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The author's aim is to analyse the problem of criticism in the context of political sciences, in particular in the context of political philosophy. The issue is considered in the light of two basic epistemological standpoints: contextualism and presentism. These two approaches are often regarded as mutually exclusive; however, the author presents arguments for their possible complementarity and demonstrates that their concurrence is the necessary point of departure for critical attitudes in political philosophy.

In general the quality of philosophy in Vilnius University (founded in 1579) was quite comparable to that of other Jesuit universities in Western Europe. The dominant philosophical school was Scholasticism. In the Faculty Philosophy in Vilnius University alongside with other science the following branches of philosophy were taught: logic, physics or the natural philosophy, metaphysics, ethics and politics. Ideas, closely related to beginnings of mathematical logic, brought to light. The most courageous lectures tried to acquaint their students with achievements in philosophy and natural sciences of the epoch of Renaissance and Modern times. A new stage in the development of philosophy began with the spread of philosophy of the epoch of Enlightenment. The conditions for the development of professional philosophy emerged in period of independent state. The Soviet occupation of Lithuania destroyed the tradition of philosophy. Only in 1989 Faculty of Philosophy in Vilnius University was re-established. ; Straipsnyje glaustai apžvelgiama Vilniaus universiteto Filosofijos fakulteto istorija. Pateikiama jo priešistorė – filosofijos studijos Vilniaus jėzuitų kolegijoje. Kartu su universitetu įkurtas Filosofijos fakultetas sukūrė pasauliečių filosofinį lavinimą. Jame puoselėta aukšto lygio logikos teorija, išsaugojusi viduramžių logikos naujoves. Gamtos filosofija aškino materiją, judėjimą, erdvę, laiką, begalybę, kontinuumą, priežastingumą, Aptariamos scholastinės psichologijos, kosmologijos kursų, politikos teoretikų problemos. Naujas filosofijos raidos laikotarpis buvo Apšvietos epocha: fakultete buvo supažindinama su naujujų amžių filosofijos teorijomis – empirizmu ir racionalizmu, su F. Bacono, J. Locke'o, R. Descarteso, G. Leibnizo ir kitų autorių pažiūromis. Į tuometinės filosofijos studijas įėjo ir naujųjų amžių gamtos mokslai. Edukacinė komisija panaikino Filosofijos fakultetą ir išbraukė filosofiją iš studijų programų. Fakulteto nebuvo ir XIX amžiuje, jis nebuvo įkurtas ir lenkiškame Stepono Batoro universitete (1919–1939). Sovietų okupacija Lietuvoje sugriovė filosofijos tradiciją – tik 1989 m. buvo atkurtas Filosofijos fakultetas Vilniaus universitete.

The major principles and systems of C. S. Peirce's ground-breaking theory of signs and signification are now generally well known. Less well known, however, is the fact that Peirce initially conceived these systems within a 'Philosophy of Representation', his latter-day version of the traditional grammar, logic and rhetoric trivium. In this book, Tony Jappy traces the evolution of Peirce's Philosophy of Representation project and examines the sign systems which came to supersede it. Exploring the potential of the later sign-systems that Peirce scholars have hitherto been reluctant to engage with and extending Peirce's semiotic theory beyond the much canvassed systems of his Philosophy of Representation, this book will be essential reading for everyone working in the field of semiotics

The Department of Defense issued its requirements for a Digital Imaging Network-Picture Archiving and Communications System (DIN-PACS) in a Request for Proposals (RFP) to industry in January 1997, with subsequent contracts being awarded in November 1997 to the Agfa Division of Bayer and IBM Global Government Industry. The Government's technical evaluation process consisted of evaluating a written technical proposal as well as conducting a benchmark test of each proposed system at the vendor's test facility. The purpose of benchmark testing was to evaluate the performance of the fully integrated system in a simulated operational environment. The benchmark test procedures and test equipment were developed through a joint effort between the Government, academic institutions, and private consultants. Herein the authors discuss the resources required and the methods used to benchmark test a standards-based PACS.

The article deals with the problem of relationship between social sciences and philosophy. In contemporary social sciences this relationship is denied by not ascribing to philosophy the status of autonomous discipline, which could be considered as being separate from social sciences and yet fruitfully collaborate with them. The positivist tradition of the social sciences denies the importance philosophy, considering it as a merely speculative enterprise, which is not worthy of attention of social scientists oriented towards the increase of empirically verified scientific knowledge. On the other hand, the interpretive tradition of the social sciences tends to incorporate philosophy into social sciences as an integral part of social theory. However, claims the author, the divide into two traditions itself shows the importance of philosophy, since both of these traditions already depend on the philosophical presuppositions of their exponents. The article argues that philosophy of social sciences should be considered as a separate and autonomous discipline, because of the objects it studies and the methods it uses, which differ from those of social sciences. However philosophy can (and actually does) fruitfully collaborate with social sciences by formulating their methodological basis.

The author, Associate Professor of Philosophy at the Xiangtan University in the PRC, critically examines the education of philosophy in the universities of the PRC. He thinks that the function of philosophical education in the PRC during the last 30 years has basically been confined to furthering political purposes. The consequences are serious: it created personality cult, dogmatism, sectarianism and over-politicization. China's education of philosophy today can be characterized as narrow, shallow, old-fashioned and static. To overcome these shortcomings, it is imperative to reorient the whole educational system of philosophy. (DÜI-Sen)

Before women could become visible as philosophers, they had first to become visible as rational autonomous thinkers. A social and ethical position holding that chastity was the most important virtue for women, and that rationality and chastity were incompatible, was a significant impediment to accepting women's capacity for philosophical thought. Thus one of the first tasks for women was to confront this belief and argue for their rationality in the face of a self-referential dilemma.

These cases of audit irregularities indicate a decrease in audit quality, which is caused by a dysfunctional audit behavior. This study discusses the factors that are thought to have an effect on premature termination of audit procedures, which can be caused by external factors related to situational factors during the audit process that will affect the behavior of auditors in conducting audits, namely time pressure and compliance pressure. In addition, the auditors' awareness and sensitivity in preventing or detecting fraud is influenced by the application of a noble local culture, which in Bali is known as the Tri Kaya Parisudha cultural concept. This research was conducted at a public accounting firm in Bali. The research time is 2021. The population of this research is 16 public accounting firms in Bali with 122 auditors. The sampling technique used in this research is purposive sampling technique. Based on the results of the analysis, it can be concluded that: time pressure and compliance pressure have a positive effect on premature audit procedures and the Tri Hita Karana philosophy is able to moderate the relationship between time pressure and adherence pressure on premature audit procedures.

"This volume of essays takes as its point of departure Martin Buber`s principle of dialogue, which he applied as a comprehensive hermeneutic method for the study of various cultural phenomena. The volume critically evaluates the methodological purchase to be gained by the introduction of Buber`s conception of dialogue in political theory, psychology and psychiatry, and religious studies."

Intro -- Table of Contents -- PREFACE -- I - Human Rights and democracy -- The Human Right to Democracy as the Capstone of Law -- Human Rights Challenges in the Contemporary World: Reflections on a Personal Journey of Thought and Action -- II - The Philosophical foundations of Human Rights -- Law, Reason, and Emotion -- Human Rights: Philosophical Foundations and Legal Dimensions -- Human Rights: A Democratic Way -- III - Human Rights, democracy and the Challenged Rule of Law -- Contested Democracy and Rule of Law(s) in Pluralistic Societies: The Example of South Africa -- Social Governance of Communities in Peripheral Exclusion: Fundamental Questions About Its Effectiveness.