Suchergebnisse

• EU member states that are neutral or militarily non-aligned, or that have an opt-out from common defence, are often overlooked in discussions about European defence. • The existence of these special status states not only creates uncertainty about the EU's ambitions to become a fully fledged defence union but also calls into question the functionality of the mutual defence clause, Article 42.7, in the long run. • The special status states fall into three groups according to the challenges they pose to the EU: the "non-aligned in name only" (Finland and Sweden); the "odd one out" (Denmark); and the "strategic schnorrers" (Austria, Ireland, and Malta). • The EU's work on its Strategic Compass should include debates on the special status states' future role in European defence, as well as discussions on the operationalisation of the union's mutual defence clause. ; peer-reviewed

Between November 2012 and September 2013, Joseph A. Cannataci responded to a brief commissioned by the Directorate General of Human Rights and Rule of Law of the Council of Europe. The initial work carried out to end December 2012 was subsequently revised and up-dated over the period Jan-Sep 2013 to reflect the impact of the developments over the European Commission's Data Protection Reform Package (DPRP) and increasingly that of the revelations of the US whistle-blower Edward Snowden. The concept paper finds that the urgency for and the onus upon the CoE to take immediate action to produce a new binding instrument is compounded by the Snowden revelations and the possible chronic inadequacy of EU responses in the sphere of national security on account of exclusions of competence by Art 4 Section 2 of the EU Treaty. ; peer-reviewed

Using multiple methods and original data, Procedural Politics develops a theory of everyday politics with respect to rules - procedural politics - and applies it to European Union integration and politics. It paints a much fuller picture of the role of rules in political life than is available in most existing work

This chapter looks into the current polity shape of the European Union (EU), and how it accommodates the concurrent demands for unity of the whole and diversity of the parts. In raising the question of what kind of theorizing can best capture a general image of the whole, it revisits the concept of 'organized synarchy' and makes the case that, despite integration's currently unfolding crises and uncertainties, the EU 'polity' has managed to bring about an advanced system of collective ordered symbiosis among highly codetermined polities. It also argues that, at this stage of EU polity evolution, such a condition is not about the subordination of the parts to a superior, let alone federal, or even federalising, political centre, but rather about their preservation as distinctive, and at the same time constituent units; as partners in a late-modern 'syspondia' which retains its essential character as an ordered plurality of co-evolving polities. ; peer-reviewed

How did the European Union come to be the global leader in setting data privacy standards? And what is the significance of this development? Dorothee Heisenberg traces the origins of the stringent EU privacy laws, the responses of the United States and other governments, and the reactions and concerns of a range of interest groups. Analyzing the negotiation of the original 1995 EU Data Protection Directive, the 2000 Safe Harbor Agreement, and the 2004 Passenger Name Record Agreement, Heisenberg shows that the degree to which business vs. consumer interests were factored into governments' positions was the source not only of U.S.-EU conflicts, but also of their resolution. She finds, too, that public opinion in Europe and the U.S. has been remarkably similar--and thus cannot account for official U.S. reaction to the issues raised by the EU privacy directive. More broadly, Negotiating Privacy sheds important light on both the relationship between the U.S. and the EU and the relationship between domestic issues and the development of international rules

This book examines the electoral rights granted to those who do not have the nationality of the state in which they reside, within the European Union and its Member States. It looks at the rights of EU citizens to vote and stand in European Parliament elections and local elections wherever they live in the EU, and at cases where Member States of the Union also choose to grant electoral rights to other non-nationals from countries outside the EU. The EU's electoral rights are among the most important rights first granted to EU citizens by the EU Treaties in the 1990s. Putting these rights into their broader context, the book provides important insights into the development of the EU now that the Constitutional Treaty has been rejected in the referendums in France and the Netherlands, and into issues which are still sensitive for national sovereignty such as immigration, nationality and naturalization

Intro -- INNOVATIVE REGULATORY APPROACHES COPING WITH SCANDINAVIAN AND EUROPEAN UNION POLICIES -- INNOVATIVE REGULATORY APPROACHES COPING WITH SCANDINAVIAN AND EUROPEAN UNION POLICIES -- CONTENTS -- EDITOR'S PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- Chapter 1 THE 'REGULATORY STATE' IN THE STUDY OF SCANDINAVIAN AND EUROPEAN GOVERNANCE:1 INTRODUCTORY ASPECTS -- APPROACHES -- MODES OF REGULATION -- TRENDS OF DOMINANCE -- Trend 1: The Use of Legal Authority -- Trend 2: The Expanding Role of the EU -- Trend 3: The Contributions of Regulators -- Trend 4: The Audit Explosion -- Trend 5: The Weakening of Corporatist Institutions -- PREVAILING GOVERNANCE STRATEGIES OF THE REGULATORY STATE -- The Strategy of Modernization -- The Strategy and Agencification -- TRANSFORMATIONS -- Transformation of Institutional Self-Regulation -- Formalization of Relationships -- THE STUDY OF REGULATORY INNOVATION -- INNOVATION OF INSTITUTIONS AND REGULATIONS -- REGULATORY INNOVATION - A CASE OF SCANDINAVIAN INVOLVEMENT WITH THE EU -- DILEMMAS OF THE REGULATORY STATE -- The Dilemma of the Numerous Regulatory Agencies -- The Dilemma of Hyper-Regulation Leading to Hyper-Innovation -- The Dilemma of Exponential Rise of Transactional Costs -- The Dilemma of Democratic and Legitimacy Deficits -- REGULATION THROUGH ETHICS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2 TRANSLATIONS AND INTERNAL REGULATIONS: SCANDINAVIAN LOCAL GOVERNMENTS1 -- INTRODUCTION -- THE NATIONAL AND LOCAL CONTEXTS -- THE EMPIRICAL PHENOMENON AND THEORETICAL CONSTRUCTION -- THEORETICAL APPROACHES: TWO COMPLEMENTARY PERSPECTIVES -- INTERNAL REGULATION IN SCANDINAVIAN MUNICIPALITIES: DIFFERENT TOOLS -- CONTRACT STEERING AS REGULATORY TOOL, DENMARK -- BALANCED SCORECARDS AND LEADER CONTRACTS AS REGULATORY TOOLS, NORWAY -- ANALYSIS: REGULATION INSIDE LOCAL GOVERNMENTS -- THE SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPLICITATION -- INFORMAL INTERNAL REGULATION.

Tax policy has a significant impact on the tourism sector, its development, employment, and the decision of tourists to visit a destination. The impact of tax policy on the price of tourism services also reflects on the tourism and travel sector's competitiveness level. The subject of this paper is tax policy in the area of tourism in Serbia and some neighboring and European Union countries (Croatia, Montenegro, Albania, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Slovenia, Hungary, Romania). The aim of the paper is the analysis of tax rates in the tourism sector in the countries under consideration, and the level of tourism sector's competitiveness in terms of the impact of tax policy on business and investment. Methodological basis in this paper relies on the World Economic Forum data (WEF) on Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI). Research has shown unfavorable position of Serbia, as well as most countries in the region, in terms of effects of tax policy on business and investment. ; Poreska politika ima značajan uticaj na poslovanje turističkog sektora, njegov razvoj, zaposlenost, ali i na odluku turista o poseti neke destinacije. Uticaj poreske politike na visinu cena usluga u turizmu odražava se i na nivo konkurentnosti sektora turizma i putovanja. Predmet istraživanja u ovom radu jeste poreska politika u oblasti turizma u Srbiji i zemljama u okruženju, od kojih su neke članice Evropske unije (Hrvatska, Crna Gora, Albanija, Makedonija, Bugarska, Slovenija. Mađarska, Rumunija). Cilj rada je analiza stope poreza u sektoru turizma u analiziranim zemljama i sagledavanje nivoa konkurentnosti turističkih privreda sa aspekta uticaja poreske politike na podsticanje poslovanja i podsticanje investicija. Metodološku osnovu u ovom radu čine podaci Svetskog ekonomskog foruma (World Economic Forum – WEF) o Indeksu konkurentnosti turizma i putovanja (Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index – TTCI). Istraživanje je pokazalo da je pozicija Srbije, ali i većine zemalja u okruženju nepovoljna sa aspekta efekata poreske politike na ...

Purpose: The article aims to analyze relations between the direction of production of agricultural enterprises in the European Union and the level of investment in the years 2005-2018. As the research hypothesis assumed, the directions of agricultural enterprises' production in the European Union influence their level of investment. The additional aim is to draw attention to the most critical issues reflecting the significance of finances in investment decisions of agricultural enterprises. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study covers all the European Union member countries. The one-factor analysis of variance ANOVA was used to achieve the research objective. Findings: The studies prove that agricultural enterprises' directions in the European Union substantially diversify their values of the investment level. The most significant differences in the investment level were observed between the agricultural enterprises specializing in granivores and milk and the plant production agricultural enterprises. Practical Implications: The investment activities of agricultural enterprises result from their market activity and modernization of their assets. Decisions made by enterprises depend on their financial resources and have a significant impact on their development opportunities. The growth of owned fixed assets or the improvement of their quality may substantially contribute to the increase of the production potential of agricultural enterprises involved in plant production and animal production. Originality/Value: The existing literature does not present a detailed differentiation of the level of investment in individual types of farms, in line with the FADN methodology. ; peer-reviewed