Suchergebnisse

Based on a corpus which consists of 150 family books written between 1260 and 1480, this study intends to define the representations that Florence citizens had of their republic, of its running and of their role within it.The first part aims at identifying which room is given to historical and political passages in these books, and the functions of these excerpts in the overall writing strategy. The point is to study how the building of family identity was connected to the life of the city.The second part contains a stylistic and semantic analysis of the narrative parts that are dedicated to the major events of the 14th and 15th centuries. It offers a series of snapshots that define several specific configurations of the city's political body and of how families refer to it. This textual analysis also provides us an image of the Florentine intellectual framework and a list of the key-concepts that characterized the political thought of the authors – which goes far beyond a mere interest in chronicles. The third part focuses on the use of those keywords in a diachronic perspective, in order to identify the evolutions, the involutions and the breaking points of this thought over the generations, and questions the link between citizens' active political participation and their private writing on city affairs. The appendix presents transcriptions of the excerpts on the life of the city contained in the unpublished family books of the Florentine families, as well as biographical notes on their often unknown authors. ; De l'institution du priorat à la chute définitive de la république en 1530, l'organisation de la vie dans la cité florentine a évolué tant dans ses structures effectives que dans ses représentations, laissant une place plus ou moins importante aux différents groupes sociaux, aux familles et individus qui la composent. au cours de cette période, le genre des livres de famille florentins s'est développé, a fleuri et s'est fané : œuvre dans son immense majorité de marchands, d'artisans qui appartiennent au popolo florentin, partie de la population appelée à participer au gouvernement de la cité, ces livres ont pour fonction de transmettre dans le cadre familial et de génération en génération ce que l'on considère important pour le devenir de la famille. quel lien y a-t-il entre ce genre et la vie de la république florentine, entre affaires de familles et affaires de la cité ? quelle est la place du politique dans cette logique de transmission ? quels aspects de la vie de la cité y sont représentés, comment sont-ils traités ? avec quels mots cette culture politique est-elle exprimée, dans quelle mesure est-elle redevable ou distincte de la tradition politique publique antérieure et contemporaine ? mêlant les approches historique, littéraire, linguistique, il s'agira ainsi de rendre compte de la question de la transmission du politique dans le genre des livres de famille en l'inscrivant dans le cadre global de l'évolution de la cité.

The aim of the BRAINPOoL project is to experiment with the enhancement of the development and the effective use of indicators that can balance the use of GDP so as to support the sustainable development policy process in the EU. In this report, we attempt to better characterize the demand for Beyond-GDP indicators, the institutional determinants of the uptake of new indicators, as well as the perceptions and actions of actors in that regard.The objective of this report is threefold: 1) identifying the differentiations of demand for Beyond-GDP indicators across different target groups of users from various institutional and societal levels; 2) characterizing the specificities of the demand for Beyond-GDP indicators when compared to mainstream policy indicators; 3) categorizing the different factors explaining the demand for Beyond-GDP indicators. Two complementary research tasks provided the backbone to the empirical exploration of these research questions in WP2. Task 2.1 consisted of characterising the institutional contexts of Beyond-GDP indicators in specific EU-member countries, as well as at the level of selected international/European organizations. The aim was to configure and compare with some precision the policy agendas that have built up around the development and promotion of Beyond-GDP indicators across different EU-member countries. Task 2.2 aimed to investigate the perceptions of the existence, strengths and weaknesses of the Beyond-GDP agenda. This was developed by engaging directly with a series of policy actors. First, via a series of face-to-face interviews conducted with selected policy actors which are directly and explicitly linked to the Beyond GDP agenda. Second, through the organization of a set of "Road shows" (i.e. in-house workshops) with a small group policy actors in a selection of EU-member countries. The aim with these workshops was to reach policy actors who are currently not confronted with or directly concerned by the Beyond-GDP policy agenda and to explore their perceptions of the agenda itself. The results of our analyses are organized along, first, an analysis of the institutional settings, second, an analysis of the actors' perceptions on the demand for 'beyond GDP'. The understanding of the institutional contexts in each entity we observed, were compared to reveal any structuring trends, discern the main initiatives and actors, and provide background knowledge of drivers and barriers for the indicators' uptake.The objectives of analysing the perception of actors of the demand are twofold: 1) to better characterize the types of demands for indicators; 2) to identify the factors enhancing or hindering the uptake of B-GDP indicators. Our analyses show three major barriers to the uptake of new indicators : 1)the diversity of practices and conceptions about Beyond-GDP indicators; 2) the difficult combination of scales in the settlement of new indicators; and 3) a democratic issue of participation. To be cited as : Thiry, G., T. Bauler, L.Sébastien, S. Paris and V. Lacroix, Characterizing demand for 'Beyond GDP'. Final version of BRAINPOoL deliverable 2.1, A collaborative project funded by the European Commission under the FP7 programme (Contract no. 283024). ULB, Brussels, 15 April 2013.

Based on a corpus which consists of 150 family books written between 1260 and 1480, this study intends to define the representations that Florence citizens had of their republic, of its running and of their role within it.The first part aims at identifying which room is given to historical and political passages in these books, and the functions of these excerpts in the overall writing strategy. The point is to study how the building of family identity was connected to the life of the city.The second part contains a stylistic and semantic analysis of the narrative parts that are dedicated to the major events of the 14th and 15th centuries. It offers a series of snapshots that define several specific configurations of the city's political body and of how families refer to it. This textual analysis also provides us an image of the Florentine intellectual framework and a list of the key-concepts that characterized the political thought of the authors – which goes far beyond a mere interest in chronicles. The third part focuses on the use of those keywords in a diachronic perspective, in order to identify the evolutions, the involutions and the breaking points of this thought over the generations, and questions the link between citizens' active political participation and their private writing on city affairs. The appendix presents transcriptions of the excerpts on the life of the city contained in the unpublished family books of the Florentine families, as well as biographical notes on their often unknown authors. ; De l'institution du priorat à la chute définitive de la république en 1530, l'organisation de la vie dans la cité florentine a évolué tant dans ses structures effectives que dans ses représentations, laissant une place plus ou moins importante aux différents groupes sociaux, aux familles et individus qui la composent. au cours de cette période, le genre des livres de famille florentins s'est développé, a fleuri et s'est fané : œuvre dans son immense majorité de marchands, d'artisans qui appartiennent au popolo florentin, partie de la population appelée à participer au gouvernement de la cité, ces livres ont pour fonction de transmettre dans le cadre familial et de génération en génération ce que l'on considère important pour le devenir de la famille. quel lien y a-t-il entre ce genre et la vie de la république florentine, entre affaires de familles et affaires de la cité ? quelle est la place du politique dans cette logique de transmission ? quels aspects de la vie de la cité y sont représentés, comment sont-ils traités ? avec quels mots cette culture politique est-elle exprimée, dans quelle mesure est-elle redevable ou distincte de la tradition politique publique antérieure et contemporaine ? mêlant les approches historique, littéraire, linguistique, il s'agira ainsi de rendre compte de la question de la transmission du politique dans le genre des livres de famille en l'inscrivant dans le cadre global de l'évolution de la cité.

The study aims to identify attitudes of tenth grade students in Amman towards vocational education from gender perspective, through linking them to demographic, social and economic changes affecting these attitudes. The population of the included Study tenth grade students in government schools in all education directorates located in Amman city. Female students were nearly 16114 distributed in 473 classroom sections, whereas the males amounted to 14289 students distributed in 412 classroom sections. The sample of the study consisted of 800 students (males and females) selected from the population according to a proportional random cluster manner. The descriptive methodology was applied and the tool (questionnaire) was developed to measure students' attitudes towards vocational education. SPSS program was used to analyze the collected data together with methods of descriptive statistics such as means, standard deviations, recurrences (repetition) and percentages. Moreover, T test and variation analysis were applied to examine differences by variations. The findings of the study showed that students' attitudes towards vocational education were generally positive and at a medium level for all aspects related to social and economic factors, school environment, interests and academic achievement. However, these attitudes vary according to various factors; for instance, the social factors were the most positive among the males, while the economic factors were the most positive among the females. It was also found that a majority of male and female students are interested in joining academic education. The males are mostly encouraged to do so by their friends, then their school, advisors, brothers/sisters, their fathers and lastly their mothers. But, the females are motivated strongly by their friends, followed by their brothers/sisters., their mothers, the school, the advisors and lastly their fathers. The study also revealed that the factors affecting the males' choice of specialty were their desires then the influence of their parents and their learning achievement. The least were the demand of the labor market and their friends. However, the factors affecting the females were the interest in specialty academic achievement, their parents' influence and the opportunity to enroll in the university respectively. In addition, the findings showed that there were statistically significant differences in students' attitudes towards vocational education according to their parents' education. Also, there were differences in their interests, academic achievement, social factors and the school environment. These differences were higher of students whose parents have completed the secondary education, while these differences become less if their parents' education gets higher than the secondary education.There were statistically significant differences in students' attitudes towards vocational education according to their fathers' jobs. These differences were low for students whose parents work in the private sector, but they get higher for attitudes of students whose parents work in the public sector or even those who are unemployed. Regarding the influence of an educational advisor in the school, the findings showed that there were no statistically significant differences in the level of overall attitudes towards vocational education if this educational advisor exists in the school. This does not apply to the dimension of social factors which showed no educational advisor.

The aim of the BRAINPOoL project is to experiment with the enhancement of the development and the effective use of indicators that can balance the use of GDP so as to support the sustainable development policy process in the EU. In this report, we attempt to better characterize the demand for Beyond-GDP indicators, the institutional determinants of the uptake of new indicators, as well as the perceptions and actions of actors in that regard.The objective of this report is threefold: 1) identifying the differentiations of demand for Beyond-GDP indicators across different target groups of users from various institutional and societal levels; 2) characterizing the specificities of the demand for Beyond-GDP indicators when compared to mainstream policy indicators; 3) categorizing the different factors explaining the demand for Beyond-GDP indicators. Two complementary research tasks provided the backbone to the empirical exploration of these research questions in WP2. Task 2.1 consisted of characterising the institutional contexts of Beyond-GDP indicators in specific EU-member countries, as well as at the level of selected international/European organizations. The aim was to configure and compare with some precision the policy agendas that have built up around the development and promotion of Beyond-GDP indicators across different EU-member countries. Task 2.2 aimed to investigate the perceptions of the existence, strengths and weaknesses of the Beyond-GDP agenda. This was developed by engaging directly with a series of policy actors. First, via a series of face-to-face interviews conducted with selected policy actors which are directly and explicitly linked to the Beyond GDP agenda. Second, through the organization of a set of "Road shows" (i.e. in-house workshops) with a small group policy actors in a selection of EU-member countries. The aim with these workshops was to reach policy actors who are currently not confronted with or directly concerned by the Beyond-GDP policy agenda and to explore their perceptions of the agenda itself. The results of our analyses are organized along, first, an analysis of the institutional settings, second, an analysis of the actors' perceptions on the demand for 'beyond GDP'. The understanding of the institutional contexts in each entity we observed, were compared to reveal any structuring trends, discern the main initiatives and actors, and provide background knowledge of drivers and barriers for the indicators' uptake.The objectives of analysing the perception of actors of the demand are twofold: 1) to better characterize the types of demands for indicators; 2) to identify the factors enhancing or hindering the uptake of B-GDP indicators. Our analyses show three major barriers to the uptake of new indicators : 1)the diversity of practices and conceptions about Beyond-GDP indicators; 2) the difficult combination of scales in the settlement of new indicators; and 3) a democratic issue of participation. To be cited as : Thiry, G., T. Bauler, L.Sébastien, S. Paris and V. Lacroix, Characterizing demand for 'Beyond GDP'. Final version of BRAINPOoL deliverable 2.1, A collaborative project funded by the European Commission under the FP7 programme (Contract no. 283024). ULB, Brussels, 15 April 2013.

Straipsnyje nagrinėjama Kanto nužymėtos ir Deleuze'o eksperimentiniame mąstyme rekonstruotos vaizduotės kaip vieno iš trijų proto gebėjimų raiškos lauko alternatyvos. Siekiama atsakyti į paties Deleuze'o išsikeltą kantišką klausimą: kokia yra giliausia paslaptis? Aptinkamos kelios atsakymo alternatyvos. Šiame tyrime paaiškėjo, kad Deleuze'o atsakymai į paties išsikeltą klausimą "kokia yra giliausia vaizduotės paslaptis?" patiria metamorfozes, kurios apsuka ratą. Nuo pradinės pozicijos, kai vaizduotė veikia tik paklusdama intelektui ar protui, ji juda link laisvo trijų nepriklausomų sugebėjimų – intelekto, proto, vaizduotės atitikimo, paskui – link jų nedarnios dermės, jų kovos, kuri skatina kiekvienos naują atsiskleidimą, galiausiai – prie vaizduotės anihiliacijos, kuri leidžia užgimti naujai minčiai, taigi, ratas apsisuka ir grįžtama prie jų dermės naujame lygmenyje, moderuojant filosofiniam skoniui. Tačiau visas šias metaformorfozes jungia viena bendra Kanto suformuluota prielaida: vaizduotė niekada neišvengia triadinės priklausomybės, ji neveikia viena; ji galima tik santykyje su intelektu ir protu, t. y. kitais trimis jai paraleliais ir simultaniškais sugebėjimais.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: Kantas, Deleuze'as, vaizduotėKant and Deleuze: What is the Deepest Secret of Imagination? Jūratė Baranova
Abstract The paper discusses the problem of possible philosophical understanding of imagination from the Kantian-Deleuzean point of view. At the begining of his philosophical carreer, one can say, "early Deleuze" in 1963 published the book "Kant's Critical Philosophy" (La philosophie critique de Kant). The same year he wrote an essay "The Idea of Genesis in Kant's Esthetics". In both texts returning to Kant's book Critique of Pure Reason, Deleuze notices, that it is widely acknowledged that schematizing is an original and irreducible act of imagination: only imagination can and knows how to schematize. Nevertheless, the imagination does not schematize of its own accord, simply because it is free to do so. It schematizes only for a speculative purpose, in accordance with the determinate concepts of the understanding; when the understanding itself plays the role of legislator. This is why it would be misguided to search the mistery of schematizing for the last word on the imagination in its essence or in its free spontaneity. "Schematizing is indeed a secret, but not the deepest secret of imagination," – writes Deleuze. Some questions arise at this point. The first one – who speaks here: Kant or Deleuze? The second one – what is this deepest secret of imagination, as an intrigue of this kantian-deleuzean voice? How many possible answers to this question one can discern passing from "early Deleuze" to "late Deleuze"? In this article the author discoved some possible metamorphosis or twists of imagination in the experimental reading of Deleuze. It starts from the submissive position being directed by Understanding or Reason, to the free accord of three independent faculties, towards their discord, even fight, even death of the imagination for the sake of the thought and at least – the whirl closes and comes to the same point but from a different point of view: imagination, together with understanding and reason participate as an integral part of philosophical taste in later Deleuze. But one point united all these different adventures of imagination. Imagination always acts only in relation to the understanding and reason, it never plays free. It could never be able to play alone. Keywords: Kant, Deleuze, imagination.

Rilpivirine (RPV, TMC278, Edurant®) is a next‐generation non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), which demonstrated high virologic response rates and non‐inferiority versus efavirenz in two Phase III trials in HIV‐infected patients through 96 weeks [1,2]. RPV has been shown to inhibit P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) in vitro with an apparent IC50 of 9.2 µM (3.4 µg/mL). This study evaluated the in‐vivo effect of steady‐state RPV 25 mg once daily (qd) on the single‐dose pharmacokinetics of the probe P‐gp substrate digoxin. This was a Phase I, open‐label, randomised, crossover trial in 22 HIV‐negative volunteers. Participants received in one session a single 0.5 mg dose of digoxin, and in another session RPV 25 mg qd for 16 days with a single 0.5 mg dose of digoxin in the morning of Day 11. All study drugs were taken with a breakfast. Pharmacokinetic profiles of digoxin in plasma and urine were determined over 144 hours after dosing in each session. Steady‐state RPV 24‐hour pharmacokinetic profiles in plasma were determined on Day 11. Plasma and urine samples were analysed using validated LC‐MS/MS methods. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated with non‐compartmental methods. The least square (LS) means and associated 90% confidence intervals (CI) of treatment ratios were calculated based on log‐transformed pharmacokinetic parameters. Safety and tolerability were assessed throughout the trial. Digoxin pharmacokinetic parameters and statistical results are summarised in Table 1.

Single dose pharmacokinetic parameters of digoxin in the absense and presence of steady‐state RPV







Parameter
digoxin 0.5 mg alone (reference)
digoxin 0.5 mg + RPV 25 mg qd (test)




N
21
22


AUC4h ng.h/mL
4.44±1.21
4.46±1.31


AUClast ng.h/mL
26.6±7.38
26.0±7.86


Cmax, ng/mL
1.93±0.637
2.05±0.678


tmax, h
1.50 (0.68–3.00)
1.74 (0.65–3.02)


t½, h
38.8±6.30
38.3±8.17


Durine total, %
47.7±9.51
55.7±12.2


CLR, L/h
9.46±2.54
11.2±2.66


LS means (90% CI) of digoxin pharmacokinetic parameter ratios*


AUClast

0.98 (0.93–1.04)a



Cmax

1.06 (0.97–1.17)a



CLR

1.16 (1.07–1.25)b






Ratios presented as test/reference, calculated based on log‐transformed pharmacokinetic parameters.
N=21 for test and N=22 for reference.
N=18 for test and N=22 for reference.

 The plasma and urine digoxin pharmacokinetics were unaffected by co‐administration of steady‐state RPV. The 90% CIs of the LS means ratios of the main pharmacokinetic parameters were contained within the 0.80‐1.25 boundaries of no effect. The terminal elimination half‐life of digoxin was similar in the absence or the presence of steady‐state RPV. RPV pharmacokinetic parameters were comparable to those in previous clinical trials in healthy volunteers. Administration of digoxin and RPV was generally safe and well tolerated. There were no discontinuations due to adverse events. In conclusion, RPV does not affect the pharmacokinetics of the probe P‐gp substrate digoxin. In vivo, at the recommended RPV dose of 25mg qd, the observed in‐vitro inhibition of P‐gp by RPV is not clinically relevant.

Purpose of the studyTo compare body circumferences, skin‐fold thickness (SFT) and lipid levels (LL), as measures of lipodystrophy, among antiretroviral therapy (ART)‐naïve and experienced children at enrolment into the CHAPAS‐3 trial.MethodsHIV‐infected children in Uganda and Zambia, either ART‐naïve or on stavudine (d4T) for ≥2 years without clinical lipodystrophy, were randomised to receive d4T, abacavir (ABC) or zidovudine (ZDV) with lamivudine and efavirenz (EFV) or nevirapine. At enrolment, mid‐upper arm (MUAC) and calf (CC) circumferences, SFT (biceps, triceps, sub‐scapular, supra‐iliac) and fasting lipids (total cholesterol (TC), low density lipo‐protein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides (TRIG)) were measured. Age/sex adjusted z‐scores of MUAC, CC, SFT and the sum of SFT (SSF) used Dutch reference data. ART‐naïve and ART‐experienced children were compared with t‐tests using Stata v11.0.Summary of resultsAmong 444 children, 224 (51%) were male and 331 (74.5%) ART‐naïve. Mean (sd) CD4% was 19.7% (10.2) versus (vs) 34.2% (7.7) in ART‐naïve vs ART‐experienced children. The ART‐naïve were younger than the ART‐experienced children (median [IQR] age 2.5 [1.5, 4.0] vs 6.0 [5.5, 7.0] years, p<0.0001). Among the ART‐experienced, 4/108 (3.7%) were on EFV and median (IQR) d4T use was 3.5 (2.7, 4.2) years. As expected, MUAC, CC, weight‐for‐age (WAZ) and height‐for‐age (HAZ) z‐scores were lower in the ART‐naïve; the ART‐experienced had lower SFT z‐scores and higher TC and HDL, but lower TRIG (Table 1).











Mean (sd)
Difference


Z‐score/ LL
ART‐naïve
ART‐experienced
Mean (95% CI)
p‐value




MUAC
−1.6 (1.3)
−1.2 (1.0)
0.3 (0.1, 0.6)
0.018


CC
−2.3 (1.5)
−1.8 (1.0)
0.5 (0.2, 0.8)
0.0006


Biceps SFT
−0.2 (0.9)
−0.4 (0.9)
−0.3 (−0.5, −0.1)
0.009


Triceps SFT
−0.4 (1.0)
−1.0 (0.8)
−0.6 (−0.8, −0.4)
<0.0001


Sub‐scapular SFT
0.1 (1.2)
0.2 (1.2)
0.1 (0.2, 0.3)
0.751


Supra‐iliac SFT
−0.3 (1.1)
−0.9 (0.9)
−0.7 (−0.9, −0.4)
<0.0001


SSF
−3.8 (0.4)
−3.9 (0.4)
−0.1 (−0.2, −0.1)
0.035


WAZ (WHO 2007 reference)
−1.5 (1.3)
−0.9 (0.9)
0.6 (0.3, 0.9)
<0.0001


HAZ (WHO 2007 reference)
−2.5 (1.6)
−1.5 (1.2)
1.0 (0.6, 1.3)
<0.0001


TC (mg/dl)
126.1 (33.8)
154.4 (27.6)
21.7 (12.5, 31.0) (age/sex adjusted)
<0.0001


LDL (mg/dl)
71.3 (29.4)
83.1 (21.2)
7.2 (−1.2, 15.5) (age/sex adjusted)
0.093


HDL (mg/dl)
26.9 (11.6)
54.1 (16.1)
23.2 (19.4, 27.1) (age/sex adjusted)
<0.0001


TRIG (mg/dl)
94.4 (70.3)
45.1 (38.6)
−30.8 (−49.6, −12.0) (age/sex adjusted)
0.001




ConclusionsFailure‐to‐thrive likely contributed to lower circumference values in ART‐naïve children. Among the ART‐experienced, thinner SFT and higher TC values could be ART (particularly d4T)‐related. Normal values, currently unavailable for African children, are being collected. During trial follow‐up, we will evaluate the effect of ABC, ZDV and d4T on development of lipodystrophy in naïve children and its reversibility in d4T‐treated children randomised to switch to ZDV/ABC.

Moderate intensity aerobic activity reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes and metabolic syndrome in the general population and has a potential in preventing bone loss. We evaluated the effects of brisk walking, with or without strength exercise, on bone mineral density in HIV‐infected treated persons. Twenty‐eight HIV‐infected, cART‐treated, sedentary subjects with VL<50 c/mL were enrolled in a 12‐week exercise program, consisting of 3 outdoor sessions/week of 60 min walking at 67–70% of HR (heart rate) max±30 min circuit training at 65% of 1‐RM (repetition maximum). Subjects were examined at baseline (BL) and 12 weeks (W12) by 6‐minute walking test (6MWT) and by counting the number of repetitions for each strength exercise; and by dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA) to evaluate lumbar spine and femoral bone mineral density with t‐ and z‐scores ‐ in addition to morphometric (BMI, waist, hip and leg circumference) and blood examination (cytometry, fasting total, HDL and LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, insulin; AST/ALT, ALP, gGT, creatinine, CPK, HbA1c; CD4+ and CD8+, plasma HIV‐RNA). Differences over time were tested by Wilcoxon‐signed rank test and between groups by Mann‐Whitney test. Twenty‐seven (96%) participants (19M, 8F; median 48 y‐o, IQR 43–54; median CD4+624/µL, IQR 478–708; ART with PI: 13 patients, with NNRTI: 7 patients, and including TDF: 15 patients) completed the 12‐week program with a median adherence of 61% (IQR 50–70): 18 in the 'walk only' only group and 9 in the 'walk and strength' group. At W12, participants showed significant improvement of distance by 6MWT (Table), and of performance in all strength exercises (crunch p=0.023, lat machine p=0.016, chest press p=0.016, leg extension p=0.016, sitting calf p=0.008, leg press p=0.016). DEXA spine z‐score improved significantly in the whole group, and femoral z‐scores in the 'walk only' group. There was no z‐score difference at BL between patients with/out PIs, NNRTIs or TDF. However, spine z‐score improved significantly in patients receiving TDF. At W12 BMI, waist circumference, and LDL also improved significantly in the whole group, whereas no significant changes were observed for the other variables, The above 12‐week program improved fitness and bone density in HIV‐infected treated subjects, in addition to some morphometric variables and serum LDL. Brisk walking, with or without strength exercise, might help control the long‐term consequences of cART.










BL‐median (IQR)
W12‐median (IQR)
p




Distance at 6MWT (m)
658 (605–691)
715 (IQR 690–830)
<0.0001


DEXA spine (z‐score)
−1.15 (−1.7/−0.7)
−1.05 (−1.4/−0.3)
0.002


DEXA spine (z‐score)(TDF‐treated pts)
−1.4 (−1.7/−0.7)
−1.3 (−1.55/−0.5)
0.002


DEXA femoral neck (z‐score)(walk only)
−0.8 (−1.4/−0.2)
−0.5 (−1.2/−0.2)
0.047


DEXA femoral ward (z‐score)(walk only)
−1 (−1.9/−0.6)
−0.75 (−1.4/−0.2)
0.004


BMI
25.7 (24.6–26.3)
24.9 (21.4−26)
0.0016


Waist circumference (cm)
93 (87−100)
92 (85.5−98.5)
0.029


LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)
126 (113−154.5)
116 (96–137.5)
0.0003

En el contexto de la modernización literaria latinoamericana ocurrida –entre 1870 y 1910– que dio lugar al fenómeno del modernismo, caracterizado por el surgimiento de una nueva expresión literaria como fruto de la absorción de factores históricos modernos, este artículo muestra el caso particular de Colombia, país que fue definido por los pensadores del modernismo como una sociedad hispana tradicional, condicionada por la resistencia a los procesos de secularización establecida por la alianza entre Estado e Iglesia, con su consecuente postergación de la experiencia de la modernidad. T ales problemáticas se analizan desde la identidad de Atenas suramericana que adquirió Bogotá durante las dos últimas décadas del siglo XIX, la cual se basó en el fortalecimiento de una dirigencia política inclinada al ejercicio de las letras, encarnada en pensadores como Miguel Antonio Caro, Rafael Núñez y José Manuel Marroquín, quienes fueron también figuras fundamentales en el proceso histórico de la Regeneración que permitió, mediante la Constitución de 1886, el restablecimiento de los vínculos entre Iglesia y estado. La Regeneración constituye una empresa políticaautoritaria y discursiva que además de establecer modelos de nación, trata de eliminar otros modelos posibles, introduciendo la visión de una Europa decadente. Es así como la Regeneración impone un tipo de belleza en oposición a la cual nace la estética modernista en Colombia, en el pensamiento de Baldomero Sanín cano. Palabras clave:Palabras clave: modernización literaria latinoamericana, modernismo, secularización, Atenas suramericana, Regeneración.Résumé:This article is based on the context of the Latin American literary modernization occurring between 1870 and 1910, which gave place to the phenomenon of modernism, characterized by the emergence of new forms of literary expression as a product of the absorption of modern historical factors. This study focuses on the particular case of Colombia, a country defined by the thinkers of modernism as a traditional Hispanic society, conditioned by resistance to secularization processes established by the alliance between Church and State, and the resulting delay of the experience of modernity. These problems are analyzed from the identity of South American Athens acquired by Bogotá during the last two decades of the XIX c., based on the recurrence of political leaders inclined to literary activities, represented byfigures such as Miguel Antonio Caro, Rafael Nuñez and Jose Manuel Marroquín. These men of letters constituted figures of parallel importance in the historical process of the Regeneration, which, by means of the Constitution of 1886, allowed for the reestablishment of ties between Church and State. This Regeneration constituted an authoritarian political and discursive strategy, which established models of nation, atthe same time as it attempted to eliminate other possible models, by means of the image of a decadent Europe. In this way the historical movement of Regeneration imposes a concept of beauty, in opposition to which modernist aesthetics emerges in Colombia, which can be seen in the thought of Baldomero Sanin Cano.Key words:Latin American literary modernization, modernism, secularization, South American Athens, Regeneration.

During the years 80, Colombian government returns the Predio Putumayo to its early inhabitants, The People of the Center, giving form to the biggest indigenous reservation of the country. This crucial act was not only the end of a long dispute between the indigenous people, the extractive enterprises and the state. It was also interpreted as a revolution in the traditional citizenship representations. However, if we look carefully to this process of territorial and politic recognition we will notice a simultaneous reality: the migration of hundreds of women to the cities of the country. This was a non-return trip from the little towns of the rain-forest's rivers to the unknown national cities. The experience of these pioneers' women built the bases of a solid migration network that today spreads out to the main cities of Colombia. Why did they leave their territory now that she counted –at least formally- with a political and cultural autonomy? Was their migratory decision a renunciation to the ―generalized difference‖ proclaimed by the multicultural discourse? The migrations project of those who left their region in that first time is it similar from the one of those who leaves today? This dissertation tries to answer to these questions through a reconstruction of the migration processes of The People of the Center to Leticia and Bogotá during the last 30 years. Then, it analyses the different strategies of migrant's urban insertion in the context of multiculturalism as the privileged administration mode between the indigenous people and the societies of departure and destination. ; Au cours des années 80, le gouvernement colombien a rendu le Predio Putumayo à ses habitants ancestraux, les Gens du Centre, donnant ainsi naissance à la réserve indienne la plus grande de la Colombie. Cet acte décisif marque la fin d'une longue dispute entre les indiens, les entreprises extractives et les institutions de l'Etat. Il a été alors interprété comme une véritable révolution dans les représentations traditionnelles de la citoyenneté. Toutefois, si l'on observe avec attention ce processus de reconnaissance politique et territoriale, on s'apercevra qu'une autre réalité émerge simultanément: la migration d'une centaine de femmes indiennes vers les villes du pays ; un chemin sans retour depuis leurs petites villages vers la métropole inconnue. Cette expérience pionnière constitue la base d'un solide réseau migratoire qui s'étend aujourd'hui à la plus part de villes colombiennes. Pourquoi sont-elles parties de leur territoire alors qu'elles profitaient –au moins formellement- d'une autonomie politique et culturelle ? Leur décision migratoire a-t-elle signifié le rejet de la "différence généralisée" proclamée par le discours multiculturel ? Le projet migratoire de celles et ceux qui sont partis dans ce premier moment est-il différent de celui des hommes et des femmes qui partent aujourd'hui ? Ce travail de recherche tente de répondre à ces questions en reconstruisant d'abord les processus de mobilité des Gens du Centre à Leticia et Bogotá au long des 30 dernières années. Il analyse ensuite les différentes stratégies d'insertion urbaine des migrants indiens dans le contexte du multiculturalisme comme mode de gestion privilégié entre cette population et les sociétés d'origine et de réception.

This is the peer-reviewed but unedited manuscript version of the following article: Wiesener, S., Falkenberg, T., Hegyi, G., Hök, J., Roberti di Sarsina, P. & Fønnebø, V. (2012). Legal status and regulation of complementary and alternative medicine in Europe. Forschende Komplementärmedizin / Research in Complementary Medicine, 19(suppl 2), 29-36. https://doi.org/10.1159/000343125. The final, published version is available at https://doi.org/10.1159/000343125 . ; Objective : The study aims to review the legal and regulatory status of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in the 27 European Union (EU) member states and 12 associated states, and at the EU/European Economic Association (EEA) level. Methods : Contact was established with national Ministries of Health, Law or Education, members of national and European CAM associations, and CAMbrella partners. A literature search was performed in governmental and scientific/non-scientific websites as well as the EUROPA and EUR-lex websites/ databases to identify documents describing national CAM regulation and official EU law documents. Results : The 39 nations have all structured legislation and regulation differently: 17 have a general CAM legislation, 11 of these have a specific CAM law, and 6 have sections on CAM included in their general healthcare laws. Some countries only regulate specific CAM treatments. CAM medicinal products are subject to the same market authorization procedures as other medicinal products with the possible exception of documentation of efficacy. The directives, regulations and resolutions in the EU that may influence the professional practice of CAM will also affect the conditions under which patients are receiving CAM treatment(s) in Europe. Conclusion : There is an extraordinary diversity with regard to the regulation of CAM practice, but not CAM medicinal products. This will influence patients, practitioners and researchers when crossing European borders. Voluntary harmonization is possible within current legislation. Individual states within culturally similar regions should harmonize their CAM legislation and regulation. This can probably safeguard against inadequately justified over- or underregulation at the national level. ; Ziel : Ziel der Studie war es, den rechtlichen und regulatorischen Status der Komplementärmedizin (CAM) in den 27 EU-Mitgliedsstaaten und 12 assoziierten Staaten auf EU-/ EWR-Ebene zu erfassen. Methoden : Zunächst wurden Kontakte zu den nationalen Ministerien für Gesundheit, Recht, oder Bildung, sowie zu nationalen und europäischen Verbänden im CAM Bereich und den CAMbrella Partnern geknüpft und etabliert. Um Dokumente zu identifizieren, die die nationale CAM Regulierung sowie die offizielle EU-Gesetzgebung reflektieren, wurden Literaturrecherchen in staatlichen, wissenschaftlichen / nichtwissenschaftlichen Websites, sowie den Web-Sites / Datenbanken EUROPA und EUR-Lex durchgeführt. Ergebnisse : Alle 39 Staaten verfügen über eine strukturierte Gesetzgebung zu CAM, die aber jeweils unterschiedlich ist. 17 verfügen über eine allgemeine Gesetzgebung zu CAM, bei 11 von diesen liegt ein spezifisches CAM-Gesetz vor, während 6 Staaten CAM spezifische Abschnitte im Rahmen ihrer allgemeinen Gesetzgebung zur Gesundheitsversorgung aufweisen. Einige Länder regeln nur bestimmte CAM-Therapien. CAM-Arzneimittel unterliegen den gleichen Zulassungsverfahren wie andere Arzneimittel, mit der möglichen Ausnahme der Dokumentation der Wirksamkeit. Die Richtlinien, Verordnungen und Beschlüsse in der Europäischen Union (EU), die die berufliche Praxis der CAM Anwendung beeinflussen, wirken sich auch auf die rechtlichen Bedingungen aus, unter denen Patienten in Europa eine CAM-Behandlung erhalten. Fazit : Die Vielfalt im Hinblick auf die Regulierung der CAM-Praxis ist außerordentlich hoch, dasselbe gilt jedoch nicht für CAM-Arzneimittel. Diese Tatsache beeinflusst Patienten, Anwender und Wissenschaftler beim Überschreiten europäischen Grenzen. Eine freiwillige Harmonisierung ist jedoch im Rahmen der derzeitigen Gesetzgebung möglich. Staaten in kulturell ähnlichen Regionen sollten daher ihre CAM-Gesetzgebung und Regulierung harmonisieren. Ein solches Vorgehen kann möglicherweise einer unangemessenen Über- oder Unterregulation auf nationaler Ebene vorbeugen.

Employing a recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of the Spanish economy, this study explicitly aims to characterise the potential impact of Kyoto and European Union environmental policy targets on specific agricultural activities up to 2020. The model code is modified to characterise the emissions trading scheme (ETS), emissions quotas and carbon taxes, whilst emissions reductions are applied to all six registered greenhouse gases (GHGs). Compared to a 'business-as-usual' baseline scenario, by 2020, GDP and employment fall 2.1% and 2.4%, respectively, whilst the retail price index rises 3.4%. In agriculture, the indices of output (4.3% fall), and supply price (7.7% rise) perform relatively worse, whilst there is a concomitant cumulative fall in aggregate farm incomes of €1,510 million by 2020. The more notable impact in agriculture is attributed to its relatively higher emissions intensity. Consequently, we record an agricultural marginal abatement cost estimate of €86 ton-1 of CO2 equivalent by 2020, which is consistent with other estimates in the literature. In addition, we find that the optimal mix of emissions reductions across specific agricultural sectors is a function of the degree of substitutability of their emitting activities. In light of estimated income losses within the strategically important farm sector, a final simulation contemplates an 'agricultural cost-neutral' emissions reduction policy akin to a cross compliance payment between 2013 and 2020. This is found to reduce food price rises, whilst altering the optimum mix of agricultural emissions reductions across specific agricultural activities. ; Empleando un modelo dinámico recursivo de equilibrio general computable (EGC) de la economía española, este estudio analiza el impacto de las políticas medioambientales de Kioto y de la Unión Europea (el acuerdo '20/20/20'), sobre distintas actividades agrarias hasta 2020. En comparación con el escenario de referencia, se pronostican caídas en el PIB y el empleo de un 2,1% y 2,4%, respectivamente, en 2020, mientras que el índice de precios al consumo sube un 3,4%. En agricultura, el índice de producción (que cae un 4,3%) y el de precios (aumenta un 7,7%), empeoran y además los ingresos acumulados de los agricultores bajan 1.510 millones de euros en 2020. El impacto más acusado en el sector agrario se atribuye a la mayor intensidad de sus emisiones donde se estima un coste marginal de reducción de 86 € t-1 de CO2 equivalente para 2020, lo cual es consistente con las estimaciones existentes en la bibliografía. Además se observa que la combinación óptima de reducción de emisiones en los diferentes sectores agrarios depende del grado de sustitución de las actividades emisoras. A la vista de las pérdidas de ingresos observadas en el sector agrario, se contempla un escenario de mitigación de coste-cero para los agricultores, semejante a un pago de condicionalidad, entre 2013 y 2020. Los resultados señalan una mitigación en el incremento de los precios de los alimentos y una redistribución en la combinación óptima de las emisiones en los sectores agrarios.

Einleitung: Freiwillige Sportorganisationen wie Sportvereine sind als Interessenorganisationen zu charakterisieren, deren primärer Organisationszweck sich auf die Vertretung der Interessen ihrer Mitglieder bezieht (Nagel, 2006). Mit dieser Interessenvertretungsfunktion wird gewährleistet, dass die Vereinsziele an die Mitgliederinteressen rückgebunden bleiben und Ziel-Interessen-Kongruenz herrscht (Schimank, 2005). Die Beobachtungen der Ver-einsrealität weisen jedoch darauf hin, dass die Ziele der Vereine oftmals von den Interessen ihrer Mitglieder abweichen und im Widerspruch zueinander stehen (Baur & Burrmann, 2003; Heinemann, 2004). Vor diesem Problemhintergrund ist zu fragen: Inwiefern stimmen die Vereinsziele mit den Mitgliederinteressen überein? Und für den Fall von Ziel-Interessen-Divergenzen, welche Auswirkungen ergeben sich daraus für die Vereine? Theoretisch-methodischer Ansatz: Für die theoriegeleite Beantwortung der Fragestellungen wurde auf Grundlage einer akteurtheoretischen Kon-zeptualisierung von Vereinen als Interessenorganisationen (Nagel, 2006; Schimank, 2007) ein strukturell-individualistisches Mehr-Ebenen-Modell entwickelt, dass zum einen das Verhältnis von Vereinszielen (Vereins-ebene) und Mitgliederinteressen (Mitgliederebene) und damit die Genese von Ziel-Interessen-Divergenzen erklärt. Zum anderen liefert das Modell eine Erklärungsgrundlage, welche Auswirkungen Divergenzen (struktu-relle Vereinssituation) auf die Mitglieder haben, d.h. wie die Mitglieder auf bestehende Divergenzen reagieren (individuelle Mitgliederhandlung). Die erforderlichen Vereins- und Mitgliederdaten wurden im Rahmen zweier Teilstudien erfasst, bei denen in erster Linie quantitative Erhebungs- und Auswertungsverfahren zum Einsatz kamen. Die erste Teilstudie wurde im Fürstentum Liechtenstein zur Analyse der Ziel-Interessen-Übereinstimmung durchgeführt, wobei hierzu die Präsidenten von 17 Vereinen und 481 Mitglieder schriftlich befragt wurden. In der zweiten Teilstudie wurde im Schweizer Turnverein Länggasse Bern mit 199 Mitgliedern eine schriftliche Befragung durchgeführt, um die Auswirkungen von Divergenzen zu analysieren. Zur Erfassung des Ausmasses von Ziel-Interessen-Divergenzen wurde eine Vergleichsprüfung der Vereinsziele und Mitgliederinteressen durchgeführt. Die Liechtensteinischen Vereinspräsidenten und Vereinsmitglieder mussten diesbezüglich die Bedeutung von 23 verschiedenen Items eines entwickelten Ziel-/Interessen-Fragekataloges einschätzen und über den betragsmässigen Bedeutungsunterschied konnte das quantitative Divergenzmass bestimmt werden. Um die Frage nach den Auswirkungen zu klären, hatten die Mitglieder des Schweizer Turnvereins Länggase Bern Aussagen über ihre Reaktionen auf bestehende Divergenzen entlang einer konzipierten Handlungstypologie (exit, voice, loyalty, neglect) zu geben. Ergebnisse: Die Befunde der Vergleichsanalyse zeigen, dass in allen untersuchten Vereinen Ziel-Interessen-Divergenzen in unterschiedlichem Ausmaß existieren. Bei einem Drittel der Vereine bestehen mittlere Divergenzen und in zwei Drittel sind größere Divergenzen zu beobachten. Divergenzen bestehen dabei vor allem hinsichtlich des Brei-tensports (v.a. Erweiterung des Sportangebots), der Vereinsentwicklung (v.a. Öffnen für neue Entwicklungen) und der Geselligkeit (v.a. aussersportliches Angebot, Wahrung der Vereinstradition). Die Analyse der Auswirkungen zeigt, dass geringe und mittelstarke Divergenzen in erster Linie zu konstruktiven Reaktionen führen. Die Mitglieder machen dabei die Vereinsführung auf diese Situation aufmerksam (voice), indem sie das Problem ansprechen und Vorschläge zur Problemlösung unterbreiten. Oder sie haben aus Grün-den der Vereinsverbundenheit (loyalty) die Hoffnung und das Vertrauen, dass die Vereinsführung ohne ihr Eingreifen das Problem löst. Wenn aber großen Divergenzen existieren, die sich für die Vereine zu einem gra-vierenden Problem entwickeln, tendieren die Mitglieder hingegen verstärkt zu destruktiven Reaktionen, die sich durch Gleichgültigkeit und Desinteresse am Vereinsgeschehen (neglect) äussern, indem die Mitglieder zukünftig nicht mehr auf Vereinsanlässe gehen. Oder sie wählen die Option des Rückzugs und Austritts (exit), indem sie ihr Vereinsengagement aufgeben oder im Extremfall aus der Abteilung oder dem Verein austreten. Diskussion: In der Vereinsrealität stellen Ziel-Interessen-Divergenzen offenbar eher die Norm als die Ausnahme dar, so dass die Vereinsziele nur teilweise an die Mitgliederinteressen rückgebunden sind. Allerdings sind Divergenzen nicht grundsätzlich als Problem zu interpretieren, sondern sind vielmehr in Abhängigkeit ihrer Intensität zu beurtei-len. Diesbezüglich dürften Vereine geringfügig bis mittelmässig ausgeprägte Divergenzsituationen im laufenden Vereinsgeschehen bis zu einem gewissen Grad relativ gut aushalten und aufarbeiten können, weil die Mitglie-der in diesem Fall zu einem konstruktiven Umgang tendieren, die eine Wiederherstellung von Ziel-Interessen-Kongruenz begünstigt. Demgegenüber können sich aber grosse Divergenzen zu einem ernsthaften Problem für Vereine entfalten, weil die Mitglieder in diesem Fall zu destruktiven Reaktionen neigen, die sich negativ auf die Vereinsentwicklung auswirken dürfte. Literatur Baur, J. & Burrmann, U. (2003). Konflikte in Sportvereinen. In J. Baur & S. Braun (Hrsg.), Integrationsleistungen von Sport-vereinen als Freiwilligenorganisationen (S. 331-370). Aachen: Meyer & Meyer. Nagel, S. (2006). Sportvereine im Wandel. Akteurtheoretische Analysen zur Entwicklung von Sportvereinen. Schorndorf: Hofmann. Nagel, S. (2007). Akteurtheoretische Analyse der Sportvereinsentwicklung. Ein theoretisch-methodischer Bezugsrahmen. Sportwissenschaft, 37 (2), 186-201. Schimank, U. (2005). Der Vereinssport in der Organisationsgesellschaft: organisationssoziologische Perspektiven auf ein spannungsreiches Verhältnis. In T. Alkemeyer, B. Rigauer & G. Sobiech (Hrsg.), Organisationsentwicklungen und De-Institutionalisierungsprozesse im Sport (S. 21-44). Schorndorf: Hofmann. Schimank, U. (2007). Handeln und Strukturen. Einführung in die akteurtheoretische Soziologie. Weinheim: Juventa Verlag.

This study entitled "Influence of Perception on School Based Curriculum (SBC), The School Principal Leadership, and Teachers' mastery of ICT on Performance of SMA (Empirical Studies in Cilacap Regency)". The purpose of this study is to make known and analyze the influence of perception on SBC, perception on the Principal leadership , and teacher's mastery of ICT on the performance of Senior high school teachers as well as to analyze which one of the three factor's most dominantly effects the improvement of high school teacher's performances in Cilacap Regency (district).The study was conducted in both state and private high school in Cilacap Regency held from 29 March to 30 April 2012. This study is a survey that took the case on the performance of high school teachers in the regency of Cilacap, by taking a sampling of data using cluster random sampling method. As the samples are the high school teachers in Cilacap regency totaling 73 teachers who teach in 33 state or private high school. The clusters are the schools that are grouped in to 4 SMA sub rayon ( sub-district), each sub district consisting of different number of schools. In the schools that have more than or equal to 18 classes, three teachers taken, meanwhile in the school that have less than 18 classes are taken two teachers as a sample. The population in this study were all high school teachers in the regency who teach in 44 schools totaling 629 government teachers and non government who ranged doubled. The analytical tool used in this study is multiple linear regression analysis, while to test the level of significance is used the F test and t test. The result of multiple linear regression analysis shows the equation : Ŷ = - 9.160 + 0.382 X1 + 0.286 X2 + 1.240 X3 + e Multiple correlation analysis of the linear regression model was found to be the value of 0.888 or 88.80 percent, which means the relationship between the independent variables with the dependent variable is very strong. The value of coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.779 or 77.90 percent mean that variation of variables in the SBC perception, perception of principal leadership, and governance of ICT is able to explain the performance of high school teachers in the district of Cilacap at 77.90 percent, while 22.10 percent is the variation of other variables outside of the studied variables.The conclusions of this study are that: first the perception on the curriculum has a positive influence on the performance of high school teachers. Second perception on school principal leadership has a positive influence on the performance of high school teachers. Third Mastery of ICT has a positive influence on the performance of high school teachers. Fourth perception on SBC, perception on the leadership of principal, and mastery of ICT together have a positive influence on the performance of high school teachers. Fifth mastery of ICT is a factor that has the most dominant influence on the performance of high school teachers in the Cilacap Regency. Keywords: Perception, SBC, School Principal Leadership, mastery of ICT and Teachers performance at school.