании профессиональной династии играют традиции и семейный уклад. «Традиция» трактуется как сочетания элементов социально-культурного наследия. Традиции охватывают объекты социально-культурного наследия (материальные и духовные ценности), взаимосвязаны с процессом преемственного наследования. Традиции, которые присущи институту семьи на протяжении всего его периода существования, внутренне детерминированные экономическими, технологическими, политическими факторами социального времени, рассыпаются на внутреннюю мозаику семейных традиций отдельных семей, которая состоит из элементов национальной культуры, культуры региона как элементов макроуровня, этнической, конфессиональной принадлежности членов семьи как элементов мезоуровня, и элементов внутренней культуры, ценностного сознания индивидов. Карьера рассматривается с точки зрения психологических и социальных аспектов: индивидных, личностных, а также факторов внешней среды, истории жизни, семейный уклад, возрастных и ролевых особенностей. Профессиональные династии это исторически сложившееся, относительно устойчивое явление, обеспечивающее наследование в семье от поколения к поколению содержания труда и традиций. ; An important role in the formation of professional play dynasty traditions and family life. "Tradition" is interpreted as combinations of elements of socio-cultural heritage. Traditions encompass the socio-cultural heritage (material and spiritual values), correlated with the process of successive inheritance. Traditions that are inherent in the institution of the family throughout its period of existence, internally deterministic economic, technological, political factors social time, scattered on a mosaic of the inner family traditions of individual families, which consists of elements of the national culture, the culture of the region as elements of the macro-level, ethnicity, religious affiliation, members of the family as a meso-level elements, and elements of the internal culture, value consciousness of individuals. Career is considered from the point of view of psychological and social aspects: individual, personal, and environmental factors, life history, family structure, age and role-playing features. Professional dynasty is historically formed, relatively stable phenomenon, which drives the inheritance in the family from generation to generation the scope of work and traditions.

In France, research in history and political philosophy has produced a body of knowledge describing the values and principles that are at the heart of the « republican model of integration ». However, this work has been theoretical and conceptual in nature such that we have in fact very little knowledge about the psychological aspects of the republican model. This thesis is organized in three chapters that present in total seven distinct empirical studies It addressed two major questions: 1) What factors explain the strong support that is observed in France for the principle of republican equality and laïcité? and 2) what are the consequences of this support for prejudice and intergroup relations? In chapter one, the research confirms this strong endorsement of the republican principles among teachers in high schools (Study 1, N = 82) or among university students in widely different fields of study such as psychology (N = 72) or law (N = 234, Study 2). Using a measure of attachment to laïcité that is distinct from a measure of support for principles that are theoretically linked with laïcité, Study 2 showed, for the first time to our knowledge, the distinction between two types of laïcité: an historic laïcité based on freedom of conscience and equality of respects for all beliefs and a new laïcité that emphasizes the need for keep religion private and to ban conspicuous religious signs from public places. In chapter two, three studies examined the psychological motives underlying attachment to the republican principles. As expected, it was shown first, among a representative sample of the French population (N = 1001), that support for republican equality and new laïcité are two variables that explain variance in antiimmigrant prejudice over and above factors that are usually considered in sociology or social psychology. Moreover, whereas egalitarian individuals are usually more supportive of these principles compared to inegalitarians, the results also showed that people who wish to maintain group-based ...

The language of morality and legality infuses every aspect of the Middle East conflict. From repeated assertions by officials that Israel has �the most moral army in the world� to justifications for specific military tactics and operations by reference to self-defense and proportionality, the public rhetoric is one of legal right and moral obligation. Less often heard are the voices of those on the ground whose daily experience is lived within the legal quagmire portrayed by their leaders in such uncompromising terms. This Article explores the opaque normative boundaries surrounding the actions of a specific group within the Israeli military, soldiers returning from duty in Hebron in the Occupied Palestinian Territories. By examining interviews with these soldiers by an Israeli NGO, it identifies different narratives of legality and illegality which inform their conduct, contrasting their failure to adhere to conventional legal discourses with the broader �legalization� of military activities. Seeking an explanation for this disjunction, it explores the ways in which the soldiers� stories nonetheless reflect attempts to negotiate various normative and legal realities. It places these within the legal landscape of the Occupied Palestinian Territories which has been normatively re-imagined by various forces in Israeli society, from the judicially-endorsed discourse of deterrence manifested in the day-today practices of brutality, intimidation and �demonstrating power,� to the growing influence of nationalist-religious interpretations of self-defense and the misuse of post-modernist theory by the military establishment to �smooth out� the moral and legal urban architectures of occupation. The Article concludes by considering the hope for change evident in the very act of soldiers telling ethically-oriented stories about their selves, and in the existence of a movement willing to provide the space for such reflections in an attempt to confront Israeli society with the day-to-day experiences of the soldier in the Occupied Palestinian Territories

From 1870-1920, Syrians—primarily but not entirely Christian—emigrated to the United States for a suitably modern reason: the devastation of the Lebanese silk industry due to the opening of the Suez Canal and, with it, the Chinese silk market. After stepping off the boat, they found themselves in an America industrializing and urbanizing. As their diasporic economy increased in sophistication, Syrians embraced the growing consumer society. Peddlers went from door-to-door, town-to-town, selling 'Oriental' kimonos (scarves) and rugs, illustrating the commodification of the 'Orient' in American consumer culture. Their economic success impressed many Americans, but it did not translate into widespread acceptance. Mainstream newspapers often depicted them as spiritually timeless, yet intellectually primitive. Leaders of the community mobilized to prove the whiteness of the Syrians by advancing an argument that partially relied on tropes about the Orient. The mediums and style of their discourse—books, Arabic-language newspapers, and civic associations—showed that race had become commodified in the new market economy. Ideas about race, religion, and their associated privileges had entered the marketplace, and constructing and marketing them became a crucial new aspect of identity politics in America. Much critical work has been done concerning the ways in which Syrians experienced their ethnicization, but this scholarship has not been connected to a wider discourse about broader social forces such as the rise of American consumerism. This paper contributes to a large body of scholarship founded by Edward Said's seminal work Orientalism. He places the genesis of the American Orientalism immediately after WWII. It joins Naomi Rosenblatt and antedates Said by placing the onset of Orientalism within the swirling onset of consumer society in modernizing America. It contributes by interrogating the how Syrians employed racial and religious constructs to assert their identity within both America and the Syrian/Lebanese nation.

The language of morality and legality infuses every aspect of the Middle East conflict. From repeated assertions by officials that Israel has �the most moral army in the world� to justifications for specific military tactics and operations by reference to self-defense and proportionality, the public rhetoric is one of legal right and moral obligation. Less often heard are the voices of those on the ground whose daily experience is lived within the legal quagmire portrayed by their leaders in such uncompromising terms. This Article explores the opaque normative boundaries surrounding the actions of a specific group within the Israeli military, soldiers returning from duty in Hebron in the Occupied Palestinian Territories. By examining interviews with these soldiers by an Israeli NGO, it identifies different narratives of legality and illegality which inform their conduct, contrasting their failure to adhere to conventional legal discourses with the broader �legalization� of military activities. Seeking an explanation for this disjunction, it explores the ways in which the soldiers� stories nonetheless reflect attempts to negotiate various normative and legal realities. It places these within the legal landscape of the Occupied Palestinian Territories which has been normatively re-imagined by various forces in Israeli society, from the judicially-endorsed discourse of deterrence manifested in the day-today practices of brutality, intimidation and �demonstrating power,� to the growing influence of nationalist-religious interpretations of self-defense and the misuse of post-modernist theory by the military establishment to �smooth out� the moral and legal urban architectures of occupation. The Article concludes by considering the hope for change evident in the very act of soldiers telling ethically-oriented stories about their selves, and in the existence of a movement willing to provide the space for such reflections in an attempt to confront Israeli society with the day-to-day experiences of the soldier in the Occupied Palestinian Territories

In his last book El arpa y la sombra (1979) the Cuban writer, Alejo Carpentier (1904-1980), propose an inquiry, personal and historical, about life and voyages of Christopher Colombus to the New World. Carpentier's novel confronts the human aspect of the discoverer to the political and religious impact of which would have been the eventual beatification of a man whose acts determined, in a certain way, the dynamic relations between Spain and the New World. This article analyses the way which the "discoverer" is "discovered" through the process of unveiling. Far from the historical discourse but taking it as a point of departure by diverse documents and facts, Carpentier build an intense fiction that recovers the life of Christopher Colombus in an intimate way. The double perspective of America's discoverer allows inverting the concept of the "discovery" and creates an ironical distance that questions the man and the historical character equally. ; En su última novela, El arpa y la sombra (1979), el escritor cubano, Alejo Carpentier (1904- 1980) propone un cuestionamiento, personal e histórico, de la vida y los viajes de Cristóbal Colón al Nuevo Mundo. La novela de Carpentier confronta lo humano al impacto político y religioso de lo que hubiera sido la eventual beatificación de un hombre, cuyos actos determinaron en cierta medida la dinámica de las relaciones entre España y el Nuevo Mundo. En este artículo se analiza la forma en la que el "descubridor" es puesto al "descubierto" a través del proceso de desenmascaramiento. Lejos del discurso histórico y, sin embargo, partiendo de este mediante diversos hechos y documentos, Carpentier construye una ficción intensa que recupera de manera íntima la vida de Cristóbal Colón. La doble puesta en perspectiva del descubridor de América permite invertir el concepto del "descubrimiento" y crea una distancia irónica que cuestiona de igual manera al hombre y al personaje histórico.

In France, research in history and political philosophy has produced a body of knowledge describing the values and principles that are at the heart of the « republican model of integration ». However, this work has been theoretical and conceptual in nature such that we have in fact very little knowledge about the psychological aspects of the republican model. This thesis is organized in three chapters that present in total seven distinct empirical studies It addressed two major questions: 1) What factors explain the strong support that is observed in France for the principle of republican equality and laïcité? and 2) what are the consequences of this support for prejudice and intergroup relations? In chapter one, the research confirms this strong endorsement of the republican principles among teachers in high schools (Study 1, N = 82) or among university students in widely different fields of study such as psychology (N = 72) or law (N = 234, Study 2). Using a measure of attachment to laïcité that is distinct from a measure of support for principles that are theoretically linked with laïcité, Study 2 showed, for the first time to our knowledge, the distinction between two types of laïcité: an historic laïcité based on freedom of conscience and equality of respects for all beliefs and a new laïcité that emphasizes the need for keep religion private and to ban conspicuous religious signs from public places. In chapter two, three studies examined the psychological motives underlying attachment to the republican principles. As expected, it was shown first, among a representative sample of the French population (N = 1001), that support for republican equality and new laïcité are two variables that explain variance in antiimmigrant prejudice over and above factors that are usually considered in sociology or social psychology. Moreover, whereas egalitarian individuals are usually more supportive of these principles compared to inegalitarians, the results also showed that people who wish to maintain group-based ...

Academic music education is formalized in Senegal until 1976, with the intention of democratizing access to culture in the school. The goal is to train a Senegal citizen rooted in their own culture and open to the rest of the world. But the realization of this noble ambition almost failed due to an ''openness'' that has overtaken the ''rooting''. Because the pattern of musical education training for teachers is imitating the courses contents left by the French and based mainly on European classical music unknown by the Senegalese. What creates a voltage compared to the popular musical culture of students. In schools, nothing is provided for teaching this subject as for as the resources and educational tools are concerned. Music education teachers are also facing a problem report to the academic knowledge in a society of highly Islamized oral tradition with a caste system, where cultural and religious prejudices about the music. In this work, we study the Senegalese musical education in its socio-cultural, political, academic and economic aspects. ; L'éducation musicale académique n'est officialisée au Sénégal qu'à partir de 1976, dans l'intention de démocratiser l'accès à la culture à l'école. Le but est de former un citoyen sénégalais enraciné dans sa propre culture et ouvert vers le reste du monde. Mais la concrétisation de cette noble ambition a presque échoué en raison d'une « ouverture » qui a pris le pas sur « l'enracinement ». Car la formation des professeurs d'éducation musicale est calquée sur les contenus de cours légués par les français et basés essentiellement sur la musique classique européenne inconnue des sénégalais. Ce qui crée une tension par rapport à la culture musicale populaire des élèves. Dans les écoles, rien n'est prévu pour l'enseignement de cette discipline, au niveau des moyens et matériels didactiques. Les professeurs d'éducation musicale sont confrontés aussi à un problème de rapport au savoir académique dans une société de tradition orale très islamisée avec un système de castes, ...

В статье рассмотрены компоненты юнионистской идеи, актуализированной после наследования Яковом I (1603-1625) английской короны. Яков I сразу заявил, что намерен превратить унию корон в унию государств. Яков I видел себя u главой новой империи и создателем новой нации. На специально выпущенной по случаю наследования медали Яков назван «императором Британии». На изготовленном к коронации медальоне он именуется «Цезарем Августом Британии, наследником Цезарей». В 1606 г. быт утвержден общий флаг — знаменитый «Юнион Джек». Хотя английский парламент не спешил с объединением, а совместная англо-шотландская комиссия не сумела выработать устраивающую обе стороны модель унии, у идеи союза нашлось значительное число сторонников, которые надеялись, что уния сделает островное государство «Великобританию» более сильным и одновременно сохранить шотландскую и английскую идентичность. Сторонники союза активно использовали естественные, конфессиональные, лингвистические и антикварные аргументы, доказывая единство происхождения двух . The article considers the basic aspects of the unionist idea which became relevant after James I (1603-1625) succeeded to the English crown. James I declared immediately that he intended to transform the union of the crowns to the union of the kingdoms. James saw himself as the head of a new empire and the founder of a new nation. The accession medal proclaimed James the Imperator (Emperor) of Britain, the coronation medal hailed him "Caesar Augustus of Great Britain". In 1606 the common flag was established that was the famous Union Jack. Despite the Parliament of England dragging out the Union and the common commission of Scottish and English parliaments failing to elaborate the Union model satisfying both sides, the idea of the Union found a lot of supporters. They hoped that the Union would strengthen the island kingdom and simultaneously would preserve Scottish and English identities. The supporters of the Union used geographic, religious, linguistic and antiquarian arguments evidencing the unity of the two nations' origin.

El relato de la guerra de Troya constituye la primera narración bélica de laliteratura en que se oponen las visiones dialécticas de quienes ejercen laguerra como agresión y de quienes la padecen como defensores. Estaconfrontación es planteada en Ilíada a través de seres humanos con gravesconflictos individuales que tiñen todo su accionar de diversas reflexiones. En el canto VI, Héctor y Andrómaca representan el lado íntimo de laguerra en el contexto de la discusión de los valores que justifican o pretenden explicar la conducta de cada individuo en circunstancias tan extremas. Mediante el análisis filológico-literario de los discursos de Andrómaca y Héctor (VI, 407-493) abordaremos la configuración heroica del personajede Héctor en el ámbito privado, estableciendo ciertos rasgos que predominan en su carácter -el aspecto político, religioso, guerrero y familiar-, aspectos que, en conjunto, lo constituyen como el héroe troyano por excelencia. ; The story of the Trojan War constitutes the first war narration in literature in which the dialectical visions of the people who use war as aggression and those who are victims are confronted. This confrontation is developed in the Iliad through individual human beings with serious conflicts that stain all their actions in different reflections. In the book VI, Hektor and Andromakhe represent the intimate side of war in the context of the discussion about the values that justify or attempt to explain the behavior of each individual in such extreme circumstances. Through the philological-literary analysis of Andromakhe and Hektor's speeches (VI, 407-493) we will address the heroic configuration of the character Hektor in the private sphere, establishing certain traits that predominate in his nature -the political, religious, warlike and family aspects- which collectively make him the Trojan hero par excellence. ; Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación

Целью статьи является обзорное рассмотрение существующих к настоящему времени в социальных науках подходов к пониманию этничности и национализма и анализ религиозно-политических аспектов формирования английского национализма в предреволюционные десятилетия в первой половине XVII века. Автор считает, что в понимании этничности и национализма следует избегать крайностей примордиализма и конструктивизма, опираясь на конкретно-исторический материал, дающий возможность более глубоко, по сравнению с чисто социологическим подходом, выразить специфику формирования национализма в английском обществе раннего Нового времени. Рост националистических взглядов в первые десятилетия XVII века в Англии, как показал автор, выразился в том, что начавшая формироваться с 1534 г. протестантская церковь Англии все более дистанцировалась не только от католической церкви, но и от континентальных протестантских церквей, тем самым обретая собственную идентичность. ; The paper aims at giving a survey of the approaches practiced among specialists in social sciences who study ethnicity and nationalism at the contemporary stage of investigations. Further on, the author considers religious and political aspects of English nationalism at its moulding stage during the pre-revolutionary decades in the first half of the 17 th century. The author believes that the extremes of primordialism and constructivism must be avoided in understanding ethnicity and nationalism when relying upon particular historical facts. Such an approach based on historical methodology gives the opportunity for deeper understanding of the peculiarities of formation of nationalism in Early Modern England as compared with purely sociological methods. The author shows that the rise of nationalist opinions in England during the first decades of the 17 th century expressed itself in such a course of events when the Anglican Church created by the break with Rome in 1534 began to distance itself not only from the Catholic Church but also from the Protestant Churches on the continent of Europe thus acquiring its own identity.

Pamidipani SS Sundar Rao LEPRA India, Secunderabad, India Abstract: Throughout its history, leprosy has been much feared and misunderstood. Today, we have the best knowledge, expertise, therapies, and surgical and physiotherapeutic skills to virtually cure and eradicate the disease, but the continuing high levels of stigma pose insurmountable obstacles in our efforts to remove the scourges of leprosy. In this review, the medical, social, and political aspects related to the impact of stigma on leprosy are elaborated, and strategies for providing access to equitable and effective care are described. Leprosy is a biosocial disease, and experience has shown that both the medical and social dimensions must be aggressively confronted. Stigma in leprosy is based on religious, sociocultural, psychological, and demographic experience over centuries of human existence. Therefore, any attempt to eradicate or reduce stigma will require strong multifaceted approaches that will permeate psychological, social, and mental layers of the human mind and result in necessary health-seeking behaviors. What then is needed is a social multidrug therapy similar to the medical multidrug therapy, where there would be one arm for curing the medical problems of leprosy, a second arm focusing on empowering the people, especially affected persons, through appropriate education, awareness, especially for early detection and treatment, encouraging positive attitudes and perceptions, and a third arm for advocacy, attacking derogatory and discriminatory laws, enabling opportunities for persons with leprosy disabilities to be profitably employed, and providing necessary rehabilitation facilities. Health can never be adequately protected by health services without the active understanding and involvement of communities whose health is at stake. The review cautions that without a social multidisciplinary approach using community-based participatory techniques, we cannot provide access to effective and acceptable health care to leprosy-affected persons. Keywords: leprosy, stigma, social, MDT, health access

Зростаюча необхідність гуманітарних операцій ООН є результатом виникнення викликів, пов'язаних із різким збільшенням масштабу і складності надзвичайних подій та конфліктів. З іншого боку, сьогодні нові світові процеси стимулюють трансформацію миротворчих процедур і техніки посередництва з урахуванням проблем етнічного характеру, конфесійних протиріч та інших відмінностей. У зв'язку з цим операції із підтримання миру набувають особливого змісту, в результаті яких навіть можливі зміни політичних ситуацій всередині багатьох держав.Сучасний миротворчий процес є одним з найважливіших інтегральних компонентів глобальної діяльності держав світу. Участь України в миротворчих операціях і місіях ООН – важливий елемент її зовнішньополітичного курсу, спрямованого на реалізацію національних інтересів країни. Це дає змогу Україні швидше інтегруватися у світове співтовариство, сприяє зміцненню її міжнародного авторитету та виконанню нею найважливіших зобов'язань щодо зміцнення миру і міжнародної безпеки.Ключові слова: миротворча діяльність ООН; гуманітарні аспекти миротворчих операцій ООН; гуманітарна допомога в діяльності ООН; принципи проведення гуманітарних операцій. The growing need for UN humanitarian operations is a result of the challenges related to the sharp increase in the scale and complexity of emergencies and conflicts. On the other hand, today the new global processes stimulate the transformation of peace mediation procedures and technology to meet the challenges ethnicity, religious differences and other differences. In this regard, peacekeeping operations (operations of peacekeeping) take on special meaning, in which even the possible changes in the political situation in many countries.Modern peacekeeping process is a critical component of integrated global activities of the world. Ukraine's participation in peacekeeping operations and UN missions are an important element of its foreign policy, aimed at the realization of national interests. This allows you to quickly integrate Ukraine into the world community is strengthening its international authority and fulfillment of its most important commitments to strengthening peace and international security.Key words: UN peacekeeping; humanitarian aspects of UN peacekeeping operations; humanitarian assistance of the United Nations; the principles of humanitarian operations.

International audience ; The story of the Moor who takes a cruel revenge on his master seems to notably express a human's preference for bloody fait divers. It has been constantly quoted and adapted since the 10 th century, serving as an exemplum which allows the authors of different nationalities to reflect on the contemporary events. The narrative structure is subjected to several modifications; however, it always contains a significant number of brutal aspects related to the act of vengeance. In fact, the force of precise and violent description correlates with the exhortation, characteristic of most of the works in question. We can observe simultaneously a certain evolution of story's interpretation that the authors impose on the readers: being at first a part of a chronicle and collection of exempla, it gains a moral character in the late Middle Ages, to become finally a source of the political reflection which is particularly evident in 17 th century France. All those factors, as well as the authors' choice of literary genres, help to represent the social, moral, religious and ideological reality of the period of which the slavery is an integral part.-17 th centuries ; Historia o Maurze dokonującym okrutnej zemsty na swoim panu stanowi szczególny wyraz ludzkiego upodobania do krwawego fait divers. Poczawszy od X wieku, jest ona wielokrotnie przytaczana i adaptowana, służąc autorom różnych narodowości jako exemplum pozwalające snuć rozważania na temat współczesnych im wydarzeń. Struktura narracyjna ulega oczywiście w ciągu wieków modyfikacjom, nie rezygnując jednakże nigdy z brutalnych aspektów sceny zemsty. Stopień precyzji i drastyczności opisu koreluje wręcz z parenetycznym charakterem dzieł. Równocześnie zaobserwować można swoistą ewolucję interpretacji, jak twórcy nadaj sukcesywnie wykorzystywanej przez siebie opowieści: wchodząc początkowo w skład kroniki i zbiorów exemplów, uzyskuje ona pod koniec średniowiecza wydźwięk moralny, aby stać się w końcu źródłem refleksji czysto politycznej, co widoczne ...