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A perennial issue is the relationship of international law to the domestic law of the United States. The question appears in various con-texts, but in each the central problem is determining whether the body of customary international law is binding on the national and state governments. Discussions about this subject inevitably lead to consideration of separation of powers at the national level. If the United States may depart from international law, which branch of government has the power to do so? If one branch transgresses international law, is this action binding on the others?' For example, a recent case examined the executive's authority to detain aliens in violation of international law,and thus implicitly raised the issue of the judiciary's authority to order the executive to conform to international norms. Considering the importance of the basic issues involved, it is not surprising that a small industry of scholarship has grown around them,with each generation of scholars revisiting the territory. Most of these works make an excursion into the legal history of the eighteenth century, presumably with the idea that this background will help explain the place that international law was intended to occupy under the Constitution. Those who sympathize with imposing at least some customary international legal constraints on the United States have found this early history to be a particularly fruitful source of authority. A large number of declarations can be assembled from leading figures of that era to the effect that the law of nations was a part of American law and in important respects binding on our government. For others who are skeptical of placing limits on the domestic law of the United States through application of customary international law, the task has been to explain away the significance of this history.

Es hora urgente de tratar ampliamente las relaciones entre la Republica Federal de Alemania y America Latina, ya que las mismas corren el peligro de languidecer por la falta de perspectivas concretas y constructivas. Se reproduce el texto revisado de una ponencia al seminario internacional organizado por CIEDLA y el Consejo Argentino para las Relaciones Internacionales en Buenos Aires, del 23 al 25 de noviembre de 1983

Notes that revolution is put forward as a simultaneous liberation from both imperialism and the local oligarchic bourgeoisie. Argues that the richest and most developed thinking on liberation comes from Latin America, and highlights some of the current themes. (PAS)

Results of a quasi-experimental panel study of opinion movements of Canadian student groups on North-American Free Trade reveal that stimulation with regard to majority trends in public opinion produces both bandwagon & underdog effects on individual opinions. After controlling for various noncausal factors, these effects are attributed partly to the stimuli & partly to mechanisms by which individuals try to maintain internal consistency in their opinion structure. Attention is given to the methodology of opinion movement measurement. 6 Tables, 15 References. Adapted from the source document.

Discusses the Leninist doctrine of 'national liberation' and how the Soviet Union and Cuba have pursued it in aiding Latin American revolutionaries. Suggests the Soviet Union is willing to end military aid to radicals if this will facilitate economic and technical exchanges between itself and the US. Believes negotiations should include ending Cuba's involvement as well. (JMM)

A historical overview of revolutions in Latin America focuses on three aspects. (1) The historiographical significance of the impact of the French Revolution on the origins & construction of Spanish-American liberal republicanism is discussed, seeking to understand a general trait of Latin American political discourse: its rhetorical, revolutionary character. (2) The intellectual mode of thought that "filtered" the Enlightenment & French philosophical force of the language of liberty & human rights is considered. (3) Some of the conceptual weaknesses stemming from this still active source of political legitimation are formulated: its fundamental reliance on a philosophy of history wedded to moral & political impracticality. 4 Illustrations. Modified Author Summary

Neomonetarist policies, popular in the late 1970s, fell into disfavor in the early 1980s, due to their negative contributions to Latin America's economic crisis. Two possible approaches to replace neomonetarism are described -- structuralism & dependency analysis -- & their usefulness in understanding Latin America's current economic problems is examined. Crisis of development theory in general is outlined, & Latin America's particular expression of development crisis noted. It is emphasized that structuralism & dependency analysis must be revised to reflect current circumstances. C. Grindle

US immigration policy is based on the assumption that migrants' motivation springs from unfavorable socioeconomic conditions in their own countries. Its focus on regulating legal & illegal immigration & offering international development assistance to migrant-sending countries has failed. Here, based on data drawn from statistical & other sources, immigration patterns are analyzed from the 1960s to present. Results show increasing migration form Latin America, the Caribbean basin, & Asia, increasing female migrants, specific targeted destinations within the US, & large-scale migration from many countries despite existence of jobs created by foreign investment. It is argued that foreign investment in developing countries to create production for export has caused the loss of traditional modes of existence, large numbers of women in waged labor, male unemployment, & a Westernizing effect, among other consequences, resulting in increased emigration. New labor demand in the US also contributes to immigration patterns. US immigration policy must reflect these influences on international labor migrations. 25 References. C. Grindle

Discusses the historiographical significance of the impact of the French Revolution on the origins and construction of Spanish-American liberal republicanism. Considers the intellectual mode of thought. (SJO)

Assesses the rise and apparent demise of the Latin American dictatorships, then questions the diagnosis and cure suggested by several prominent Latin Americanists, and finally proffers an alternative explanation that illuminates both the Korean and Latin American cases. (PFB)

It has been almost two decades since the US Commission on Civil Rights published its report, "Mexican Americans and the Administration of Justice in the Southwest," (Washington DC: Government Printing Office, 1970). Here, extrapolations are made from data on 5,769 state-authorized executions performed between 1893 & 1986 in order to develop a descriptive profile of Mexican-American prisoners executed in the southwestern US. 4 Tables, 42 References. Modified AA

The following paper focuses on the issue of the business/economic influence of American Black churches congregations: As a part of this thesis research, an extensive literature search has been carried out in the area of the Black Spiritual movement and its developments. The emphasis of my thesis study is measuring, analyzing and understanding the evolution of American Black church congregations and the important business role they perform in the community. The practical effects of these early institutions, that can be seen in the people it produced. Out of these church congregations came those who would most certainly go to any Black Hall of Fame honoring those who were pioneers in the black liberation struggle for social change and entrepreneurship. There are many undefined roles which derived form black churches as a business. Namely, most black people learned to pool their resources and build many visible churches. it was seeing their money, as meager as it was, built structures and maintain them that gave them pride, assurance and responsibility. It was the edifices that served as centers for black political activities. The black person who found himself denied space or a place in the civil arena of power, was somewhat consoled by virtue of the fact that he could via tor power and position in the church environment. Literature search reveals that the black church is a business m which structure is promoted and citizenship skills are developed. Through extensive research I'm approaching the sociological outlook of viewing the Black Church as a business, where community members are inspired. The study will involve viewing the history of American Black Churches and the spiritual movement which becomes a useful competitive weapon. This weapon, when used effectively demonstrates how important the Black Church is to the community and the enduring and viable social/business roles performed within this institution.

Looks at the 'independent' Police Complaints Authority established under the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) 1984 and its work on the 'Manchester case' of March 1985. Compares this with the American experience of Civilian Review Boards and independent civilian review in Canada. (JLN)

Discusses James Dunkerley's major new work on Central America, 'Power in the Isthmus'. (Abstract amended)

The US Commission on Civil rights (1970) substantiated claims by Mexican Americans that they were discriminated against by the criminal justice system, but data sets with which to examine and monitor their treatment have yet to be developed. Extrapolates from existing data the proportion of Mexican Americans executed in the South West. Seeks thereby to create a descriptive profile. (PAS)