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Governmental and private sector social services organizations have traditionally shared important roles for provision and delivery of social services in the United States. Over the past fifty years, however, a predominant position has developed for the public sector, especially through federal funding for social service programmes. Recent challenges to the prevailing role of public sector dominance have been expressed by the proponents for privatization at a time when decreasing federal funds are made available for social service programmes. The analysis presented here examines the potential and problems associated with the privatization strategies offered through load shedding, limited‐government arrangements, fee charging and competition. As a macro level approach for a comprehensive system of social service provision and delivery, these privatization strategies raise more questions than immediate solutions. A more optimistic view is taken if privatization leads to a more meaningful balance with increased co‐operation between public and private social welfare auspices.

With multiple scandals and a host of disingenuous actions creating ripples across the corporate world, it is high time that Corporate Social Irresponsibility (CSI) is accorded the due importance, at par with Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), by academia and the industry. CSI refers to situations wherein firms fail to meet a "minimum behavioral standard with respect to the corporation's relationship with its stakeholders". There have been many instances wherein CSI and corporate wrongdoings have been covered up with CSR. Many scholars consider CSR and CSI as opposite forces that are interconnected and interdependent, and take turns in giving rise to each other. CSI, being an emergent and a topical subject area, is yet to develop in terms of theory, and is still evolving. The present work attempts to motivate further investigation in the emerging area by presenting theoretical views and available accumulated empirical works. The study has puts across a fair view of the topic. It is expected that the present work will stimulate scholars to take up further investigation in the emerging area.

AbstractThis paper intends to evaluate the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR), ethical leadership (EL), job satisfaction (JS), and affective commitment (AC). Filtered and entered Statistical Package for the Social Sciences and Amos is a powerful structural equation modeling software helping support research and theories, the data were gathered from 432 participants in Vietnam's hospitality sector. According to study findings, CSR and EL positively impact AC and JS among employees. Moreover, JS is also a vital component that has influenced employees' AC. The study results have managerial implications for improving JS and strengthening the correlation of employees' AC.

The successful development of a sustainable economy and society in together with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG-2030) requires comprehensive and coordinated efforts of governments, businesses and civil society in order to establish unified and clear rules and regulations for economic activity. In order to reach this goal the European Union begun the development of EU sustainability taxonomy, which is to ensure an equal understanding of the content of activities of enterprises, projects and investments that meet sustainability criteria. So as to realize the potential of the market for social investments and loans, unification of approaches for understanding the main concepts of the social financing process is necessary. The purpose of the study is to develop proposals for the classification of subjects and objects of the subsystem of social finance consistent with sustainability taxonomy. The research applies methods of induction and deduction, scientific abstraction of theoretical generalization and comparative analysis while studying definitions, best practices of social investment and for developing the classification of social impact investments and social enterprises. The article provides coherent analysis of the formation of social entrepreneurship and finance in Ukraine. Based on the results of the study, the most relevant classification features of social enterprises and investments were developed and recommendations were made for integrating social finance taxonomy into sustainability taxonomy. The results of the research are of both theoretical and practical value.

The 'omnivore' hypothesis currently dominates the academic literature on the social patterning of taste. It argues that cultural elites no longer resemble the traditional stereotype of an elitist snob. Instead, they are more likely to be 'omnivores' with broad tastes encompassing both elite and popular cultural forms. The omnivore hypothesis has inspired more than two decades of research and debate, without a clear resolution. In this article, we argue that progress in the omnivore debate has been impeded in part due to an elision of two distinct interpretations of the omnivore hypothesis: a strong interpretation, which holds that cultural elites are generally averse to class-based exclusivity; and a weak interpretation which holds that, while elites have broad tastes which encompass popular forms, they do not necessarily repudiate class-based exclusion. We demonstrate how drawing this distinction helps to clarify the existing empirical evidence concerning the omnivore hypothesis.

White nationalists have a genetic essentialist understanding of racial identity, so what happens when using genetic ancestry tests (GATs) to explore personal identities, they receive upsetting results they consider evidence of non-white or non-European ancestry? Our answer draws on qualitative analysis of posts on the white nationalist website Stormfront, interpreted by synthesizing the literatures on white nationalism and GATs and identity. We show that Stormfront posters exert much more energy repairing individuals' bad news than using it to exclude or attack them. Their repair strategies combine anti-scientific, counter-knowledge attacks on the legitimacy of GATs and quasi-scientific reinterpretations of GATs in terms of white nationalist histories. However, beyond individual identity repair they also reinterpret the racial boundaries and hierarchies of white nationalism in terms of the relationships GATs make visible. White nationalism is not simply an identity community or political movement but should be understood as bricoleurs with genetic knowledge displaying aspects of citizen science.

The evolution of the political situation in a country, the change of political system, economic changes, new benchmarks in national political and social, etc., All this had its effect on the social function of the language and its components. Historical events of the twentieth century have had a major influence on the history of the Azerbaijani language. It is during this period that the Azerbaijani language has encountered a problem without precedent. We can accept the fact that, the language system has not changed in a century because social change cannot completely change the structure of a language. However, it can involve changes in certain levels of language such as the alphabet, vocabulary, dynamics of social functioning of the Azerbaijani language in different periods of the twentieth century.The process of formation of national identity began with the entry of Azerbaijan in the modern phase of development that is related to the intensity of the action on modernization. A linguistic and cultural issue was the major point in this process. It was marked by the search for national identity. At the stage of fighting for open political ideals preceded mastery of cultural and linguistic problem, because they were more affordable by the population as political concepts difficult. ; L'évolution de la situation politique d'un pays, dont le changement de son système politique, les transformations économiques, les nouveaux repères dans la politique nationale et sociale, produisent un effet notable sur la fonction sociale de la langue et sur ses composantes. Les événements historiques du XXe siècle ont eu une influence capitale sur l'histoire de la langue azerbaïdjanaise. C'est au cours de cette période que la langue azerbaïdjanaise a le plus évolué ce qui n'est sans poser certains problèmes. Certes, le système de la langue n'a pas intégralement changé au cours du siècle dernier mais certaines transformations, comme l'alphabet, le vocabulaire, la dynamique du fonctionnement social de la langue peuvent toutefois être ...

Motivation plays a central role in the language learning process because it drives an individual to start taking action and maintain his or her progress. This study aims to survey the motivation level of political science undergraduate students towards learning English and identify whether the students are primarily integratively motivated or instrumentally motivated to learn the English language. A total of 160 political science undergraduate students were chosen using the stratified sampling method to complete an online self-administered questionnaire adapted from Gardner's (1985) Attitude/Motivation Test Battery and Prapphal's (1981) Attitude Testing. In addition, they were requested to answer one open-ended question on the importance of learning English for their lives. The quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics and the open-ended answers were categorised into two main themes: instrumental motivation and integrative motivation. The results show that the students were very highly motivated towards learning English. Despite the high scores in both types, students were predominantly instrumentally motivated towards learning English. It was also found that women were generally more motivated than men. Based upon the study's outcomes, some significant implications are discussed.Keywords: English learning, Gender and language learning, Motivation, Political science students บทคัดย่อแรงจูงใจนับเป็นสิ่งสำคัญอย่างยิ่งยวดในการเรียนภาษาทั้งนี้ก็เพราะว่าแรงจูงใจเป็นเครื่องผลักดันให้ปัจเจกบุคคลเกิดกระบวนการเริ่มต้นและช่วยประคับประคองกระบวนการพัฒนางานศึกษาชิ้นนี้มุ่งสำรวจระดับแรงจูงใจของนักศึกษาคณะรัฐศาสตร์ระดับปริญญาบัณฑิตต่อการเรียนภาษาอังกฤษและพิสูจน์ว่านักศึกษาคณะรัฐศาสตร์ระดับปริญญาบัณฑิตนั้นมีแรงจูงใจเชิงบูรณาการ(integrative motivation) หรือแรงจูงใจเชิงเครื่องมือ(instrumental motivation) มากกว่ากันนักศึกษาจำนวน๑๖๐คนได้รับการคัดเลือกโดยวิธีการแบ่งชั้นภูมิ(stratified sampling) เพื่อทำแบบสอบถามออนไลน์ซึ่งดัดแแปลงมาจากแบบทดสอบของการ์เนอร์(๑๙๘๕) และของกาญจนาปราบพาล(๑๙๘๑) ...