Suchergebnisse

International audience Various methods of restricting automobile traffic, by price (tolls) or by quantity (odd/even license plates or limited days of traffic), are tested in a survey (N ∼ 400) about attitudes toward traffic restrictions in Lyon, France. Ordered probit models with random-effects panel allow us to estimate the survey respondents' perceptions of these methods, as well as the roles of individual socio-demographic characteristics in the formation of these perceptions. Both the restriction of automobile traffic and its regulation by congestion (waiting in line) are widely considered unjust by the respondents, regardless of whether they work and whether they are drivers or non-drivers. Their attitudes towards tolls justified by the pollution caused by automobile traffic are less negative. As regards compensation, in addition to emergency vehicles and those that transport people with limited mobility, respondents believe car-pooling ought to benefit of a toll exemption. The support for a reduced rate for low-income users shows a concern for justice to which it will be necessary to respond. The respondents' socio-professional status, level of education, car use or non-use, and residence inside or outside of the toll zone clearly play a role in their perceptions of these methods of regulation and compensation.

Austrian Federal Ministry of Science, Research and Economy ; Austrian Science Fund ; Belgian Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique ; Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek ; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) ; Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) ; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) ; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) ; Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science ; CERN ; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ministry of Science and Technology ; National Natural Science Foundation of China ; COLCIENCIAS ; Croatian Ministry of Science, Education and Sport ; Croatian Science Foundation ; Research Promotion Foundation, Cyprus ; Secretariat for Higher Education, Science, Technology and Innovation, Ecuador ; Ministry of Education and Research, Estonian Research Council ; European Regional Development Fund, Estonia ; Academy of Finland, Finnish Ministry of Education and Culture ; Helsinki Institute of Physics ; Institut National de Physique Nucleaire et de Physique des Particules / CNRS ; Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives/CEA, France ; Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung ; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft ; Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren, Germany ; General Secretariat for Research and Technology, Greece ; National Scientific Research Foundation ; National Innovation Office, Hungary ; Department of Atomic Energy ; Department of Science and Technology, India ; Institute for Studies in Theoretical Physics and Mathematics, Iran ; Science Foundation, Ireland ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Italy ; Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning ; National Research Foundation (NRF), Republic of Korea ; Lithuanian Academy of Sciences ; Ministry of Education, and University of Malaya (Malaysia) ; BUAP ; CINVESTAV ; CONACYT ; LNS ; SEP ; UASLP-FAI ; Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, New Zealand ; Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission ; Ministry of Science and Higher Education ; National Science Centre, Poland ; Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, Portugal ; JINR, Dubna ; Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation ; Federal Agency of Atomic Energy of the Russian Federation, Russian Academy of Sciences ; Russian Foundation for Basic Research ; Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of Serbia ; Secretaria de Estado de Investigacion, Desarrollo e Innovacion and Programa Consolider-Ingenio, Spain ; ETH Board ; ETH Zurich ; PSI ; SNF ; UniZH ; Canton Zurich ; SER ; Ministry of Science and Technology, Taipei ; Thailand Center of Excellence in Physics ; Institute for the Promotion of Teaching Science and Technology of Thailand ; Special Task Force for Activating Research ; National Science and Technology Development Agency of Thailand ; Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey ; Turkish Atomic Energy Authority ; National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine ; State Fund for Fundamental Researches, Ukraine ; Science and Technology Facilities Council, UK ; US Department of Energy ; US National Science Foundation ; Marie-Curie programme ; European Research Council ; EPLANET(European Union) ; Leventis Foundation ; A. P. Sloan Foundation ; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation ; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office ; Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium) ; Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium) ; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic ; Council of Science and Industrial Research, India ; HOMING PLUS programme of the Foundation for Polish Science ; European Union, Regional Development Fund ; Mobility Plus programme of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education ; National Science Center (Poland) ; Thalis and Aristeia programme ; EU-ESF ; Greek NSRF ; National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund ; Programa Clarin-COFUND del Principado de Asturias ; Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University ; Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand) ; Welch Foundation ; Ministry of Education and Research, Estonian Research Council: IUT23-4 ; Ministry of Education and Research, Estonian Research Council: IUT23-6 ; National Science Center (Poland): Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428 ; National Science Center (Poland): Opus 2013/11/B/ST2/04202 ; National Science Center (Poland): 2014/13/B/ST2/02543 ; National Science Center (Poland): 2014/15/B/ST2/03998 ; National Science Center (Poland): Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406 ; Welch Foundation: C-1845 ; Measurements of the associated production of a Z boson with at least one jet originating from a b quark in proton-proton collisions at root s = 8 TeV are presented. Differential cross sections are measured with data collected by the CMS experiment corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.8 fb(-1). Z bosons are reconstructed through their decays to electrons and muons. Cross sections are measured as a function of observables characterizing the kinematics of the b jet and the Z boson. Ratios of differential cross sections for the associated production with at least one b jet to the associated production with any jet are also presented. The production of a Z boson with at least two b jets is investigated, and differential cross sections are measured for the dijet system. Results are compared to theoretical predictions, testing two different flavour schemes for the choice of initial-state partons.

In March 2020, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. At the genus rank, 20 new genera were added, two were deleted, one was moved, and three were renamed. At the species rank, 160 species were added, four were deleted, ten were moved and renamed, and 30 species were renamed. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV. © 2020, This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply. ; Peer reviewed

The elliptic and triangular flow coefficients v2 and v3 of prompt D0, D+, and D*+ mesons were measured at midrapidity (|y|<0.8) in Pb–Pb collisions at the centre-of-mass energy per nucleon pair of √sNN = 5.02 TeV with the ALICE detector at the LHC. The D mesons were reconstructed via their hadronic decays in the transverse momentum interval 1

The invariant differential cross section of inclusive ω(782) meson production at midrapidity (|y| < 0.5) in pp collisions at √s = 7 TeV was measured with the ALICE detector at the LHC over a transverse momentum range of 2 < pT < 17 GeV/c. The ω meson was reconstructed via its ω → π+π−π0 decay channel. The measured ω production cross section is compared to various calculations: PYTHIA 8.2 Monash 2013 describes the data, while PYTHIA 8.2 Tune 4C overestimates the data by about 50%. A recent NLO calculation, which includes a model describing the fragmentation of the whole vector-meson nonet, describes the data within uncertainties below 6 GeV/c, while it overestimates the data by up to 50% for higher pT. The ω/π0 ratio is in agreement with previous measurements at lower collision energies and the PYTHIA calculations. In addition, the measurement is compatible with transverse mass scaling within the measured pT range and the ratio is constant with C^(ω/π0) = 0.67±0.03 (stat) ±0.04 (sys) above a transverse momentum of 2.5 GeV/c. ; A. I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute) Foundation (ANSL), State Committee of Science and World Federation of Scientists (WFS), Armenia; Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austrian Science Fund (FWF): [M 2467-N36] and Nationalstiftung für Forschung, Technologie und Entwicklung, Austria; Ministry of Communications and High Technologies, National Nuclear Research Center, Azerbaijan; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (Finep), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil; Ministry of Education of China (MOEC) , Ministry of Science & Technology of China (MSTC) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), China; Ministry of Science and Education and Croatian Science Foundation, Croatia; Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), Cubaenergía, Cuba; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic; The Danish Council for Independent Research | Natural Sciences, the VILLUM FONDEN and Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF), Denmark; Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP), Finland; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA) and Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3) and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), France; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) and GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Germany; General Secretariat for Research and Technology, Ministry of Education, Research and Religions, Greece; National Research, Development and Innovation Office, Hungary; Department of Atomic Energy Government of India (DAE), Department of Science and Technology, Government of India (DST), University Grants Commission, Government of India (UGC) and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), India; Indonesian Institute of Science, Indonesia; Centro Fermi - Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Italy; Institute for Innovative Science and Technology , Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science (IIST), Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) and Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI, Japan; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia (CONACYT) y Tecnología, through Fondo de Cooperación Internacional en Ciencia y Tecnología (FONCICYT) and Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Academico (DGAPA), Mexico; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), Netherlands; The Research Council of Norway, Norway; Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South (COMSATS), Pakistan; Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Peru; Ministry of Science and Higher Education, National Science Centre and WUT ID-UB, Poland; Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information and National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), Republic of Korea; Ministry of Education and Scientific Research, Institute of Atomic Physics and Ministry of Research and Innovation and Institute of Atomic Physics, Romania; Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Russian Science Foundation and Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Russia; Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic, Slovakia; National Research Foundation of South Africa, South Africa; Swedish Research Council (VR) and Knut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation (KAW), Sweden; European Organization for Nuclear Research, Switzerland; Suranaree University of Technology (SUT), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSDTA) and Office of the Higher Education Commission under NRU project of Thailand, Thailand; Turkish Atomic Energy Agency (TAEK), Turkey; National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine; Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), United Kingdom; National Science Foundation of the United States of America (NSF) and United States Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Physics (DOE NP), United States of America.

The first measurements of dielectron production at midrapidity (|η_e| < 0.8) in proton–proton and proton–lead collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV at the LHC are presented. The dielectron cross section is measured with the ALICE detector as a function of the invariant mass m_ee and the pair transverse momentum p_T,ee in the ranges m_ee < 3.5 GeV/c^2 and p_T,ee < 8 GeV/c, in both collision systems. In proton–proton collisions, the charm and beauty cross sections are determined at midrapidity from a fit to the data with two different event generators. This complements the existing dielectron measurements performed at √s = 7 and 13 TeV. The slope of the √s dependence of the three measurements is described by FONLL calculations. The dielectron cross section measured in proton–lead collisions is in agreement, within the current precision, with the expected dielectron production without any nuclear matter effects for e+e− pairs from open heavy-flavor hadron decays. For the first time at LHC energies, the dielectron production in proton–lead and proton–proton collisions are directly compared at the same √sNN via the dielectron nuclear modification factor RpPb. The measurements are compared to model calculations including cold nuclear matter effects, or additional sources of dielectrons from thermal radiation. ; A. I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute) Foundation (ANSL), State Committee of Science and World Federation of Scientists (WFS), Armenia; Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austrian Science Fund (FWF): [M 2467-N36] and Nationalstiftung für Forschung, Technologie und Entwicklung, Austria; Ministry of Communications and High Technologies, National Nuclear Research Center, Azerbaijan; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (Finep), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil; Ministry of Education of China (MOEC), Ministry of Science & Technology of China (MSTC) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), China; Ministry of Science and Education and Croatian Science Foundation, Croatia; Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), Cubaenergía, Cuba; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic; The Danish Council for Independent Research | Natural Sciences, the VILLUM FONDEN and Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF), Denmark; Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP), Finland; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA) and Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3) and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), France; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) and GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Germany; General Secretariat for Research and Technology, Ministry of Education, Research and Religions, Greece; National Research, Development and Innovation Office, Hungary; Department of Atomic Energy Government of India (DAE), Department of Science and Technology, Government of India (DST), University Grants Commission, Government of India (UGC) and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), India; Indonesian Institute of Science, Indonesia; Centro Fermi - Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Italy; Institute for Innovative Science and Technology, Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science (IIST), Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) and Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI, Japan; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia (CONACYT) y Tecnología, through Fondo de Coop- eración Internacional en Ciencia y Tecnología (FONCICYT) and Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Academico (DGAPA), Mexico; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), Netherlands; The Research Council of Norway, Norway; Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South (COM- SATS), Pakistan; Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Peru; Ministry of Science and Higher Education, National Science Centre and WUT ID-UB, Poland; Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information and National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), Republic of Korea; Ministry of Education and Scientific Research, Institute of Atomic Physics and Ministry of Research and Innovation and Institute of Atomic Physics, Romania; Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Russian Science Foundation and Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Russia; Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic, Slovakia; National Research Foundation of South Africa, South Africa; Swedish Research Council (VR) and Knut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation (KAW), Sweden; European Organization for Nuclear Research, Switzerland; Suranaree University of Technology (SUT), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSDTA) and Office of the Higher Edu- cation Commission under NRU project of Thailand, Thailand; Turkish Atomic Energy Agency (TAEK), Turkey; National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine; Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), United Kingdom; National Science Foundation of the USA (NSF) and United States Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Physics (DOE NP), USA.

Measurement of Z-boson production in p-Pb collisions at √sNN = 8.16 TeV and Pb-Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV is reported. It is performed in the dimuon decay channel, through the detection of muons with pseudorapidity −4 20 GeV/c in the laboratory frame. The invariant yield and nuclear modification factor are measured for opposite-sign dimuons with invariant mass 60 < mμμ < 120 GeV/c2 and rapidity 2.5 < ycmsμμ< 4. They are presented as a function of rapidity and, for the Pb-Pb collisions, of centrality as well. The results are compared with theoretical calculations, both with and without nuclear modifications to the Parton Distribution Functions (PDFs). In p-Pb collisions the center-of-mass frame is boosted with respect to the laboratory frame, and the measurements cover the backward (−4.46 < ycmsμμ < −2.96) and forward (2.03 < ycmsμμ < 3.53) rapidity regions. For the p-Pb collisions, the results are consistent within experimental and theoretical uncertainties with calculations that include both free-nucleon and nuclear-modified PDFs. For the Pb-Pb collisions, a 3.4σ deviation is seen in the integrated yield between the data and calculations based on the free-nucleon PDFs, while good agreement is found once nuclear modifications are considered. ; A. I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Insti- tute) Foundation (ANSL), State Committee of Science and World Federation of Scientists (WFS), Armenia; Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austrian Science Fund (FWF): [M 2467- N36] and Nationalstiftung fu ̈r Forschung, Technologie und Entwicklung, Austria; Ministry of Communications and High Technologies, National Nuclear Research Center, Azerbaijan; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient ́ıfico e Tecnol ́ogico (CNPq), Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (Finep), Fundac ̧ ̃ao de Amparo `a Pesquisa do Estado de S ̃ao Paulo (FAPESP) and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil; Ministry of Education of China (MOEC) , Ministry of Science & Technology of China (MSTC) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), China; Ministry of Science and Education and Croatian Science Foundation, Croatia; Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnol ́ogicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), Cubaenerg ́ıa, Cuba; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic; The Danish Council for Independent Re- search — Natural Sciences, the VILLUM FONDEN and Danish National Research Foun- dation (DNRF), Denmark; Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP), Finland; Commissariat `a l'Energie Atomique (CEA) and Institut National de Physique Nucl ́eaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3) and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), France; Bundesministerium fu ̈r Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) and GSI Helmholtzzentrum fu ̈r Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Germany; General Secretariat for Research and Technology, Ministry of Education, Research and Religions, Greece; National Research, Develop- ment and Innovation Office, Hungary; Department of Atomic Energy Government of India (DAE), Department of Science and Technology, Government of India (DST), University Grants Commission, Government of India (UGC) and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), India; Indonesian Institute of Science, Indonesia; Centro Fermi - Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Italy; Institute for Innovative Science and Technology , Nagasaki Insti- tute of Applied Science (IIST), Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) and Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAK- ENHI, Japan; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia (CONACYT) y Tecnolog ́ıa, through Fondo de Cooperaci ́on Internacional en Ciencia y Tecnolog ́ıa (FONCICYT) and Direcci ́on Gen- eral de Asuntos del Personal Academico (DGAPA), Mexico; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), Netherlands; The Research Council of Norway, Nor- way; Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South (COMSATS), Pakistan; Pontificia Universidad Cat ́olica del Peru ́, Peru; Ministry of Sci- ence and Higher Education, National Science Centre and WUT ID-UB, Poland; Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information and National Research Foundation of Ko- rea (NRF), Republic of Korea; Ministry of Education and Scientific Research, Institute of Atomic Physics and Ministry of Research and Innovation and Institute of Atomic Physics, Romania; Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Russian Science Foundation and Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Russia; Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic, Slovakia; National Research Foun- dation of South Africa, South Africa; Swedish Research Council (VR) and Knut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation (KAW), Sweden; European Organization for Nuclear Research, Switzerland; Suranaree University of Technology (SUT), National Science and Technol- ogy Development Agency (NSDTA) and Office of the Higher Education Commission under NRU project of Thailand, Thailand; Turkish Atomic Energy Agency (TAEK), Turkey; Na- tional Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine; Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), United Kingdom; National Science Foundation of the United States of America (NSF) and United States Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Physics (DOE NP), United States of America

HapMap imputed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revealed >50 loci at which common variants with minor allele frequency >5% are associated with kidney function. GWAS using more complete reference sets for imputation, such as those from The 1000 Genomes project, promise to identify novel loci that have been missed by previous efforts. To investigate the value of such a more complete variant catalog, we conducted a GWAS meta-analysis of kidney function based on the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in 110,517 European ancestry participants using 1000 Genomes imputed data. We identified 10 novel loci with p-value < 5 × 10−8 previously missed by HapMap-based GWAS. Six of these loci (HOXD8, ARL15, PIK3R1, EYA4, ASTN2, and EPB41L3) are tagged by common SNPs unique to the 1000 Genomes reference panel. Using pathway analysis, we identified 39 significant (FDR < 0.05) genes and 127 significantly (FDR < 0.05) enriched gene sets, which were missed by our previous analyses. Among those, the 10 identified novel genes are part of pathways of kidney development, carbohydrate metabolism, cardiac septum development and glucose metabolism. These results highlight the utility of re-imputing from denser reference panels, until whole-genome sequencing becomes feasible in large samples. ; 3C. Three-City Study. The work was made possible by the participation of the control subjects, the patients, and their families. We thank Dr. Anne Boland (CNG) for her technical help in preparing the DNA samples for analyses. This work was supported by the National Foundation for Alzheimer's disease and related disorders, the Institut Pasteur de Lille and the Centre National de Génotypage. The 3C Study was performed as part of a collaboration between the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), the Victor Segalen Bordeaux II University and Sanofi-Synthélabo. The Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale funded the preparation and initiation of the study. The 3C Study was also funded by the Caisse Nationale Maladie des Travailleurs Salariés, Direction Générale de la Santé, MGEN, Institut de la Longévité, Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Produits de Santé, the Aquitaine and Bourgogne Regional Councils, Fondation de France and the joint French Ministry of Research/INSERM "Cohortes et collections de données biologiques" programme. Lille Génopôle received an unconditional grant from Eisai. AGES. Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility-Reykjavik Study. This study has been funded by NIH contract N01-AG-1-2100, the NIA Intramural Research Program, Hjartavernd (the Icelandic Heart Association), and the Althingi (the Icelandic Parliament). The study is approved by the Icelandic National Bioethics Committee, VSN: 00-063. The researchers are indebted to the participants for their willingness to participate in the study. ARIC. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. The ARIC study is carried out as a collaborative study supported by National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute contracts (HHSN268201100005C, HHSN268201100006C, HHSN268201100007C, HHSN268201100008C, HHSN268201100009C, HHSN268201100010C, HHSN268201100011C, and HHSN268201100012C), R01HL087641, R01HL59367 and R01HL086694; National Human Genome Research Institute contract U01HG004402; and National Institutes of Health contract HHSN268200625226C. The authors thank the staff and participants of the ARIC study for their important contributions. Infrastructure was partly supported by Grant Number UL1RR025005, a component of the National Institutes of Health and NIH Roadmap for Medical Research. This work as well as YL and AK were supported by the German Research Foundation (KO 3598/2-1, KO 3598/3-1 and CRC1140 A05 to AK). ASPS. Austrian Stroke Prevention Study. The research reported in this article was funded by the Austrian Science Fond (FWF) grant number P20545-P05 and P13180. The Medical University of Graz supports the databank of the ASPS. The authors thank the staff and the participants of the ASPS for their valuable contributions. We thank Birgit Reinhart for her long-term administrative commitment and Ing Johann Semmler for the technical assistance at creating the DNA-bank. BMES. Blue Mountains Eye Study. The BMES has been supported by the Australian RADGAC grant (1992- 94) and Australian National Health & Medical Research Council, Canberra Australia (Grant Nos: 974159, 211069, 991407, 457349). The GWAS studies of Blue Mountains Eye Study population are supported by the Australian National Health & Medical Research Council (Grant Nos: 512423, 475604, 529912) and the Wellcome Trust, UK (2008). EGH and JJW are funded by the Australian National Health & Medical Research Council Fellowship Schemes. CILENTO. Italian Network on Genetic Isolates – Cilento. We thank the populations of Cilento for their participation in the study. The study was supported by the Italian Ministry of Universities and CNR 36 (PON03PE_00060_7, Interomics Flagship Project), the Assessorato Ricerca Regione Campania, the Fondazione con il SUD (2011-PDR-13), and the Istituto Banco di Napoli - Fondazione to MC. COLAUS. The CoLaus authors thank Yolande Barreau, Mathieu Firmann, Vladimir Mayor, Anne-Lise Bastian, Binasa Ramic, Martine Moranville, Martine Baumer, Marcy Sagette, Jeanne Ecoffey and Sylvie Mermoud for data collection. The CoLaus study received financial contributions from GlaxoSmithKline, the Faculty of Biology and Medicine of Lausanne, the Swiss National Science Foundation (33CSCO- 122661, 3200BO-111361/2, 3100AO-116323/1, 310000-112552). The computations for CoLaus imputation were performed in part at the Vital-IT center for high performance computing of the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. We thank Vincent Mooser for his contribution to the CoLaus study. EGCUT. Estonian Genome Center University of Tartu. EGCUT received financing from FP7 grants (278913, 306031, 313010) and targeted financing from Estonian Government (SF0180142s08). EGCUT studies were covered from Infra-structure grant no. 3.2.0304.11-0312 funded mostly by the European Regional Development Fund, Center of Excellence in Genomics (EXCEGEN) and University of Tartu (SP1GVARENG). We acknowledge EGCUT technical personnel, especially Mr V. Soo and S. Smit. Data analyses were carried out in part in the High Performance Computing Center of the University of Tartu. FamHS. Family Heart Study. The FHS work was supported in part by NIH grants 5R01HL08770003, 5R01HL08821502 (Michael A. Province) from the NHLBI and 5R01DK07568102, 5R01DK06833603 from the NIDDK (I.B.B.). The authors thank the staff and participants of the FamHS for their important contributions. FHS. Framingham Heart Study. This research was conducted in part using data and resources from the Framingham Heart Study of the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health and Boston University School of Medicine. The analyses reflect intellectual input and resource development from the Framingham Heart Study investigators participating in the SNP Health Association Resource (SHARe) project. This work was partially supported by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study (Contract No. N01-HC-25195) and its contract with Affymetrix, Inc. for genotyping services (Contract No. N02-HL-6-4278). A portion of this research utilized the Linux Cluster for Genetic Analysis (LinGA-II) funded by the Robert Dawson Evans Endowment of the Department of Medicine at Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center. GENDIAN. GENetics of DIAbetic Nephropathy study. The support of the physicians, the patients, and the staff of the Diabetes Zentrum Mergentheim (Head: Prof. Dr. Thomas Haak), the diabetes outpatient clinic Dr Nusser - Dr Kreisel, the dialysis centers KfH Amberg, KfH Bayreuth, KfH Deggendorf, KfH Donauwörth, KfH Freising, KfH Freyung, KfH Fürth, KfH Hof, KfH Ingolstadt, KfH Kelheim, KfH München Elsenheimerstraße, KfH München-Schwabing, KfH Neumarkt, KfH Neusäß, KfH Oberschleißheim, KfH Passau, KfH Plauen, KfH Regensburg Günzstraße, KfH Regensburg Caritas-Krankenhaus, KfH Straubing, KfH Sulzbach-Rosenberg, KfH Weiden, Dialysezentrum Augsburg Dr. Kirschner, Dialysezentrum Bad Alexandersbad, KfH Bamberg, Dialysezentrum Emmering, Dialysezentrum Klinikum Landshut, Dialysezentrum Landshut, Dialysezentrum Pfarrkirchen, Dialysezentrum Schwandorf, Dr. Angela Götz, the medical doctoral student Johanna Christ and the Study Nurse Ingrid Lugauer. The expert technical assistance of Claudia Strohmeier is acknowledged. Phenotyping was funded by the Dr. Robert PflegerStiftung (Dr Carsten A. Böger), the MSD Stipend Diabetes (Dr Carsten A. Böger) and the University Hospital of Regensburg (intramural grant ReForM A to Dr. A. Götz, ReForM C to Dr. Carsten Böger). Genome-wide genotyping was funded by the KfH Stiftung Präventivmedizin e.V. (Dr. Carsten A. Böger, Dr. Jens Brüning), the Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung (2012_A147 to Dr Carsten A. Böger and Dr Iris M. Heid) and the University Hospital Regensburg (Dr Carsten A. Böger). Data analysis was funded by the Else 37 Kröner-Fresenius Stiftung (Dr. Iris M. Heid and Dr. Carsten A. Böger: 2012_A147; Dr. Carsten A. Böger and Dr. Bernhard K. Krämer: P48/08//A11/08). GENDIAN Study Group: Mathias Gorski, Iris M. Heid, Bernhard K. Krämer, Myriam Rheinberger, Michael Broll, Alexander Lammert, Jens Brüning, Matthias Olden, Klaus Stark, Claudia Strohmeier, Simone Neumeier, Sarah Hufnagel, Petra Jackermeier, Emilia Ruff, Johanna Christ, Peter Nürnberg, Thomas Haak, Carsten A. Böger. HABC. Health Aging and Body Composition Study. The HABC study was funded by the National Institutes of Aging. This research was supported by NIA contracts N01AG62101, N01AG62103, and N01AG62106. The genome-wide association study was funded by NIA grant 1R01AG032098-01A1 to Wake Forest University Health Sciences and genotyping services were provided by the Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR). CIDR is fully funded through a federal contract from the National Institutes of Health to The Johns Hopkins University, contract number HHSN268200782096C. This research was supported in part by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Institute on Aging. HCS. Hunter Community Study. The University of Newcastle provided $300,000 from its Strategic Initiatives Fund, and $600,000 from the Gladys M Brawn Senior Research Fellowship scheme; Vincent Fairfax Family Foundation, a private philanthropic trust, provided $195,000; The Hunter Medical Research Institute provided media support during the initial recruitment of participants; and Dr Anne Crotty, Prof. Rodney Scott and Associate Prof. Levi provided financial support towards freezing costs for the long-term storage of participant blood samples. The authors would like to thank the men and women participating in the HCS as well as all the staff, investigators and collaborators who have supported or been involved in the project to date. A special thank you should go to Alison Koschel and Debbie Quain who were instrumental in setting up the pilot study and initial phase of the project. HPFS. Health Professionals Follow-Up Study. The NHS/HPFS type 2 diabetes GWAS (U01HG004399) is a component of a collaborative project that includes 13 other GWAS (U01HG004738, U01HG004422, U01HG004402, U01HG004729, U01HG004726, U01HG004735, U01HG004415, U01HG004436, U01HG004423, U01HG004728, RFAHG006033; National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research: U01DE018993, U01DE018903) funded as part of the Gene Environment-Association Studies (GENEVA) under the NIH Genes, Environment and Health Initiative (GEI). Assistance with phenotype harmonization and genotype cleaning, as well as with general study coordination, was provided by the GENEVA Coordinating Center (U01HG004446). Assistance with data cleaning was provided by the National Center for Biotechnology Information. Genotyping was performed at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, with funding support from the NIH GEI (U01HG04424), and Johns Hopkins University Center for Inherited Disease Research, with support from the NIH GEI (U01HG004438) and the NIH contract "High throughput genotyping for studying the genetic contributions to human disease"(HHSN268200782096C). Additional funding for the current research was provided by the National Cancer Institute (P01CA087969, P01CA055075), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK058845). We thank the staff and participants of the NHS and HPFS for their dedication and commitment. INGI-CARLANTINO. Italian Network on Genetic Isolates – Carlantino. We thank Anna Morgan and Angela D'Eustacchio for technical support. We are grateful to the municipal administrators for their collaboration on the project and for logistic support. We thank all participants to this study. INGI-FVG. Italian Network on Genetic Isolates – Friuli Venezia-Giulia. We thank Anna Morgan and Angela D'Eustacchio for technical support. We are grateful to the municipal administrators for their collaboration on the project and for logistic support. We thank all participants to this study. 38 INGI-VAL BORBERA. Italian Network on Genetic Isolates – Val Borbera. We thank the inhabitants of the Val Borbera who made this study possible, the local administrations and the ASL-Novi Ligure (Al) for support. We also thank Clara Camaschella for data collection supervision and organization of the clinical data collection, Fiammetta Vigano` for technical help and Corrado Masciullo for building the analysis platform. The research was supported by funds from Compagnia di San Paolo, Torino, Italy; Fondazione Cariplo, Italy and Ministry of Health, Ricerca Finalizzata 2008 and 2011/2012, CCM 2010, PRIN 2009 and Telethon, Italy to DT. IPM. Mount Sinai BioMe Biobank Program. The Mount Sinai BioMe Biobank Program is supported by The Andrea and Charles Bronfman Philanthropies. KORA-F3 and F4. The genetic epidemiological work was funded by the NIH subcontract from the Children's Hospital, Boston, US, (H.E.W., I.M.H, prime grant 1 R01 DK075787-01A1), the German National Genome Research Net NGFN2 and NGFNplus (H.E.W. 01GS0823; WK project A3, number 01GS0834), the Munich Center of Health Sciences (MC Health) as part of LMUinnovativ, and by the Else KrönerFresenius-Stiftung (P48/08//A11/08; C.A.B., B.K.K; 2012_A147 to CAB and IMH.). The Genetic Epidemiology at the University of Regensburg received financial contributions from the BMBF (01ER1206 and 01ER1507). The kidney parameter measurements in F3 were funded by the Else Kröner-FreseniusStiftung (C.A.B., B.K.K.) and the Regensburg University Medical Center, Germany; in F4 by the University of Ulm, Germany (W.K.). Genome wide genotyping costs in F3 and F4 were in part funded by the Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung (C.A.B., B.K.K.). De novo genotyping in F3 and F4 were funded by the Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung (C.A.B., B.K.K.). The KORA research platform and the MONICA Augsburg studies were initiated and financed by the Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research and by the State of Bavaria. Genotyping was performed in the Genome Analysis Center (GAC) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München. The LINUX platform for computation were funded by the University of Regensburg for the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine at the Regensburg University Medical Center. LIFELINES. The authors wish to acknowledge the services of the Lifelines Cohort Study, the contributing research centers delivering data to Lifelines, and all the study participants. Lifelines group authors: Behrooz Z Alizadeh1 , H Marike Boezen1 , Lude Franke2 , Pim van der Harst3 , Gerjan Navis4 , Marianne Rots5 , Harold Snieder1 , Morris Swertz2 , Bruce HR Wolffenbuttel6 and Cisca Wijmenga2 1. Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands 2. Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands 3. Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands 4. Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands 5. Department of Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands 6. Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands MESA. Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. University of Washington (N01-HC-95159),Regents of the University of California (N01-HC-95160), Columbia University (N01-HC-95161), Johns Hopkins University 39 (N01-HC-95162, N01-HC-95168), University of Minnesota (N01-HC-95163), Northwestern University (N01-HC-95164), Wake Forest University (N01-HC-95165), University of Vermont (N01-HC-95166), New England Medical Center (N01-HC-95167), Harbor-UCLA Research and Education Institute (N01-HC- 95169), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (R01-HL-071205), University of Virginia (subcontract to R01-HL- 071205) MICROS. Microisolates in South Tyrol study. We owe a debt of gratitude to all participants. We thank the primary care practitioners R. Stocker, S. Waldner, T. Pizzecco, J. Plangger, U. Marcadent and the personnel of the Hospital of Silandro (Department of Laboratory Medicine) for their participation and collaboration in the research project. In South Tyrol, the study was supported by the Ministry of Health and Department of Educational Assistance, University and Research of the Autonomous Province of Bolzano, the South Tyrolean Sparkasse Foundation, and the European Union framework program 6 EUROSPAN project (contract no. LSHG-CT-2006-018947). NESDA. The Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety. The infrastructure for the NESDA study is funded through the Geestkracht programme of the Dutch Scientific Organization (ZON-MW, grant number 10-000-1002) and matching funds from participating universities and mental health care organizations. Genotyping in NESDA was funded by the Genetic Association Information Network (GAIN) of the Foundation for the US National Institutes of Health. NHS. Nurses' Health Study. The NHS/HPFS type 2 diabetes GWAS (U01HG004399) is a component of a collaborative project that includes 13 other GWAS (U01HG004738, U01HG004422, U01HG004402, U01HG004729, U01HG004726, U01HG004735, U01HG004415, U01HG004436, U01HG004423, U01HG004728, RFAHG006033; National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research: U01DE018993, U01DE018903) funded as part of the Gene Environment-Association Studies (GENEVA) under the NIH Genes, Environment and Health Initiative (GEI). Assistance with phenotype harmonization and genotype cleaning, as well as with general study coordination, was provided by the GENEVA Coordinating Center (U01HG004446). Assistance with data cleaning was provided by the National Center for Biotechnology Information. Genotyping was performed at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, with funding support from the NIH GEI (U01HG04424), and Johns Hopkins University Center for Inherited Disease Research, with support from the NIH GEI (U01HG004438) and the NIH contract "High throughput genotyping for studying the genetic contributions to human disease"(HHSN268200782096C). The NHS renal function and albuminuria work was supported by DK66574. Additional funding for the current research was provided by the National Cancer Institute (P01CA087969, P01CA055075), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK058845). We thank the staff and participants of the NHS and HPFS for their dedication and commitment. NSPHS. The Northern Swedish Population Health Study. The NSPHS was supported by grants from the Swedish Natural Sciences Research Council, the European Union through the EUROSPAN project (contract no. LSHG-CT-2006-018947), the Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF) and the Linneaus Centre for Bioinformatics (LCB). We are also grateful for the contribution of samples from the Medical Biobank in Umeå and for the contribution of the district nurse Svea Hennix in the Karesuando study. RS-I. The Rotterdam Study. The GWA study was funded by the Netherlands Organisation of Scientific Research NWO Investments (nr. 175.010.2005.011, 911-03-012), the Research Institute for Diseases in the Elderly (014-93-015; RIDE2), the Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)/Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA) project nr. 050-060-810. We thank Pascal Arp, Mila Jhamai, Dr Michael 40 Moorhouse, Marijn Verkerk, and Sander Bervoets for their help in creating the GWAS database. The Rotterdam Study is funded by Erasmus Medical Center and Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands Organization for the Health Research and Development (ZonMw), the Research Institute for Diseases in the Elderly (RIDE), the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, the Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sports, the European Commission (DG XII), and the Municipality of Rotterdam. The authors are very grateful to the participants and staff from the Rotterdam Study, the participating general practitioners and the pharmacists. We would like to thank Dr. Tobias A. Knoch, Luc V. de Zeeuw, Anis Abuseiris, and Rob de Graaf as well as their institutions the Erasmus Computing Grid, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, and especially the national German MediGRID and Services@MediGRID part of the German D-Grid, both funded by the German Bundesministerium fuer Forschung und Technology under grants #01 AK 803 A-H and # 01 IG 07015 G, for access to their grid resources. Abbas Dehghan is supported by NWO grant (vici, 918-76-619). SAPALDIA. Swiss Study on Air Pollution and Lung Diseases in Adults. The SAPALDIA Team: Study directorate: T Rochat (p), NM Probst Hensch (e/g), N Künzli (e/exp), C Schindler (s), JM Gaspoz (c) Scientific team: JC Barthélémy (c), W Berger (g), R Bettschart (p), A Bircher (a), O Brändli (p), C Brombach (n), M Brutsche (p), L Burdet (p), M Frey (p), U Frey (pd), MW Gerbase (p), D Gold (e/c/p), E de Groot (c), W Karrer (p), R Keller (p), B Martin (pa), D Miedinger (o), U Neu (exp), L Nicod (p), M Pons (p), F Roche (c), T Rothe (p), E Russi (p), P Schmid-Grendelmeyer (a), A Schmidt-Trucksäss (pa), A Turk (p), J Schwartz (e), D. Stolz (p), P Straehl (exp), JM Tschopp (p), A von Eckardstein (cc), E Zemp Stutz (e). Scientific team at coordinating centers: M Adam (e/g), C Autenrieth (pa), PO Bridevaux (p), D Carballo (c), E Corradi (exp), I Curjuric (e), J Dratva (e), A Di Pasquale (s), E Dupuis Lozeron (s), E Fischer (e), M Germond (s), L Grize (s), D Keidel (s), S Kriemler (pa), A Kumar (g), M Imboden (g), N Maire (s), A Mehta (e), H Phuleria (exp), E Schaffner (s), GA Thun (g) A Ineichen (exp), M Ragettli (e), M Ritter (exp), T Schikowski (e), M Tarantino (s), M Tsai (exp) (a) allergology, (c) cardiology, (cc) clinical chemistry, (e) epidemiology, (exp) exposure, (g) genetic and molecular biology, (m) meteorology, (n) nutrition, (o) occupational health, (p) pneumology, (pa) physical activity, (pd) pediatrics, (s) statistics. Funding: The Swiss National Science Foundation (grants no 33CSCO-134276/1, 33CSCO-108796, 3247BO-104283, 3247BO-104288, 3247BO- 104284, 3247-065896, 3100-059302, 3200-052720, 3200-042532, 4026-028099), the Federal Office for Forest, Environment and Landscape, the Federal Office of Public Health, the Federal Office of Roads and Transport, the canton's government of Aargau, Basel-Stadt, Basel-Land, Geneva, Luzern, Ticino, Valais, and Zürich, the Swiss Lung League, the canton's Lung League of Basel Stadt/ Basel Landschaft, Geneva, Ticino, Valais and Zurich, SUVA, Freiwillige Akademische Gesellschaft, UBS Wealth Foundation, Talecris Biotherapeutics GmbH, Abbott Diagnostics, European Commission 018996 (GABRIEL), Wellcome Trust WT 084703MA. The study could not have been done without the help of the study participants, technical and administrative support and the medical teams and field workers at the local study sites. Local fieldworkers : Aarau: S Brun, G Giger, M Sperisen, M Stahel, Basel: C Bürli, C Dahler, N Oertli, I Harreh, F Karrer, G Novicic, N Wyttenbacher, Davos: A Saner, P Senn, R Winzeler, Geneva: F Bonfils, B Blicharz, C Landolt, J Rochat, Lugano: S Boccia, E Gehrig, MT Mandia, G Solari, B Viscardi, Montana: AP Bieri, C Darioly, M Maire, Payerne: F Ding, P Danieli A Vonnez, Wald: D Bodmer, E Hochstrasser, R Kunz, C Meier, J Rakic, U Schafroth, A Walder. Administrative staff: C Gabriel, R Gutknecht. SHIP and SHIP-TREND. The Study of Health in Pomerania. SHIP is part of the Community Medicine Research net of the University of Greifswald, Germany, which is funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (grants no. 01ZZ9603, 01ZZ0103, and 01ZZ0403), the Ministry of Cultural Affairs as well as the Social Ministry of the Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania, and the network 41 'Greifswald Approach to Individualized Medicine (GANI_MED)' funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (grant 03IS2061A). Genome-wide data have been supported by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (grant no. 03ZIK012) and a joint grant from Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany and the Federal State of Mecklenburg- West Pomerania. The University of Greifswald is a member of the 'Center of Knowledge Interchange' program of the Siemens AG and the Caché Campus program of the InterSystems GmbH. The SHIP authors are grateful to Mario Stanke for the opportunity to use his Server Cluster for the SNP imputation as well as to Holger Prokisch and Thomas Meitinger (Helmholtz Zentrum München) for the genotyping of the SHIP-TREND cohort. TRAILS. TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives. Trails is a collaborative project involving various departments of the University Medical Center and University of Groningen, the Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, the University of Utrecht, the Radboud Medical Center Nijmegen, and the Parnassia Bavo group, all in the Netherlands. TRAILS has been financially supported by grants from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research NWO (Medical Research Council program grant GB-MW 940-38-011; ZonMW Brainpower grant 100-001-004; ZonMw Risk Behavior and Dependence grants 60- 60600-98-018 and 60-60600-97-118; ZonMw Culture and Health grant 261-98-710; Social Sciences Council medium-sized investment grants GB-MaGW 480-01-006 and GB-MaGW 480-07-001; Social Sciences Council project grants GB-MaGW 457-03-018, GB-MaGW 452-04-314, and GB-MaGW 452-06- 004; NWO large-sized investment grant 175.010.2003.005; NWO Longitudinal Survey and Panel Funding 481-08-013); the Sophia Foundation for Medical Research (projects 301 and 393), the Dutch Ministry of Justice (WODC), the European Science Foundation (EuroSTRESS project FP-006), and the participating universities. We are grateful to all adolescents, their parents and teachers who participated in this research and to everyone who worked on this project and made it possible. Statistical analyses were carried out on the Genetic Cluster Computer (http://www.geneticcluster.org), which is financially supported by the Netherlands Scientific Organization (NWO 480-05-003) along with a supplement from the Dutch Brain Foundation. WGHS. Women's Genome Health Study. The WGHS is supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL043851 and HL080467) and the National Cancer Institute (CA047988 and UM1CA182913), with collaborative scientific support and funding for genotyping provided by Amgen. YFS. Young Finns Study. The YFS has been financially supported by the Academy of Finland: grants 134309 (Eye), 126925, 121584, 124282, 129378 (Salve), 117787 (Gendi), and 41071 (Skidi), the Social Insurance Institution of Finland, Kuopio, Tampere and Turku University Hospital Medical Funds (grant 9M048 and 9N035 for TeLeht), Juho Vainio Foundation, Paavo Nurmi Foundation, Finnish Foundation of Cardiovascular Research and Finnish Cultural Foundation, Tampere Tuberculosis Foundation and Emil Aaltonen Foundation (T.L). The technical assistance in the statistical analyses by Ville Aalto and Irina Lisinen is acknowledged. ; Peer Reviewed

"Kto grze rozumie, może śmiele sadzić,A kto nie świadom, lepiej się poradzić.Tablica naprzód malowana będzie,Tę pól sześćdziesiąt i cztery zasiędzie.Pola się czarne z białymi mieszają,Te się owymi wzajem przesadzają.W tym placu wojska położą się obie,A po dwu rzędu wezmą przeciw sobie." "Der Kenner möge kühn am Spieltisch sitzen,Der Laie aber soll die Ohren spitzen.Zuerst das Spielbrett: Scheckig aufgebracht,Sind vierundsechzig Felder, acht mal acht.Die schwarzen Felder mühn sich mit den weißen,Gleichfarbne fremde Paare zu zerreißen. Und diesen Platz beziehen Armeen,Die sich in Doppelreihen entgegenstehn."[1]Als der große polnische Dichter Jan Kochanowski im 16. Jahrhundert diese Zeilen für sein Werk "Das Schachspiel" (Szachy) dichtete, ahnte er sicherlich nicht, dass gut 450 Jahre später einer seiner Landsmänner seine Armeen auf den 64 Feldern so gut führen würde, dass er um die Krone des Schachs mitspielen kann. Jan-Krzysztof Duda, 23 Jahre jung, Schachgroßmeister aus Wieliczka im Süden Polens, gelang es jedoch nicht nur, im vergangenen Jahr den FIDE World Cup zu gewinnen, ein vom Weltschachverband FIDE organisiertes und äußerst hochkarätig besetztes Turnier. Er sicherte sich durch diesen Erfolg auch als erster Pole überhaupt einen Platz im Kandidatenturnier 2022, dem Wettkampf, bei dem der Herausforderer des aktuellen Weltmeisters, Magnus Carlsen, ermittelt wird. Ebenjenen Carlsen konnte Duda im Halbfinale des World Cups besiegen und erntete dafür viel Bewunderung in der Schachwelt. Seitdem genießt er auch in Polen große Popularität, bekam einen Orden von Staatspräsident Andrzej Duda verliehen und wurde zum Sportler des Jahres 2021 gewählt. Jan-Krzysztof Duda, 2018Der Erfolg Dudas markiert den bisher größten Erfolg des polnischen Schachs seit dem Zweiten Weltkrieg, das nach vielen Jahren wieder in der Weltspitze angekommen ist. Dabei liegt die Betonung bewusst auf 'wieder', denn Polen gehörte in den Jahren vor dem Zweiten Weltkrieg zu den stärksten Schachnationen der Welt. Im Jahre 1930 gewann die polnische "Bombenmannschaft", wie sie von der deutschen Presse bezeichnet wurde, die Schacholympiade in Hamburg und ließ große Schachnationen wie Ungarn, Deutschland oder Österreich hinter sich. Nur 15 Jahre später, am Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs, lag das polnische Schach am Boden, seine Strukturen durch die deutsche Besatzung zerstört, seine besten Köpfe entweder ermordet oder aus Polen vertrieben. Das Schachspiel, das aus Indien stammt, fand im frühen Mittelalter seinen Weg über die Iberische Halbinsel sowie Russland nach Europa. In Deutschland ist es bereits im 11. Jahrhundert bekannt und wird z.B. schon im Versepos Ruodlieb erwähnt.[2] Für Polen nimmt man an, dass Schach in der Regierungszeit von Bolesław III. Krzywousty seinen Weg ins Land fand.[3]Im 19. Jahrhundert fand Schach seinen Weg vom Adel in die bürgerliche Gesellschaft. Es etablierte sich in den Kaffeehäusern Wiens, Londons oder Berlins, in denen Schach, nicht selten um Geld, gespielt und weiterentwickelt wurde. Aus diesem "Kaffeehausschach" geht das organisierte Schach hervor. In Deutschland wurden in der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts die ersten Vereine gegründet, in Polen geschah dies einige Jahrzehnte später. Manche der damals gegründeten Vereine bestehen bis heute, etwa die Berliner Schachgesellschaft 1827 Eckbauer, der Hamburger Schachklub von 1830 oder der Münchener Schachklub 1836. 1876 wurde im damals zu Preußen gehörenden Posen der erste Schachklub auf heute polnischem Boden gegründet. Bis zum Ende des Jahrhunderts folgten noch Krakau, Lemberg und Warschau. Wie groß und wichtig ein Verein war, hing oft von einem Meister ab, der sich dort niedergelassen hatte. In Posen war dieser Meister Johann Hermann Zukertort, der hier in den 1860er Jahren ein reges Schachleben organisierte. Zukertort, in Lublin geboren, war am Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts einer der stärksten Schachspieler. Er lebte in Polen, Deutschland und Großbritannien und spielte 1886 sogar ein WM-Match, das er jedoch verlor.[4] In Deutschland war Breslau neben Berlin das zweite große schachliche Zentrum, was an der Person Adolf Anderssen lag. Anderssen, ein Lehrer aus Breslau, war der wohl beste Schachspieler des 19. Jahrhunderts. Er gilt als der erste inoffizielle Weltmeister, da es damals noch keine organisierten WM-Kämpfe gab, er aber das erste internationale Schachturnier der Geschichte 1851 in London gewinnen konnte. Anderssen spielte während dieses Turniers eine der großartigsten Partien der Schachgeschichte, die heute als "Unsterbliche Partie" bekannt ist. Neben seiner aktiven Karriere war ihm die Gründung eines gesamtdeutschen Schachbundes ein großes Anliegen, was 1877 schließlich gelang. Der Deutsche Schachbund besteht bis heute. Während sich polnische und deutsche Schachmeister im 19. Jahrhundert in ihrer Spielstärke nicht sonderlich unterschieden, war Schach in Deutschland weitaus stärker organisiert als in Polen. Der Grund dafür lag in der territorialen Integrität Deutschlands, während es zur gleichen Zeit aufgrund der Teilungen Polens gar keinen eigenen Staat gab. So blieb Schach in Polen lange Zeit auf Kaffeehäuser und einzelne Vereine beschränkt, während sich in Deutschland ein lebendiges Vereinsleben mit zahlreichen Mitgliedern entwickelte.[5]Zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts florierte Schach in Deutschland. Die Vereine und Mitgliederzahlen wuchsen und Meister wie Fritz Sämisch, Kurt Richter oder Siegbert Tarrasch errangen Erfolge auf internationaler Ebene.[6] Über allen thronte in diesen Jahrzehnten Emanuel Lasker, Deutschlands bislang einziger Schachweltmeister. Diesen Titel hielt er jedoch länger als jeder andere in der Geschichte, nämlich stolze 27 Jahre (1894-1921). Lasker wurde 1868 in Berlinchen in der Mark Brandenburg geboren, das heute die Kleinstadt Barlinek in Polen ist. Auch für ihn begann seine Schachlaufbahn in einem Berliner Kaffeehaus, von wo aus er seinen Siegeszug in die Schachwelt startete. Doch im Zuge der Machtergreifung der Nationalsozialisten verließ er Deutschland und verbrachte die Jahre bis zu seinem Tod 1941 im Ausland.[7] Während der nationalsozialistischen Herrschaft durchlebte das Schach in Deutschland eine sehr schwierige Zeit. Es wurde zum Instrument nationalsozialistischer Ideologie umfunktioniert, wurde für Kriegspropaganda benutzt und sollte zur Erziehung einer sogenannten "Volksgemeinschaft" dienen. Dazu wurde der Großdeutsche Schachbund gegründet und der bis dato agierende Deutsche Schachbund diesem untergeordnet. Sogleich begann die Unterdrückung jüdischer Schachspieler. Auch während des Zweiten Weltkrieges wurde Schach zu Propagandazwecken genutzt, besonders von Hans Frank, der im von ihm geleiteten Generalgouvernement zwischen 1940 und 1944 internationale Schachturniere veranstaltete.[8]In Polen, das nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg seine Unabhängigkeit wiedererlangt hatte, blühte das Schachspiel auf und erlebte bis 1939 die erfolgreichste Phase in seiner Geschichte. Dabei kam ihm zugute, dass es mit Kazimierz Sosnkowski, einem ranghohen General, und Józef Piłsudski, Marschall und Ikone der polnischen Unabhängigkeit, zwei Unterstützer auf oberster Staatsebene für sich gewinnen konnte. Besonders Piłsudski galt als großer Schachenthusiast und setzte sich sehr für die Entwicklung des Schachs in Polen ein.[9] Darüber hinaus betrat im 20. Jahrhundert eine Reihe großer polnischer Schachspieler die Bühne, allen voran Akiba Rubinstein. Dieser gilt als der größte Schachspieler Polens. Rubinstein wurde 1882 in der kleinen Stadt Stawiski im heutigen nordöstlichen Polen in eine arme jüdische Familie geboren. Sein Siegeszug in die höchsten Höhen des Schachs begann im Schachklub von Lodz, wo er mit 19 Jahren hingezogen war. Seine Erfolge stellten 1914 ein WM-Match Lasker-Rubinstein in Aussicht, das jedoch aufgrund des Ausbruchs des Ersten Weltkrieges nicht stattfinden konnte.[10] Akiba Rubinstein (rechts) während einer Partie mit Efim Bogoljubov, 1925Polen war in den Jahrzehnten vor dem Zweiten Weltkrieg ein Powerhouse des Schachs und konnte 1930 seine bis dato größte Erfolge in seiner Schachgeschichte einfahren. Die goldene Generation um Akiba Rubinstein, Ksawery Tartakower, Dawid Przepiórka, Kazimierz Makarczyk und Paulin Frydman gewann die 3. Schacholympiade, die in Hamburg ausgetragen wurde. Deutschland belegte in diesem Turnier den dritten Rang. Die Schacholympiade ist der bedeutendste Mannschaftswettbewerb im Schach, an der alle namhaften Meister teilnehmen. Polens von Rubinstein angeführtes Team wurde aufgrund seiner starken Leistung von der deutschen Presse als "Bombenmannschaft" bezeichnet. Nur fünf Jahre später durfte Polen seine erste und bisher einzige Schacholympiade ausrichten, die in Warschau mit Teilnehmerrekord ausgetragen wurde.[11] Urkunde für den Krakauer Schachspieler Bogdan Śliwazum Sieg eines Turniers, das während der deutschenBesatzung ausgetragen wurdeMit dem deutschen Einmarsch in Polen 1939 fand die goldene Zeit des polnischen Schachs ihr jähes Ende. Der Kriegsbeginn unterbrach die laufende Schacholympiade in Buenos Aires, was einigen polnischen Schachspielern das Leben rettete, da sie nach der Olympiade nicht nach Polen zurückkehrten. Dies bedeutete jedoch einen herben Verlust für das polnische Schach, das dadurch Spieler wie etwa Mieczysław Najdorf verlor, der als Mosze Mendel Najdorf in Polen geboren worden war und nach dem Krieg als Miguel Najdorf viele Partien für Argentinien ausfocht.[12] In Polen kam das Schach fast komplett zum Erliegen, obwohl es vereinzelte geheime Turniere während der Besatzung gab. Das Schlimmste jedoch war der Verlust etlicher Meister und Funktionäre, die während der Nazi-Herrschaft über Polen oder im Holocaust ums Leben kamen. Exemplarisch dafür steht das tragische Schicksal von Dawid Przepiórka, dem Goldmedaillengewinner von 1930, der 1940 während der Massenerschießungen von Palmiry getötet wurde.[13] Mieczysław (Miguel) NajdorfWie schlimm das polnische Schach während der deutschen Besatzung gelitten hatte, zeigt sich auch in der Zeit, die Polen nach dem Krieg gebraucht hat, um im Schach wieder an die Weltspitze zu kommen. Erst in den letzten Jahren ist nach langen Jahren der Jugend- und Aufbauarbeit eine neue große polnische Schachgeneration im Anmarsch, welche von Jan-Krzysztof Duda angeführt wird. In der Bundesrepublik sowie in der DDR war Schach auch nach dem Krieg populär und verbreitet. Großmeister wie Wolfgang Unzicker, Robert Hübner oder Wolfgang Uhlmann spielten auf oberstem Niveau. Aktuell fehlt es in Deutschland an einem absoluten Spitzenspieler. Doch mit dem erst 17-jährigen Vincent Keymer gibt es auch hier ein junges Talent mit Chancen, nach ganz oben zu kommen. Im Frauenschach sind Polen und Deutschland gleich stark einzuschätzen und zählen zur erweiterten Weltspitze.Im Allgemeinen erlebt Schach gerade einen Boom und erlebt besonders seit Beginn der Pandemie großen Zulauf. Es bleibt für die Zukunft nur zu hoffen, dass sich das königliche Spiel in Polen und Deutschland weiter ausbreiten und viele weitere Menschen in seinen Bann ziehen wird. Dann könnte gelten, was Jan Kochanowski schon im 16. Jahrhundert vorgeschwebt hatte: "Wszakoż ją przedsię radzi przeczytali, A dla ćwiczenia zawżdy szachy grali." "Sogleich sitzt jeder unter seinem Dach An einen Tisch und spielt zur Übung Schach[.]"[14]
[1] Jan Kochanowski: Das Schachspiel. Szachy. Aus dem Polnischen von Thomas Daiber. Berlin 2011, S. 12f.


[2] Ruodlieb wurde in der ersten Hälfte des 11. Jahrhunderts auf Latein vom Mönch Fruomund vom Tegernsee verfasst. Vgl.: Jerzy Giżycki: Z Szachami przez Wieki i Kraje. Warszawa 1984, S. 19.


[3] Ebenda. S. 29.


[4] Vgl. Władysław Litmanowicz; Jerzy Giżycki: Schachy od A do Z. N-Z. Warszawa 1987, S. 1363ff.


[5] Zu den Schachklubs Posen und Warschau siehe: Andrzej Kwilecki: Szachy w Poznaniu. Poznań 1990; Tadeusz Wolsza: Od "Honoratki" do Wierzbowej. Życie szachowe w Warszawie w latach 1829-1939. Warszawa 2020; Zu Adolf Anderssen und dem Deutschen Schachbund, siehe: Alfred Die: Schach in Deutschland. Festbuch aus Anlaß des hundertjährigen Bestehens des Deutschen Schachbundes e.V. 1877-1977. Düsseldorf 1977.


[6] Zu Tarrasch, der auch aus Breslau stammt vgl.: Diel 1977, S. 54-57.


[7] Zu Emanuel Lasker vgl. Diel 1977, S. 58-62.


[8] Zum Schach im Dritten Reich vgl.: Bernadette Edtmaier: Schach im "Dritten Reich", in: Rainer Buland (u.a., Hrsg.): Das Gästebuch der Schachweltmeisterschaft 1934 in Deutschland. Wien 2014.


[9] Vgl. Wolsza 2020, S. 176f.


[10] Zu Akiba Rubinstein vgl.: Litmanowicz, Giżycki 1987, S. 1045-1048; Stefan Gawlikowski: Arcymistrzowie. Złota era polskich szachów. Warszawa 2016, S. 27-49.


[11] Zur Schacholympiade 1930 vgl.: Gawlikowski 2016, S. 17-26; Zur Olympiade 1930 und weiteren Olympiaden dieser Zeit vgl: Stanisław Gawlikowski: Olimpady Szachowe 1924-1974. Warszawa 1978.


[12] Zu Najdorf vgl. Gawlikowski 2016, S. 135-150.


[13] Zu Przepiórka vgl. Gawlikowski 2016, S. 75-105; zu Schachspielern, die Opfer des Holocaust wurden vgl. ebd. S. 179-184.


[14] Kochanowski 2011, S. 14f.

The relevance of the study is conditioned by the necessity to bridge gaps in Ukrainian music history, including unfairly forgotten names of musicians.The main objective of the study is to investigate Constantine von Feist's stages of life and fields of creative activity as little known composer, teacher and pianist.Methodology of the article is complex. It includes: a method of historical and systemic analysis which helps to consider C. von Feist's activity under certain historical conditions and to define his role in formation of Ukrainian music culture; a method of search and generalization of archive documentation which helps to use reliable and trustworthy information in exposition of fact-based material; a method of musically-theoretical analysis — aimed to thorough study of music compositions along with their content and form, to reveal imagery by means of the system of music expression means used by composer; a method of systematization and generalization which makes it possible to summarize all available data and to make a grounded conclusion.The article pays attention to the fact that C. von Feist's activity was not studied by Ukrainian musicology before. However, culturally educated part of the society of the 19 century knew his works very well, as C. von Feist was a concert-giving pianist, composer and teacher.The musician was born in Poland. He was educated in Warsaw conservatory. In 1842 he moved to Kharkiv. The newspapers of that time said that the musician`s talent development took place exactly in Kharkiv ground. Here he became known as a composer, experienced and conscientious piano teacher and pianist-performer whose concerts always attracted the audience. C. von Feist's name was also well known abroad. Exemplary remarks about musician's activity were published in "The Warsaw courier" and in Vienna's newspapers.During Kharkiv period C. von Feist paid the most attention to composing. He wrote mainly salon pieces and military marches which were popular at that time and which he often dedicated and presented to emperor's family representatives. C. von Feist was repeatedly granted Supreme favour and was awarded with valuable gifts. Among such compositions are the marches: "The Horse trot" (1845), "The Infanterian March" (1850), "The Triumphant March" (1852), "The march in remembrance of Sacred Crowning of His Imperial Highness" (1857), and also large pieces for piano: "Cecilia Mazurka" (1855), "Nocturne" (1858), dedicated to Grand duchess Olga Fyodorovna (ne Cecilia Augusta), "Grand valse" ("The Bridal Fiery Waltz"), dedicated to Grand Duke Nikolay Nikolayevich on the occasion of the wedding of His Imperial Highness (1856).In 1860-ties C. von Feist moved to Moscow. He continued to compose and the tradition to dedicate his works. Two marches: "The Ceremonial March" (1862) and "The Millennial Festive March" (1862) written on the occasion of Their Imperial Highness's "general happy arrival" in Moscow and of "millennial reign of Russian government" respectively, were traditionally addressed to members of imperial family. Today the manuscripts of these compositions are kept in The National Russian Library.The musician's further life was connected mainly with pedagogical activity: the pianist bent every effort to foundation of music schools in towns and cities of the Russian Empire.In 1873 C. von Feist opened a private music school in Voronezh which was considerably popular among townspeople. In the middle of 1870-ties the musician moved to Ukraine and founded music schools in Sumy (1874) and in Nizhyn (1876).In 1881 he created vocal-instrumental school in Kyiv. Most researchers consider it to be among the first private educational establishments in Ukraine. The school was approved by Ministry of the Interior. Playing the piano, singing and music theory were taught there.In due course C. von Feist set himself the task to transfer Kyiv school to another town. He turned to the governor of Kamianets-Podilskyi with this idea but the first was refused. In 1885 the musician addressed a petition to the mayor of Mykolaiv, in which he suggested his assistance in transferring the educational establishment to the town entrusted to him. One of the schools head's conditions was: a subvention of 1200 rubles a year for teaching children from low-income families. But this time the musician did not obtain the consent as well.Having cancelled his plans to move to another town, C. von Feist continued teaching in Kyiv, where his creative activity was at last appreciated. In 1889 the Shah of Persia granted the school head of Kyiv music school the highest badge of honor of his country — "The Order of the Lion and the Sun". Having received this precious reward, intended for foreigners, C. von Feist, a famous musician, became fairly recognized for his talent and hard work.Results and conclusions. C. von Feist's fruitful creativity is a major contribution to development of Ukrainian music culture. His pedagogical achievements in formation of domestic musical education are especially important. Opened music schools, in particular for teaching children from low-income families, caused the growth of music level of the inhabitants, formation of the system of primary music education. C. von Feist's creative legacy as composer, the bulk of which have not survived, reflects aesthetic tendencies and genre priorities of Russian music of the 19 century. ; Охарактеризовано творчество композитора, педагога, пианиста Константина Францевича фон Фейста, рассмотрены отдельные этапы его жизненного пути и направления творческой деятельности, воссоздан творческий портрет художника, раскрыта его роль в культурно-художественной жизни Украины середины XIX века. К. фон Фейст был талантливым концертирующим пианистом. Как композитор, он писал преимущественно популярные в то время салонные пьесы и военные марши, которые щедро посвящал членам императорской семьи по случаю юбилеев, государственных праздников и различных жизненных событий. Воплощая свой замысел, К. фон Фейст внимателен к каждой детали: он каллиграфически чётко вносил все знаки акцентуации, педализаци, разные штрихи, динамические градации. Его автографы производили впечатление утончённой графической работы. Кроме того, он активно проявил себя на педагогическом поприще, в частности, его считают одним из основателей частных музыкальных школ в Украине. В учебных заведениях, открытых музыкантом в Воронеже, Сумах, Киеве, Нежине, учились дети из семей состоятельных и бедных горожан. По воспоминаниям современников, он был добросовестным и опытным преподавателем. Композиторское наследие К. фон Фейста преимущественно утеряно, однако отдельные материалы, сохранившиеся в фондах библиотек, свидетельствуют о его высоком профессионализме и мастерстве. Опусы художника неоднократно благосклонно принимали представители императорской семьи, вознаграждая его ценными подарками. Плодотворная деятельность К. фон Фейста является весомым вкладом в развитие украинской культуры, особенно музыкального образования. Композиторское наследие К. фон Фейста отражает эстетические тенденции развития русской музыки во второй половине XIX века. ; Розглянуто постать композитора, педагога, піаніста Костянтина Францовича фон Фейста. Охарактеризовано окремі етапи його життєвого шляху та напрями творчої діяльності, змальовано творчий портрет митця, розкрито його роль у культурно-мистецькому житті України середини XIX століття. З'ясовано, що К. фон Фейст був талановитим концертуючим піаністом. Композитор К. фон Фейст писав переважно популярні на той час салонні п'єси і військові марші, які щедро присвячував членам імператорської родини, даруючи з нагоди ювілеїв, державних свят і різних життєвих подій. Утілюючи свій задум, К. фон Фейст уважний до кожної деталі: він каліграфічно чітко виписував усі знаки акцентуації, педалізації, різноманітні штрихи, динамічні градації. Його автографи справляють враження витонченої графічної роботи. Він активно виявив себе на педагогічній ниві, зокрема його вважають одним із фундаторів приватних музичних шкіл в Україні. У закладах, які відкрив музикант у Воронежі, Сумах, Києві, Ніжині, навчалися діти з родин заможних і бідних городян. За спогадами сучасників, він був сумлінним і досвідченим викладачем. Композиторська спадщина К. фон Фейста здебільшого втрачена, проте окремі матеріали, які збереглися у фондах бібліотек, свідчать про його високий професіоналізм і майстерність. Опуси митця неодноразово прихильно сприймали представники імператорської родини, нагороджуючи його коштовними подарунками. Плідна діяльність К. фон Фейста становить вагомий внесок у розвиток української культури, особливо музичної освіти. Композиторський доробок К. фон Фейста відбиває естетичні тенденції розвитку російської музики у другій половині ХІХ століття.

The relevance of the study is conditioned by the necessity to bridge gaps in Ukrainian music history, including unfairly forgotten names of musicians.The main objective of the study is to investigate Constantine von Feist's stages of life and fields of creative activity as little known composer, teacher and pianist.Methodology of the article is complex. It includes: a method of historical and systemic analysis which helps to consider C. von Feist's activity under certain historical conditions and to define his role in formation of Ukrainian music culture; a method of search and generalization of archive documentation which helps to use reliable and trustworthy information in exposition of fact-based material; a method of musically-theoretical analysis — aimed to thorough study of music compositions along with their content and form, to reveal imagery by means of the system of music expression means used by composer; a method of systematization and generalization which makes it possible to summarize all available data and to make a grounded conclusion.The article pays attention to the fact that C. von Feist's activity was not studied by Ukrainian musicology before. However, culturally educated part of the society of the 19 century knew his works very well, as C. von Feist was a concert-giving pianist, composer and teacher.The musician was born in Poland. He was educated in Warsaw conservatory. In 1842 he moved to Kharkiv. The newspapers of that time said that the musician`s talent development took place exactly in Kharkiv ground. Here he became known as a composer, experienced and conscientious piano teacher and pianist-performer whose concerts always attracted the audience. C. von Feist's name was also well known abroad. Exemplary remarks about musician's activity were published in "The Warsaw courier" and in Vienna's newspapers.During Kharkiv period C. von Feist paid the most attention to composing. He wrote mainly salon pieces and military marches which were popular at that time and which he often dedicated and presented to emperor's family representatives. C. von Feist was repeatedly granted Supreme favour and was awarded with valuable gifts. Among such compositions are the marches: "The Horse trot" (1845), "The Infanterian March" (1850), "The Triumphant March" (1852), "The march in remembrance of Sacred Crowning of His Imperial Highness" (1857), and also large pieces for piano: "Cecilia Mazurka" (1855), "Nocturne" (1858), dedicated to Grand duchess Olga Fyodorovna (ne Cecilia Augusta), "Grand valse" ("The Bridal Fiery Waltz"), dedicated to Grand Duke Nikolay Nikolayevich on the occasion of the wedding of His Imperial Highness (1856).In 1860-ties C. von Feist moved to Moscow. He continued to compose and the tradition to dedicate his works. Two marches: "The Ceremonial March" (1862) and "The Millennial Festive March" (1862) written on the occasion of Their Imperial Highness's "general happy arrival" in Moscow and of "millennial reign of Russian government" respectively, were traditionally addressed to members of imperial family. Today the manuscripts of these compositions are kept in The National Russian Library.The musician's further life was connected mainly with pedagogical activity: the pianist bent every effort to foundation of music schools in towns and cities of the Russian Empire.In 1873 C. von Feist opened a private music school in Voronezh which was considerably popular among townspeople. In the middle of 1870-ties the musician moved to Ukraine and founded music schools in Sumy (1874) and in Nizhyn (1876).In 1881 he created vocal-instrumental school in Kyiv. Most researchers consider it to be among the first private educational establishments in Ukraine. The school was approved by Ministry of the Interior. Playing the piano, singing and music theory were taught there.In due course C. von Feist set himself the task to transfer Kyiv school to another town. He turned to the governor of Kamianets-Podilskyi with this idea but the first was refused. In 1885 the musician addressed a petition to the mayor of Mykolaiv, in which he suggested his assistance in transferring the educational establishment to the town entrusted to him. One of the schools head's conditions was: a subvention of 1200 rubles a year for teaching children from low-income families. But this time the musician did not obtain the consent as well.Having cancelled his plans to move to another town, C. von Feist continued teaching in Kyiv, where his creative activity was at last appreciated. In 1889 the Shah of Persia granted the school head of Kyiv music school the highest badge of honor of his country — "The Order of the Lion and the Sun". Having received this precious reward, intended for foreigners, C. von Feist, a famous musician, became fairly recognized for his talent and hard work.Results and conclusions. C. von Feist's fruitful creativity is a major contribution to development of Ukrainian music culture. His pedagogical achievements in formation of domestic musical education are especially important. Opened music schools, in particular for teaching children from low-income families, caused the growth of music level of the inhabitants, formation of the system of primary music education. C. von Feist's creative legacy as composer, the bulk of which have not survived, reflects aesthetic tendencies and genre priorities of Russian music of the 19 century. ; Охарактеризовано творчество композитора, педагога, пианиста Константина Францевича фон Фейста, рассмотрены отдельные этапы его жизненного пути и направления творческой деятельности, воссоздан творческий портрет художника, раскрыта его роль в культурно-художественной жизни Украины середины XIX века. К. фон Фейст был талантливым концертирующим пианистом. Как композитор, он писал преимущественно популярные в то время салонные пьесы и военные марши, которые щедро посвящал членам императорской семьи по случаю юбилеев, государственных праздников и различных жизненных событий. Воплощая свой замысел, К. фон Фейст внимателен к каждой детали: он каллиграфически чётко вносил все знаки акцентуации, педализаци, разные штрихи, динамические градации. Его автографы производили впечатление утончённой графической работы. Кроме того, он активно проявил себя на педагогическом поприще, в частности, его считают одним из основателей частных музыкальных школ в Украине. В учебных заведениях, открытых музыкантом в Воронеже, Сумах, Киеве, Нежине, учились дети из семей состоятельных и бедных горожан. По воспоминаниям современников, он был добросовестным и опытным преподавателем. Композиторское наследие К. фон Фейста преимущественно утеряно, однако отдельные материалы, сохранившиеся в фондах библиотек, свидетельствуют о его высоком профессионализме и мастерстве. Опусы художника неоднократно благосклонно принимали представители императорской семьи, вознаграждая его ценными подарками. Плодотворная деятельность К. фон Фейста является весомым вкладом в развитие украинской культуры, особенно музыкального образования. Композиторское наследие К. фон Фейста отражает эстетические тенденции развития русской музыки во второй половине XIX века. ; Розглянуто постать композитора, педагога, піаніста Костянтина Францовича фон Фейста. Охарактеризовано окремі етапи його життєвого шляху та напрями творчої діяльності, змальовано творчий портрет митця, розкрито його роль у культурно-мистецькому житті України середини XIX століття. З'ясовано, що К. фон Фейст був талановитим концертуючим піаністом. Композитор К. фон Фейст писав переважно популярні на той час салонні п'єси і військові марші, які щедро присвячував членам імператорської родини, даруючи з нагоди ювілеїв, державних свят і різних життєвих подій. Утілюючи свій задум, К. фон Фейст уважний до кожної деталі: він каліграфічно чітко виписував усі знаки акцентуації, педалізації, різноманітні штрихи, динамічні градації. Його автографи справляють враження витонченої графічної роботи. Він активно виявив себе на педагогічній ниві, зокрема його вважають одним із фундаторів приватних музичних шкіл в Україні. У закладах, які відкрив музикант у Воронежі, Сумах, Києві, Ніжині, навчалися діти з родин заможних і бідних городян. За спогадами сучасників, він був сумлінним і досвідченим викладачем. Композиторська спадщина К. фон Фейста здебільшого втрачена, проте окремі матеріали, які збереглися у фондах бібліотек, свідчать про його високий професіоналізм і майстерність. Опуси митця неодноразово прихильно сприймали представники імператорської родини, нагороджуючи його коштовними подарунками. Плідна діяльність К. фон Фейста становить вагомий внесок у розвиток української культури, особливо музичної освіти. Композиторський доробок К. фон Фейста відбиває естетичні тенденції розвитку російської музики у другій половині ХІХ століття.

Las tensiones civiles que se vienen dando a nivel mundial desde hace meses, tienen como escenario esta vez a China y, más concretamente, a la Isla de Hong Kong (o Xianggang en pinyin mandarín) donde hace mas de 15 días activistas pro democráticos son los protagonistas de una revuelta popular con desarrollo y final incierto. En su gran mayoría, son jóvenes estudiantes y profesores universitarios que sueñan con que nadie les corte las alas de la libertad.El experimento de "un país - dos sistemas" instaurado por Deng Xiao Ping a partir de la entrega de la isla de Hong Kong al Partido Comunista Chino por parte de los ingleses en 1997, está siendo fuertemente testeado en los últimos días por la denominada revuelta de los paraguas (en alusión al símbolo utilizado por sus manifestantes no solo para protegerlos del clima de intenso calor y lluvias en esta época del año, sino también de los gases lacrimógenos utilizados por la policía para neutralizarlos).Para comprender la complejidad de la relación entre Hong Kong, China y Gran Bretaña, hay que remontarse a 1840, a la Reina Victoria y a las Guerras del Opio. Fue a través de los Tratados de Nankín en 1842, del Convenio de Pekín en 1860 y, posteriormente, del Convenio para la extensión de Hong Kong en 1889 que los ingleses tomaron posesión de la isla y que Hong Kong se transformó en una colonia británica en Asia. Es por ello que, dependiendo de la óptica en que se analicen los hechos, el acto del 1 de julio de 1997 es llamado "la entrega" para algunos o "la reunificación" para muchos otros. Sea cual fuere la óptica que se elija, el hecho marcó el hito por el cuál se entregó la soberanía de Hong Kong a China, fue un hecho que marcó el fin del dominio británico en la isla y el comienzo de una época de incierta convivencia que hoy se pone a prueba.Si bien Hong Kong es, desde hace unos años, parte de China continental como una Región Administrativa Especial (RAE) de la República Popular de China (al igual que Macao ex colonia portuguesa), las protestas se deben enmarcar entonces en la historia de un pueblo y de un territorio que fue colonia británica durante muchos años. Años que, sin lugar a dudas, han dejado su fuerte impronta tanto en el territorio como en sus habitantes. Años que han sido decisivos, por otra parte, en el desarrollo económico de la isla, en su sistema educativo, en la mentalidad de la gente y en su modernidad, desarrollándose como centro financiero estratégico en la región.Hong Kong posee el 6to mayor mercado de capitales del mundo (siendo el 2do en Asia), y mantiene apertura de fronteras para inversores no imponiendo restricciones ni controles de capitales. Todas libertades que han sido indispensables en la concreción de su prosperidad.Hong Kong como RAE, posee por un lado un sistema legal propio y ciertos derechos, que lo distinguen del continente, como son el derecho de reunión y de libre expresión contemplados en una mini Constitución, pero por otro, la política exterior y la órbita de la defensa son de soberanía exclusiva para el gobierno chino continental. Es una situación de autonomía relativa entre isla y continente.Al analizar la situación particular de Hong Kong, resulta entonces inevitable preguntarse lo siguiente: ¿puede perdurar en el tiempo un sistema económico capitalista bajo la soberanía de un sistema económico comunista? ¿Puede la represión ganarle a la libertad ganada principalmente a través de la educación? Es muy poco probable a largo plazo, es terreno conquistado.Ahora bien, ¿por qué protestan los estudiantes? Los activistas de Hong Kong protestan principalmente por la aprobación de medidas pan-democráticas, por la ampliación de los derechos ciudadanos y por el reclamo a implementar el sufragio universal en la isla. En definitiva por ser dueños de sus decisiones y no recibir candidatos impuestos por el gobierno central del partido comunista para las próximas elecciones de 2017 y para el Consejo Legislativo de 2020. Son jóvenes e idealistas que saben lo que es la libertad porque nacieron y se formaron en ella y porque estudiar les permite volar.Fue el artículo escrito por Benny Tai en el World Street Journal en enero de 2013, el que previno a las autoridades chinas la posibilidad de una "desobediencia civil" en la zonas centrales de Hong Kong como vía de presión al gobierno si sus propuestas de sufragio universal no eran contempladas. Y así fue. Las protestas pacíficas tienen entonces como protagonistas a activistas nucleados por los grupos Occupy Central (OCLP), Scholarism y la Federación de Estudiantes, y surgen figuras como Alex Chow, Joshua Wang y Benny Tai como voceros principales y posibles figuras claves para encontrar una solución pacífica a la revuelta suscitada.¿Por qué esta revuelta es singular y algo distinta al resto de tantas otras protestas? La devolución de Hong Kong a China es en sí misma un experimento bastante singular, como lo señalamos. Pero el condimento más exclusivo y antipático es la forma en que se han resuelto las protestas estudiantiles en China en el pasado. Es allí donde hay antecedentes a diferencia de otras revueltas recientes, y aparece entonces la sombra de los hechos ocurridos en la Plaza de Tiananmen en Beijing no hace tanto tiempo atrás. Es allí donde el símbolo de los paraguas cobra un significado de especial fragilidad.Si bien el detonante del movimiento es claro, las tensiones en la isla no surgen de un día para el otro y la efervescencia en la respuesta no demoró en hacerse notar. En este sentido, existe desde hace años un choque de culturas entre la China tradicional continental y los habitantes de la Isla de Hong Kong. Existe, por ejemplo, un incremento significativo de nacimientos con padres de origen chino continental en Hong Kong, teniendo como consecuencia el aumento en la demanda por cupos en los colegios provocando el descontento de los isleños. Existen también diferencias en cuanto al idioma, a hábitos y costumbres entre la población de China continental y los hongkoneses que potencian fricciones con la llegada de turistas y nuevos habitantes a la isla.Esta revuelta en Hong Kong es una gran prueba para el Partido Comunista Chino y un golpe a la estabilidad de este país, lograda fundamentalmente gracias a los resultados económicos obtenidos desde la apertura al mundo. Si China quiere ser una potencia mundial integrada, con población universitaria que viaja, que compara sistemas políticos y que cuestiona los existentes, la resolución del conflicto en la isla puede ser un primer escalón en pos de ello. Una prueba piloto para luego exportar al resto del continente.El mundo está claramente expectante sobre lo que pasará en los próximos días, sobre la escalada del conflicto y con la esperanza de concreción de un diálogo constructivo entre autoridades y manifestantes que permita a ambas partes avanzar en el sendero de mayor libertad hacia el futuro y con derrames positivos hacia el continente. Esperemos que así sea, ya que no olvidemos que cualquier repercusión drástica en la estabilidad china repercutirá sin lugar a dudas en todos los rincones de la tierra.Esperemos que este conflicto se resuelva con una solución pacífica que englobe a todos y puedan, estudiantes y gobierno, caminar juntos bajo el mismo paraguas de la libertad. Un mundo educado es un mundo libre y por lo tanto un mundo mejor.Maria M. Supervielle es Mag. en Relaciones y Negociaciones InternacionalesUniv. De San Andrés – FLACSO – Univ. De Barcelona

El historiador uruguayo Aníbal Barrios Pintos murió en Montevideo, el 1º de junio de 2011. Ocurrió una mañana, mientras participaba de una reunión de los miembros del Instituto Histórico y Geográfico. En su caso, parece aplicable aquella manida expresión: "murió a sus jóvenes 92 años".Porque para 2011, Barrios Pintos -con más de siete décadas de investigación periodística e histórica en su haber- aún seguía en actividad. Prueba de ello es que por esos días lo ocupaba la edición de su obra De tierra adentro, escritores, músicos y artistas plásticos del interior uruguayo, una suerte de homenaje a los creadores no capitalinos.El trabajo de este incansable recuperador de la memoria colectiva constituye, ante todo, un aporte para la afirmación de la identidad nacional, como bien lo señalaron los legisladores de la Cámara de Representantes que le tributaron homenaje el 8 de octubre de 2003. Su vasta obra recorre desde la historia de los departamentos de Paysandú, Lavalleja, Rivera, San José, Artigas y Río Negro, hasta la historia nacional y el proceso independentista.En sus más de cuarenta libros publicados y en múltiples artículos de prensa, Barrios Pintos dio cuenta de la diversidad social y cultural de nuestro país. En tal sentido, resulta insoslayable mencionar la serie Los barrios de Montevideo -elaborada junto al historiador Washington Reyes Abadie- dedicada, entre otros, al Cordón, a la Unión, a Villa Colón, al Paso Molino y a la Ciudad Vieja.Pero es sobre El silencio y la voz. Historia de la mujer en Uruguay que nos vamos a detener. El autor señala en el prólogo que "quienes escriben historia escasamente se han ocupado en sus obras de las mujeres que habitaron esta tierra oriental del Uruguay, en tiempo de más de tres siglos, comprendido entre 1531 (…) y el fin de la defensa de Paysandú, en la que algunas participaron con rango heroico"1. Barrios Pintos lo consigue.Para ello, evoca a las transgresoras, a las ignoradas, a las indígenas, a las patricias, a las heroínas olvidadas, a las educadoras, a las que por amor se enarbolaron en luchas libertarias y a quienes por sus ideales traicionaron a sus maridos.Así, por ejemplo, el capítulo dedicado a las indígenas recuerda a la charrúa Guyunusa y su calvario parisino, la maternidad y el amor por Tacuavé (otro de los charrúas tomados como prisioneros en Salsipuedes y posteriormente trasladados a Francia). También a María Luisa Tiraparé, una guaraní radicada en una localidad de Durazno, que a fines del siglo XIX ejerció la autoridad de cacica y de mayordoma de la iglesia, y que habría fallecido a los ciento quince años de edad.Las peripecias de la "insurgente" María Josefa Oribe de Contucci integran el capítulo dedicado a las patricias. Esta mujer, esposa de un armador florentino y asesor directo de la princesa regente de Portugal y Brasil, fue una fervorosa partidaria de la causa americana. Ayudó al marino Manuel Blanco Escalada –que quería luchar por la independencia de Chile- a fugar de la cárcel de la Ciudadela; juntó fondos para la cruzada libertadora de 1825; llevó a cabo una acción muy arriesgada ante los sargentos del Batallón de Pernambucanos buscando obtener la sublevación a favor de la causa patriota; disfrazada de lavandera, engañó a los guardias que custodiaban la entrada a la ciudad, y consiguió el material de cirugía que necesitaban los patriotas. Agustina Contucci y Oribe -hija de la aguerrida insurgente- se casó en 1829 con su tío carnal, Manuel Oribe, lo que convirtió a María Josefa en hermana y suegra del segundo presidente constitucional que tuvo nuestro país.Las mujeres que formaron parte de la vida pasional y amorosa de los caudillos orientales ocupan otro capítulo. Abrevando en el trabajo de otros historiadores y en múltiples fuentes documentales, Barrios Pintos nos adentra en los amores fugaces o perdurables de José Gervasio Artigas y de Fructuoso Rivera.Como menciona el autor, "frente a la abnegada actitud de sus esposas, enamoradas y sufridas, dedicadas mayormente al cuidado de la casa montevideana, de la crianza de sus hijos, de la economía hogareña –muchas veces soportando la pobreza- las mujeres que se mencionan en este capítulo, aunque no jugaron un papel decisivo en el destino de héroes nacionales, ofrecen una visión menos marmórea de los mismos y más comprensiva de su condición humana"2.En su afán por rescatar hechos y nombres que permitan modificar el concepto bastante generalizado de que la mujer oriental se mantuvo al margen de los conflictos emancipadores de la época, Barrios Pintos nos acerca al mundo de las "heroínas orientales olvidadas". Entre ellas se destaca Rosalía Dutra, cuyo accionar mereció una mención especial del por entonces coronel mayor del Ejército de la Patria y ministro de Guerra, Manuel Oribe. Rosalía Dutra demostró su heroísmo al cruzar ríos a nado transportando sobre su cuerpo paquetes de municiones para hacérselos llegar a los combatientes que luchaban por la causa patriota, y al recorrer a pie más de veinticinco leguas para entregar cartas y recados a las tropas.La mirada de los viajeros sobre las mujeres que poblaban nuestro territorio también está presente en El silencio y la voz. Historia de la mujer en Uruguay. Los relatos escogidos por Barrios Pintos ilustran las costumbres de las damas montevideanas de la época - revelando aspectos vinculados a la vestimenta y a la vida social-, así como también de las mujeres campesinas.El trabajo femenino ocupa otro capítulo, en el que están presentes, entre otras, cocineras, amas de cría, lavanderas, planchadoras, cigarreras y pulperas. El autor se detiene en la primera partera que ejerció su profesión en Montevideo, María Álvarez Herrera y Trujillo, y en Celedonia Wich, quien se hizo cargo del almacén que había pertenecido a su esposo, Cristóbal Salvañach, un exitoso hombre de negocios, militar y cabildante. Dicho comercio, que llegó a constituirse en una de las firmas más importantes de la época, estaba emplazado en la esquina de las calles San Felipe y San Gabriel (actuales Rincón y Misiones). Como recuerda el autor, en esa misma finca –donde hoy funciona el Museo Histórico Nacional- Celedonia Wich fue asesinada por una de sus esclavas, lo que se constituyó en el caso judicial más resonado de la época.Las mujeres de las que se ocupa Barrios Pintos también supieron incursionar en las letras, el teatro y las bellas artes, lo cual, en muchas ocasiones, las colocó en el centro de grandes polémicas. Tal el caso de Marcelina Almeida, autora de la primera novela escrita por una mujer en Uruguay, y titulada Por una fortuna una cruz. Su publicación, en 1860, generó un enorme revuelo no sólo porque la obra era en sí misma una crítica a la institución del matrimonio, sino porque el derecho de la mujer a escribir estaba en discusión en la época.Hoy resultaría impensable asistir a una controversia de ese tipo. Sin embargo, aún en estos tiempos, es oportuno recordar el camino recorrido por las mujeres uruguayas a lo largo de más de tres siglos. Sobre todo si consideramos como cierto que muchas de esas mujeres han sido, en gran medida, postergadas e incluso ignoradas por la historia. En El silencio y la voz. Historia de la mujer en el Uruguay, Aníbal Barrios Pintos las rescata del olvido y las trae hasta nuestros días.1- Barrios Pintos, Aníbal (2001). El silencio y la voz. Historia de la mujer en el Uruguay. Montevideo, Uruguay. Linardi y Risso, p. 72- Op. Cit., p. 97

Introduction Together with formal logic and computer skills, English is considered nowadays a key tool for educational and occupational career. According to the British Council it is currently spoken by 1,8 billion people around the world; it serves as an official language in 53 countries and as lingua franca in many others. It is a language of education, politics, art, engineering, business and leisure. The above mentioned facts are significant for every individual who wants to be successful, both in personal and professional dimension. Deaf and hard of hearing people are naturally a part of this reality: in order to become well-educated and competitive on the job market they have to get all the necessary knowledge and skills. However, their problems are connected mainly with using language, as it was formulated by a vice-rector of Gallaudet University, R.O. Cornett: This is not voice but words – that is a real problem of the deaf persons. Difficulties in speech perception, problem with spontaneous access to semantics, syntax and morphology of their national languages – all these factors conform to difficulties with effective language perception and production. It is also evident that these problems do not disappear during the process of learning a foreign language. It is sometimes suggested that deaf people do not need foreign languages but rather foreign sign languages. Nowadays sign languages are treated as a genius solution enabling communication of the deaf and hard of hearing people with other members of society. However, even their effective usage does not allow deaf and hard of hearing people free access to the world-wide treasure of knowledge, the key to which is hidden in the ability to use English. In Europe English in many countries is a non-native language and millions of Europeans each year learn it at schools, universities and private tutorials. This is also true for deaf and hard of hearing education: during the last decades of the 20th century teaching English as a foreign language to the deaf and hard of hearing was recommended as obligatory in many European countries, mainly of Central and Western Europe. Because of a lack of specialized teaching methodology, in each country groups of teachers or even individual teachers tried to work out effective legal solutions, class structure, methods and forms of teaching. Fortunately, the teachers' – our - paths crossed. English – a common language of all the teachers who undertook the task of teaching it to deaf and hard of hearing population – helped not only the students, but enabled us - their teachers – to get to know each other, establish meaningful contacts, exchange ideas and solutions and finally – prepare this book. The book Teaching English to the deaf and hard of hearing in Europe – state of the art and future challenges, is a unique sort of publication. It resulted from personal meetings, discussions and exchange of knowledge and information among a group of brave and generous teachers who started the job of teaching English as a foreign language to the deaf and hard of hearing in their countries and finally decided to share their experiences with others. It is a long-awaited fruit of moments of uncertainty and helplessness, flashes of brilliant ideas and hours of hard work. This is also a sign of significant relationships with our students – for whom we spent long hours preparing new teaching materials, sleepless nights on night trains and countless hours in airport lounges while waiting for transportation to conference, workshop and meeting venues. The book is divided into two parts. The first one is devoted to the presentation of a general picture of deafness nowadays, form a perspective of people personally involved in organizing English as a foreign language for the deaf and hard of hearing classes. It starts with a chapter by Kazimiera Krakowiak, a professor of linguistics and a mother of two adult deaf sons. In her essay she points to chances and barriers crated by contemporary anthropological trends in pedagogy of the deaf. After discussing biologist and sociologist perspective she points to personalism as a common ground that might make it possible to re-establish quality deaf education in a responsible and effective way. The second paper in this chapter was also prepared by a linguist, Professor Franz Dotter from Klagenfurt. He presents his experience and views on what language development of deaf students should look like. These two texts are both complementary and different in their nature, and they mirror the reality of the deaf world, where strong proponents of oralism try to convince sign language users to back their position, and vice versa. The last text in this part, Elena Intorcia's, shows yet another perspective: that of the personal experience of deaf people themselves. The second part of the book comprises 9 chapters. Each of them was written by a teacher of English as a second language working in different countries. It starts with a paper by Elana Ochse who aims at presenting English for the Deaf as a special kind of English for Specific/Specialized Purposes concept. She argues that ESP might be an enabling tool in the Deaf discourse community working in Multimedia and Cinema. The second paper was elaborated by Edith Kontra from Hungary and presents the manifold struggle of Deaf foreign language learners in that country. Analyzing her informants' opinion she argues for the implementation of barrier-free education, the use of the deaf national sign language across the curriculum including foreign language teaching, the need for educators who can sign, and also for the provision of Deaf teachers. Pat Pritchard from Norway presents the English curriculum and examinations for Deaf and severely hard-of-hearing in her country and gives a description of a research study into Deaf pupils' acquisition of British Sign Language in the classroom. Jitka Sedláčková and Zuzana Fonioková from the Czech Republic present the methods of teaching reading skills in a foreign language class and the implications these different methods have for teaching foreign languages to the deaf. They concentrate on the significance of reading strategies for acquiring reading skills in both L1 and L2. Their collegue from the Czech Republic, Marie Doleżalova describes in a more general way the situation of the deaf language education in the Czech Republic, especially in the conext of a strong movement of the deaf in the Czech Republic who want to be regarded as a cultural minority with a sign language as their mother tongue. Next three texts describe teaching English a foreign language to the deaf and hard of hearing in Poland. Ewa Domagała-Zyśk's text presents the general outline of the deaf language education in Poland and organisation of the English for the deaf and hard of hearing classes at John Paul II Catholic Univeristy of Lublin. The research part of her paper is devoted to the writing output of different groups of the deaf and hard of hearing learners of English. Continuing this experience, Anna Podlewska devotes her paper to the significance of using Cued Speech as a tool for developing both receptive and productive language skills. She presents the basis of her approach to foreign language instruction that incorporates Cued Speech as one of the modes of communication used in the classroom. Anna Nabiałek presents the assumptions, programme and some aspects of teaching English as a foreign language to Deaf/deaf and hard of hearing students at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, while Beata Gulati describes the art of teaching and learning English as a foreign language at Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, the university that can be proud of several years of work in this field. The publication is intended for foreign language teachers of the deaf and hard of hearing or university students who are considering becoming such professionals. Its purpose it is to provide information and guidance about particular approaches, teaching methods and communication strategies. The decision on what ideas should be incorporated in particular curricula, however, is still in the hands of the teachers. The papers presented in the book do not form a ready recipe – they should rather be treated as voices in discussion about the most effective approaches, methods and techniques of teaching English as a foreign language to the deaf and hard of hearing. Both the editor and all the authors fervently hope that the readers will find this book supportive in developing their English teaching and learning skills. Acknowledgements I wish to acknowledge the encouragement of several people who believed in the sense of my work of teaching English as a foreign language to the deaf and hard of hearing students and motivated me to do research in this field. First of all I would like to express my sincere thanks to Professor Kazimiera Krakowiak who first realized the significance of organizing foreign language classes for the deaf and hard of hearing at KUL and supported the project throughout all these years with her invaluable linguistic advice and personal warmth. My work was also professionally supported from the very beginning by the Ombudsman for the Disabled Students at KUL and a recognized linguist working on methodology of teaching English as a foreign language to the visually impaired persons – Professor Bogusław Marek. His constant interest in my work, all the signs of belief in its sense and significance, together with immense personal kindness was an invaluable source of strength. I would like to address special words of gratitude to professor Elana Ochse from Torino University, for proofreading the book before its publication and for suggesting a lot of valuable linguistic and content improvements. Words of gratitude should be also directed to the reviewers of the book – professor Bogusław Marek and professor Bogdan Szczepankowski. Their comments helped both me and the authors to improve our papers and make them even more professional and valuable. And finally special words of thanks to my former and present students who willingly wanted to learn and teach together with me and at the same time immensely enriched my professional and personal life. I suppose these words of gratitude should be addressed not only to my students, but to all the deaf and hard of hearing students who work with all the authors. Ewa Domagała-Zyśk ; Ewa Domagala-Zysk

About this book -- Praises for The Palgrave Handbook of Music and Sound in Japanese animation -- Acknowledgements -- Editorial Note -- List of Contributors -- List of Images and Tables -- Foreword. Birth and structure of the Handbook -- Introduction. Tool kits / 0: Presenting Japanese animation and a summary of selected sources on music and animation -- Part I. Early history, theoretical framing, and practice of music and sound in Japanese animation -- Chapter 1. Tool kits / 1: Hearing moods, emotions, pictures. A basic overview on the rhetoric of music -- Chapter 2. Tool kits / 2: Key concepts of music language in anime -- Chapter 3. Tool kits / 3: A short outlook of anison from 1963 to the 21st century -- Chapter 4. Tool kits / 4: Mapping anime's voice acting industry -- Chapter 5. Early history / 1: Introducing European music to Meiji Japan -- Chapter 6. Early history / 2: The early period of music in Japanese animation. From the 1930s to the advent of Tōei Dōga (1956) -- Chapter 7. Early history / 3: Shiftingpractice, industry, and ideology in the first decade of TV anime songs (1962-72). From Torirō Miki to Michiaki Watanabe -- PART II. Music and sound for animation in Japan from the 1970s to the 2010s -- Chapter 8. Scoring Japan's pasts and futures / 1: Legends, folklore, monsters, and his-torical drama -- Chapter 9. Scoring Japan's pasts and futures / 2: Drama, trauma, and sonic eclecticism in mainstream music scores for giant armour-themed and SF animated se-ries of the 1970s -- Chapter 10. Scoring Japan's pasts and futures / 3: The soundtrack of Shunsuke Kikuchi for UFO Robo Grendizer. Composition and selection criteria -- Chapter 11. Transcultural musical encounters / 1: Jō Hisaishi and Yūji Nomi. Variation, citation, and emulation -- Chapter 12. Transcultural musical encounters / 2: A cultural history of Dvořák's Largo from Meiji era to anime -- Chapter 13. Transcultural musical encounters / 3: Kōji Morimoto, Yōko Kanno, and the Zagreb school of animation -- Chapter 14. Transcultural musical encounters / 4: The power of alternative music in Japanese animation. Can the beats and vibes of anime change the world? -- Chapter 15. Authorship in music and sound design / 1: Isao Takahata and his music di-rection -- Chapter 16. Authorship in music and sound design / 2: Geinō Yamashirogumi and Akira -- Chapter 17. Authorship in music and sound design / 3: The music and method of Kenji Kawai -- Chapter 18. Authorship in music and sound design / 4: Kōji Yamamura and Satoshi Kon -- Chapter 19. Authorship in music and sound design / 5: Tenmon and his musics for Ma-koto Shinkai's films -- Chapter 20. Authorship in music and sound design / 6: Four outstanding cases in the anime industry, 1995-2016 -- Chapter 21. Extra-musical sonic environments / 1: Voice actresses performing boy characters. Historical, political, social, and cultural significance in postwar Japan -- Chapter 22. Extra-musical sonic environments / 2: Sonic embedment and spatial "worlding". Soundscapes, psychoacoustics, and post-human sonics inShin-seiki Evangelion -- Part III. Musics, songs, and voices for Japanese animation beyond Japan -- Chapter 23. Re-written songs, musics, and dubbing for anime / 1: United States -- Chapter 24. Re-written songs, musics, and dubbing for anime / 2: Italy -- Chapter 25. Re-written songs, musics, and dubbing for anime / 3: Philippines -- Chapter 26. Re-written songs, musics, and dubbing for anime / 4: Indonesia -- Chapter 27. Re-written songs, musics, and dubbing for anime / 5: Latin America -- Chapter 28. Re-written songs, musics, and dubbing for anime / 6: Four outstanding cases in Europe and the United States -- Chapter 29. Re-written songs, musics and dubbing for anime / 7: Finland -- Chapter 30. Re-written songs, musics, and dubbing for anime / 8: Cultural strategies of anime's re-dubbing in Italy, France, Germany, and Spain -- Chapter 31. Anime's impact on pop music in the two European leading markets / 1: France -- Chapter 32. Anime's impact on pop music in the two European leading markets / 2: Italy -- Part IV. Interviews, supplemental essays, appendixes -- Chapter 33. Brief guide on sound design in the anime industry -- Chapter 34. Isao Tomita and his collaborations with Osamu Tezuka: Music's versatility between crosscultural epigonism and ultimate mastery -- Chapter 35. Ambiguities of post-dubbing in the United States -- Chapter 36. Interview with Shunsuke Kikuchi -- Chapter 37. Interview with Michiaki Watanabe -- Chapter 38. Interview with Mitsuko Horie -- Chapter 39. Interview with Kentarō Anai -- Chapter 40. Conversations with four outstanding animators: what they have to say -- Chapter 41. Interview with Takuya Imahori -- Chapter 42. Interview with Kenji Kawai -- Chapter 43. Appendix 1: The main music score composers in the history of anime -- Chapter 44. Appendix 2: The main vocal performers in the history of anison -- Chapter 45. Appendix 3: Historic composers for animation in Japan, 1920s-1950s -- Afterword -- Glossary. Basic keywords of Japanese animation, music, and sound -- Filmography and videography -- Discography and dubs -- Editor and Contributors -- Index.