Suchergebnisse

Las resistencias palestina y saharaui a las ocupaciones militares y colonizaciones israelí y marroquí han tomado formas creativas, inevitablemente internacionales, mientras palestinos y saharauis se esfuerzan por diseminar sus propias narrativas. Por ejemplo, se agregan medios alternativos y redes sociales a los medios utilizados para romper el bloqueo físico e informativo, superando las limitaciones editoriales o alianzas políticas que dictan cómo se presentan o silencian las noticias y cómo se legitiman o vilipendian las luchas, sean las que utilizan tácticas violentas o no. Este texto aborda los "terrenos de resistencia" palestinos y saharauis y sus disputas por la expansión de espacios de solidaridad internacional, trayendo experiencias específicas. Dicha expansión ocurre especialmente a través de medios alternativos de comunicación, pero alcanza también un creciente compromiso político y académico desde varios niveles y disciplinas, especialmente, pero no apenas, de las ciencias sociales en general, las Relaciones Internacionales y el Derecho Internacional. Además, actores estatales y de la sociedad civil internacionales se involucran no solo debido a preocupaciones éticas con violaciones de los derechos humanos sino también como un compromiso real con las luchas por liberación. Por lo tanto, los espacios en los que activistas palestinos, saharauis e internacionales promueven la resistencia se tratan aquí como espacios disputados en la arena internacional, con un análisis desde las RRII y el DI ; Palestinian and Saharawi resistance to Israeli and Moroccan military occupation and colonization has taken creative forms, inevitably engaging internationally, while Palestinians and Sahrawis endeavor to disseminate their own narratives. For instance, alternative media and social networks are added to the means used to break both physical and informational siege, against editorial limitations or political alliances that dictate how news stories are framed or silenced and how struggles are legitimized or vilified, either they use violent tactics or not. This paper tackles Palestinian and Saharawi resistance as a dispute and expansion of spaces of international solidarity, and to address them it brings recent experiences. Such expansion happens especially through alternative means of communication, but also through growing political and academic engagement from various levels and disciplines, especially but not only from general social sciences, International Relations (IR) and International Law (IL). Moreover, state and international civil society actors get involved not only due to ethical concerns with human rights violations but also as a direct engagement in struggles for liberation. Hence, spaces in which Palestinian, Saharawi and international activists promote resistance are addressed here as an ongoing dispute for the international arena, drawing contributions from IR and IL

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Introduction: The International Politics of Human Rights -- THE EVOLUTION OF NORMS -- Chapter One: The Emergence of Human Rights Norms in East-West Relations -- Chapter Two: Negotiating Human Rights in the Helsinki Final Act -- THE FRAMING OF NORMS -- Chapter Three: Framing "Helsinki" at Home: Social Movements against the Communist Party-State -- Chapter Four: Framing "Helsinki" Abroad: Transnational Networks and U.S. Policy -- THE EFFECTS OF NORMS -- Chapter Five: Mobilization: The Expansion of Human Rights Movements -- Chapter Six: Backlash: Communism's Response to Human Rights -- Chapter Seven: Socialization: Human Rights and the Dismantling of Communist Rule -- Conclusions: The Helsinki Effect -- Appendix: Interviews -- Index

Received 11.12.2020. The article is dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the Academician N. N. Inozemtsev. The article provides an overview of the unpublished collective monograph "Foundations of the Theory of International Relations" – the fundamental work of a group of the IMEMO researchers, devised in the 1970s in the USSR. The process of creating a monograph is considered in the context of domestic and foreign policy conjuncture of that historical period, as well as the history of IMEMO. Among factors that slowed down the publication of this work were ideological transformations in the USSR, the divergence of political elite groups' interests. The main provisions of the monograph, based on a systematic approach and works by representatives of Marxism and Marxism-Leninism, are given. Particular attention is paid to comparison with the American and Western European international relations theory concepts of that period. Self-sufficiency of the monograph as a full-fledged theoretical concept within the framework of the Marxist-Leninist theory of international relations is substantiated. The authors of the article prove the relevance of the monograph both as a historical source and as a milestone for modern scientific Marxist thought. Owing to the collapse of the world socialist system, the Marxist paradigm received an opportunity to reach its own realism, separated from ideology and based on the central idea of Marxism – the position of development as an objective quality of the socio-historical process. The publication of the collective monograph "Fundamentals of the Theory of International Relations" is planned for the end of 2021.

The article examines international experience in the field of judicial protection of land rights and settlement of land disputes. The author analyzes the legal structure of a series of countries of the world and the practice of the specialized judicial agencies. The positive experience of the work of land courts, achieved by different States, is summarized. The analysis of the jurisdiction of land and environmental courts of Australia, Scotland, Sweden, the USA, the Dominican Republic is conducted. On the basis of the conducted research the author gives reasons for a set of proposals concerning the organization of work of the specialized land courts in the Russian Federation.

The South African government's open challenging of the international AIDS control regime presents a paradox for the study of international regimes and epistemic communities: why would a state that would presumably benefit the most from a regime not only refuse to adhere to its precepts, but openly challenge its basic tenets? I argue that a fundamental disjuncture exists between the international AIDS control regime and the South African government, and that this disjuncture is rooted in the country's negative past experiences with public health interventions and the attempts to forge a new, African Renaissance-inspired self-identity. This disjuncture finds its expression through the development of a counter-epistemic community which offers scientific expertise and policy recommendations to the South African government. The counter-epistemic community translates history and identity into policy outcomes that challenge the established discourse.

The article reviews the transformations and changes of the EU's international trade policy (Common Commercial Policy) since 2021 when the European Commission adopted the new strategic document, which outlines the future guidelines for the trade policy - communication called "Trade Policy Review - An Open, Sustainable and Assertive Trade Policy" (2021). The author examines its provisions by using systemic, historical, linguistical, comparative methods, as well as methods of analysis and synthesis, and concludes that the Trade Policy Review (2021) doesn't intend to completely change the existing trade regulatory framework in the EU or proposes to introduce major innovations regarding trade policies towards specific third countries. However, based on this document we should expect that the EU will continue to actively conclude bilateral free (preferential) trade agreements with the third countries and will implement a protectionist trade regime with the People's Republic of China. Besides, the research, presented in the article shows that the Trade Policy Review (2021) does not, in principle, offer any new fundamental ideas on how the EU's international trade with its other major trading partners (BRICS) should and will be developed - - this can be considered a critical feature of this document

The article is devoted to the study of the problems of the application of law of unrecognized states in international law. The concept of application of foreign law in general and the legislation of unrecognized states in particular is defined. It is indicated that the relation to foreign law, as an actual circumstance or as a legal category, is determined by the method of foreign law application, which varies depending on the legal family to which a particular state belongs. Two main theories concerning recognition are investigated: declarative and constitutive. The notions of "unrecognized states" and "unrecognized governments" are delimited.The peculiarities of the application of the law of unrecognized states in international law are defined. Key words: application of foreign law, establishment of content of foreign law, qualification of foreign law, unrecognized states, unrecognized governments, international recognition, sovereignty. кандидат філологічних наук, доцент, Мясоєдова С. В., Комлик А. В. Проблеми застосування права невизнаних держав в міжнародному праві/ Національний юридичний університет імені Ярослава Мудрого, Україна, Харків;Стаття присвячена дослідженню проблем застосування права невизнаних держав в міжнародному праві. Визначено поняття застосування іноземного права загалом та невизнаних держав зокрема. Вказано на те, що відношення до іноземного права як до фактичної обставини чи як до правової категорії визначається методом застосування іноземного права, що різниться залежно від того, до якої правової сім'ї належить певна держава. Досліджено дві основні теорії щодо визнання: декларативну і конститутивну. Розмежовано поняття «невизнані держави» та «невизнані уряди». Встановлено особливості застосування права невизнаних держав в міжнародному праві.Ключові слова: застосування іноземного права, встановлення змісту іноземного права, кваліфікація іноземного права, невизнані держави, невизнані уряди, міжнародне визнання, суверенітет.

Book review of the book Criminalizing Atrocity: The Global Spread of Criminal Laws against International Crimes by Mark S. Berlin.

The principle of proportionality protects civilians and civilian objects against expected incidental harm from an attack that is excessive to the military advantage anticipated from the attack. However, despite its status as a fundamental norm of international humanitarian law (IHL), key terms are not defined in relevant treaties nor do they benefit from critical judicial explanation. This has caused challenges for both academics and military commanders alike in explaining and applying the test for proportionality. The Article expands upon two points that were raised and generated interesting discussion at The Second Israel Defense Forces International Conference on the Law of Armed Conflict during a panel that dealt with contemporary issues in proportionality.