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The Society of 27 Book Lovers in Kaunas that functioned in 1930–1940 played an important role in the history of Lithuanian culture. It signified the outset of the organized bibliophilic movement in Lithuania. The society, brought together by Vytautas Steponitis, Paulius Galaunė, Viktoras Cimkauskas and other like-minded people, contributed immensely in shaping the tradition of bibliophilic activity, upraised the culture of the Lithuanian book, and developed aesthetic circulation and bibliophilic book publishing (10 publications were published). All of thiswas done by a dozen (ranging in number from 15 to 21) devoted book lovers and bibliophiles par excellence. Their bibliophilic hobby transcended the boundaries of amateur activities, and the Society operated as a professional publishing house giving rise to the publishing of scientific periodicals of book science. The article, based on the archivesof this Society kept in the Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences, analyses personal expression of the members of the Society, their interrelationships, seeks an answer leading to the fact that extremely prominent figures managed to get together for fruitful bibliophilic activities, examines the atmosphere that prevailed in the amateur meetings of the Society of 27 Book Lovers, publishing and various other activities in the daily life. It is not intended to bring to light all the members of the Society, the article focuses only on some of the most prominent personalities and those moments of their activity that have not been previously examined by other researchers. It was concluded that the rotation of the amateur members of the Society of 27 Book Lovers was natural, determined by various life circumstances: the Society, which launched its activities in 1931 had 15 members, and until 1940, another 12 new members joined in, however the Society lost 10 of them as well. The number of seceding members was determined by the distancing of some members from bibliophilic ideas, lack of time (professional activities, positions of high responsibility), etc. However, the core of the Society (about 10 to 12 people) remained stable at all times and ensured the productive work of the Society. The productive activities of the Society were directly influenced by the chairmen elected for the term of 3 years (V.Steponaitis, Kazys Bizauskas, Juozas Balčiūnas-Švaistas), however, other members, even without being on the board, acted as contributors to various activities. The Society operated according to a very formalized procedure (recording of meetings, board meetings, excursions and other activities, approval of minutes, etc.), however, at the same time the archives of the Society testify that a cosy amiable atmosphere of communication and a sense of humour prevailed. This group of people was of one mind, they knew each other for a long time, almost all of them were of the same generation and of similar age. Differing political views did not interfere with bibliophilic activities. The correspondence of the members of the board on the failures of the publishing of publications reveals intercommunion, the realized meaning of the cultural work, the significance of V.Steponaitisas a personality uniting the Society in its activities. The activities of the Society of 27 Book Lovers demonstrated that such work could be carried out only by a strong group of exceptional figures, the activities of whom distinctly represented the elite bibliophilia, and hence, the tradition of the organized bibliophilic movement organically stemming even from the 19thcentury. The 27 Book Lovers managed to extend this tradition. ; 1930–1940m. Kaune veikusi XXVII knygos mėgėjų draugija suvaidino svarbų vaidmenį Lietuvos kultūros istorijoje. Ji žymėjo organizuoto bibliofilinio judėjimo pradžią Lietuvoje. Vytauto Steponaičio, Pauliaus Galaunės, Viktoro Cimkausko ir kitų bendraminčių suburta draugija daug nuveikė formuojant bibliofilinės veiklos tradiciją, kėlė lietuviškosios knygos kultūrą, ugdė estetiškos tiražinės ir bibliofilinės knygos leidybą (išleista 10 leidinių). Visa tai atliko keliolika (jų skaičius svyravo nuo 15 iki 21) pasišventusių knygos mėgėjų ir bibliofilų par exellance. Jų bibliofilinis hobis peraugo saviveiklinio darbo ribas, draugija veikė kaip profesionali leidykla, davusi pradžią knygotyros mokslinės periodikos leidybai. Straipsnyje, remiantis Lietuvos mokslų akademijos Vrublevskių bibliotekoje saugomu šios draugijos archyvu, nagrinėjama draugijos narių asmenybinė raiška, jų tarpusavio santykiai, ieškoma atsakymo, kas lėmė, kad itin ryškios individualybės gebėjo vienytis vaisingai bibliofilinei veiklai, kokia atmosfera tvyrojo XXVII knygos mėgėjų susirinkimuose, leidybinės ir įvairios kitos veiklos kasdienybėje. Nesiekta atskleisti visų valdybos narių, koncentruojamasi tik į kai kurias ryškiausias asmenybes ir tuos jų veiklos momentus, kurie anksčiau dar nebuvo nagrinėti kitų tyrėjų. Prieita prie išvados, kad XXVII knygos mėgėjų narių kaita buvo natūrali, nulemta įvairių gyvenimiškųjų aplinkybių: 1931-aisiais pradėjusi savo veiklą turėdama 15 narių, draugija iki 1940m. pasipildė dar 12 naujų, bet taip pat dešimties narių neteko. Išstojusiųjų skaičių lėmė kai kurių nutolimas nuo bibliofilinių idėjų, laiko stoka (profesinis užimtumas, aukštos atsakingos pareigos) ir pan. Vis dėlto draugijos branduolys (apie dešimt–dvylika asmenų) visą laiką išliko stabilus ir užtikrino produktyvų draugijos darbą. Rezultatyviai draugijos veiklai tiesioginės įtakos turėjo trejiems metams renkami valdybos pirmininkai (jais buvo V.Steponaitis, Kazys Bizauskas, Juozas Balčiūnas-Švaistas), bet ir kiti nariai, net nebūdami valdyboje, buvo įvairių darbų pagalbininkai. Draugija veikė pagal itin formalizuotą veiklos tvarką (susirinkimų, valdybos posėdžių, ekskursijų ir kitokios veiklos protokolavimas, protokolų tvirtinimas ir pan.), bet kartu draugijos archyvas liudija, kad kasdienėje jos veikloje vyravo jauki draugiška bendravimo atmosfera, nestokota humoro. Kolektyvas buvo susigyvenęs, dauguma buvo seniai pažįstami, beveik visi tos pačios kartos, panašaus amžiaus žmonės. Skirtingos politinės pažiūros netrukdė bibliofilinei veiklai. Archyve išlikęs valdybos narių susirašinėjimas dėl leidinių spausdinimo nesėkmių atskleidžia tarpusavio santykius, įsisąmonintą kultūrinio darbo prasmę, V.Steponaičio, kaip draugiją vienijusios asmenybės, reikšmę draugijos veikloje. XXVII knygos mėgėjų veikla rodo, kad tokią veiklą galėjo vykdyti tik stiprus išskirtinių asmenybių kolektyvas, savo veikla aiškiai atstovavęs elitinei bibliofilijai, taigi organiškai dar iš XIX a. einančiai organizuoto bibliofilinio judėjimo tradicijai. XXVII knygos mėgėjams pavyko ją pratęsti.

Purpose This paper enhances our understanding of how national culture impacts manufacturing performance (assembly speed, consistency between teams, etc.) during a production process move. The authors also investigate the efficacy of co-location as a strategy to enhance knowledge transfer from one organization to another.Design/methodology/approach To study the impact of national culture on production process moves, the authors develop and employ a team-based behavioral experiment within and between an individualist society (the United States) and a collectivist one (China). The authors also examine the impact of co-location on knowledge transfer effectiveness within and between these two unique cultures.Findings Interestingly, co-location has little impact on the performance of US recipient teams. Without co-location, Chinese recipient team performance lags significantly behind the US teams. However, firms can overcome these knowledge transfer challenges by co-locating source and recipient team members. These results suggest that firms should assess the national cultural context when considering co-location to manage their production move. There are contexts where co-location may be incredibly useful to facilitate an effective knowledge transfer (e.g. collectivist cultures like China) and contexts where this approach may not be as valuable (e.g. individualistic cultures such as the United States).Originality/valueThis research contributes to the academic literature in several ways. First, while past research demonstrates that national culture can be an essential barrier to information and knowledge sharing, this paper extends these findings showing that co-location may effectively overcome this barrier. After the authors offer and test the merits of co-location, they also establish the boundary conditions of this approach by showing that the effect of co-location on knowledge transfer is contingent on the cultural context. This contribution enhances our understanding of the relationship between national culture and knowledge sharing and has implications for managers developing approaches to transfer knowledge between cultures. Second, the authors develop and execute a novel cross-country experimental design. While cross-country experiments have been done before (e.g. Ozer et al. 2014, Kuwabara et al. 2007, etc.), it is still rare to see such experiments due to them being "technically difficult and costly" (Ozer et al. 2014, p. 2437). This research not only offer insights into how teams of people from individualist and collectivist societies send, receive and comprehend production knowledge. It also documents how these teams convert this knowledge into production results.

All tensions are not negative. There are structuring and destructuring tensions, and it is not always easy to decide which is which. By nature, democracy is inherently based on the institution of conflict, an institution which enables the representation of different interests in a society of free and equal individuals, multiple expressions of individual and collective agents, and the peaceful resolution of disagreements. Considering this framework, how can destructuring tensions be transformed into structuring ones? In this paper I will address the topic of society under tension with a case study, that of French society, and the type of individualism which characterizes it. A mapping of contemporary tensions in society cannot be established independently from globalization (the entry into a world culture, and generalized urbanization), which represents a change comparable to the Industrial Revolution, and the foundering of this industrial society, with the weakening of the welfare state and social protection, instituted in Western society after the Second World War. If collective challenges are similar everywhere, the path followed by the different national societies to address them differ somewhat. In the framework of globalization, to which the French are the most hostile in the European Union (after Greece), France offers images of pessimism, distrust, conflict, disquiet, and division among its citizens. It seems to be a society of malaise, in which the grammar of collective life is marked by strong negativity, though statistical data demonstrate that this society is doing rather well (in terms of degrees of inequality, the poverty rate, standards of living, health, etc.). Starting from the topic of collective malaise, the paper will highlight certain major tensions in French society. It will first situate them in the context of changes in collective representations of individualism marked by autonomy – the personal turn of individualism; then it will describe the features of this malaise (weakening of social links, new psychic pathologies, anxiety about the future and nostalgia for the past, etc.) by using the two examples of work and the welfare state (the French "social model" is invested as a foundation of the "living together"); after this, it will clarify underlying tensions which express, through this malaise (a crisis of equality à la française, and a difficulty to evolve the concept of protection); and finally, it will design paths enabling responses, to a certain extent, and will specify what a politics of autonomy could consist of. Video recording of the keynote

The article explores how urban areas are widely affecting the environment with special reference to the developing countries. Urbanization as the outcome of population growth in rural areas, decline of agricultural productivity and migration is creating more economic activities and dynamics in towns and cities leading to environmental issues and challenges. It is well observed in terms of transportation, solid waste, air, water, shortage of green space etc. in urban areas. In that, different age groups including children and the elderly people are badly affected. While urbanization affects society, urban inhabitants are constantly increasing due to improved transportation, more social network accessibility, higher literacy rate of young population, higher socio-economic expectations, change in lifestyles etc. However, density of population in cities has widely and negatively culminated in urban environmental catastrophes; some phenomenon which will affect next generations as well. Objective: As one of the main functions of sociology is to find social problems, the current paper tries to do that. Urbanization is increasingly and primarily affecting the environment. Destruction of environment and creation of the built environment, itself creating social, economic, health and many more problems, is one of the objectives of the research. If the issue is controlled, decline of other problems will follow, and consequently steps toward a safe and secure society will be taken. The analytics of the paper will on average reflect how urbanization is destroying societies as a whole. Similarly, sociology usually proposes ethical resolutions. The author also made use of the sources possible to collect the data necessary. Note, English not being the first language of the author, is expected to be average. One of the topics very related to sociology is urbanization. Population proves the objective relationship between urbanization with the environment. Any change in population in quantitative or qualitative terms, while impacting urbanization, it affects the environment too. Nowadays, the factor of population, and as a result, increasing urbanization has endangered the environment. Therefore, governments and the decision-making systems need to make proper decisions to keep the environment safe and clean. Environmental safety widely impacts the population; in that, babies, mothers and the aging people find more security. Probably, most of the problems and challenges of the 21st century are the results of the 20th century problems which were not administratively and politically observed and paid attention to, sufficiently. Weaknesses and shortcomings pertaining to policy-making have contributed to the 1st century challenges as stemmed from population, urbanization and the environment. Those are the key points to be explored in the present article.

Entre mayo y agosto de 2017, cerca de 2500 investigadores de la comunicación, censados como doctores y estudiantes de doctorado en centros universitarios españoles con titulaciones de grado y posgrado en las carreras de comunicación, fueron convocados por el Proyecto MapCom (CSO2013-47933-C4), en su tercera fase de desarrollo, a responder una encuesta en línea diseñada para conocer los perfiles de su identidad profesional y académica, así como la percepción sobre su estatus y su práctica investigadora. Accedieron al formulario de esta encuesta 1254 investigadores, de los cuales 838 (el 34 % del censo) respondieron a las preguntas, 496 finalizaron el formulario y 342 lo respondieron parcialmente. Por último, 416 abandonaron sin contestar ninguna pregunta. Las respuestas relacionadas con la identidad profesional y académica tienen que ver con la experiencia investigadora y sus reconocimientos: integración en grupos consolidados y en equipos de proyectos, sexenios, pertenencia a sociedades científicas, registro en bases de datos de investigación, etc. Las contestaciones relacionadas con la apreciación de su propia actividad investigadora destacan por denunciar mayoritariamente el escaso reconocimiento de la dedicación a investigar frente a la dedicación docente, cuando, de forma paradójica, es el resultado de la investigación del que se hace depender las evaluaciones de la carrera académica y de la calidad de las titulaciones que se imparten.About 2500 communication researchers, registered as doctors and doctoral students in Spanish university centres with undergraduate and postgraduate degrees in Communication, are invited from May to August 2017 by the Map-Com Project (CSO2013-47933-C4) in its third phase of development to answer an online survey designed to know the profiles of their professional and academic identity, as well as the perception of their status and their research practice. The survey form was accessed by 1,254 researchers, of whom 838 (34 % of the census) answered the questions, 496 completed the form and 342 partially answered. Finally, 416 left without answering any questions. The answers related to the professional and academic identity have to do with the research experience and its acknowledgments: integration in consolidated groups and project teams, six-year terms, membership in scientific societies, registration in research databases, etc. The answers related to the appreciation of their own research activity mainly stand out for denouncing the scarce recognition to research dedication as opposed to teaching dedication, when, paradoxically, the evaluations of the academic career and the quality of the degrees taught depend on the academic career evaluations.

La Pericia dentro del Poder Judicial es un instrumento, prueba adicional al momento de analizar la comisión de un delito y especialmente aplicado sobre la persona que se supone que lo ha cometido, al cual se lo denomina imputado, delincuente, etc., para determinar la culpabilidad de su autoría. Las pericias Psicológicas podrían servir al mismo objetivo. Ya nos ha advertido M. Foucault sobre la utilización de los Discursos médicos y jurídicos en procurar el disciplinamiento/control de las sociedades y los Sujetos. Pero, desde la ley de Ejercicio Profesional y Código de Ética de los Psicólogos podemos tomar distancia de estas posiciones, procurando intervenir en un proceso judicial donde se visibilice, historice y humanice a los sujetes alcanzados por el Sistema. Durante los últimos años se han producido cambios paradigmáticos importantes que han implicado cambios legislativos y prácticas que apuntan a posiciones acordes al Ejercicio profesional: desde el Paradigma de Derechos Humanos. Así la práctica pericial Penal se encuentra atravesada por estas dos líneas: la criminalidad y la defensa de los Derechos Humanos. En el presente trabajo intentaremos presentar y poner a discusión este entrecruzamiento con la finalidad de reflexionar sobre esta práctica pericial, evaluando como el propio Sistema Penal victimiza a su "clientela". ; The expertise within the Judiciary is an instrument, evidence, additional when analyzing the commission of a crime and especially the person who is supposed to have committed which is called: imputed, criminal, jet, etc. Psychological skills could serve the same purpose M. Foucault has already warned us about the use of medical and legal discourses in seeking the discipline / control of societies and subjects. But, from the Law of Professional Practice and Code of Ethics for Psychologists we can take distance from these positions, trying to intervene in a judicial process where the subjects reached by the System are made visible, historicized and humanized. During the last years there have been important paradigmatic changes that have implied legislative and practical changes that point to positions according to the Professional Exercise: from the Human Rights Paradigm. Thus the Criminal Expert practice is crossed by these two lines: criminality and the defense of Human Rights. In the present work we will try to present and discuss this inter-crossing with the purpose of reflecting on this expert practice, evaluating how the Criminal System itself victimizes its "clientele". ; Facultad de Psicología

[Abstract] At the beginning of this century speak of the existence of the Right to Leisure should not be something surprising since this law is a social achievement recognized in many important statements by international bodies. In these early twenty-first century, Leisure being increasingly recognized as an element of the quality of life of societies and individuals. It can even be said that there has been an institutional recognition of this phenomenon, and public authorities are involved in economic and political issues, management of facilities, services, advertising, etc., of different leisure environments (culture, sports, tourism and recreation). It is part of the defense and claim the Right to Leisure since this is a right recognized in the Third Generation of Human Rights and as such are innate attributes to humans, ie , born to him and which are inseparable from its status person. Based on these ideas, it would be necessary to justify the right to the tourism and cultural tourism by people with disabilities, but the reality is that this is not always the case, since this right is not always guaranteed to all citizens. ; [Resumen] Las personas con discapacidad y el Turismo Cultural: una realidad inconclusa. Al inicio de este siglo XXI hablar de la existencia del Derecho al Ocio no debiera ser algo sorprendente puesto que, este derecho, es una conquista social reconocida en numerosas e importantes declaraciones de organismos internacionales. En estos inicios del siglo XXI, el Ocio está siendo reconocido cada vez más como un elemento de la calidad de vida de las sociedades y de los individuos. Incluso puede decirse que se ha producido un reconocimiento institucional de este fenómeno, y los poderes públicos están implicados en cuestiones económicas y políticas, gestión de equipamientos, servicios, publicidad, etc., de los diferentes entornos de ocio (cultura, deporte, turismo y recreación). Se parte de la defensa y reivindicación del Derecho al Ocio ya que éste es un derecho reconocido dentro de la Tercera Generación de Derechos Humanos y como tales son atributos innatos al ser humano, es decir, que nacen con él y que son inseparables de su condición de persona. Partiendo de estas ideas, no sería necesario justificar el derecho al disfrute del turismo y del turismo cultural por parte de las personas con discapacidad, pero la realidad demuestra que esto no siempre es así, puesto que este derecho no siempre está garantizado para todos los ciudadanos.

La comunicación en el ámbito del desarrollo está embarcada en un proceso creciente de profesionalización. Tanto los agentes de cooperación (agencias multilaterales o estatales, ONGD, etc.) como los medios de comunicación están dedicando más espacio y recursos a la comunicación de temas como el hambre, el desarrollo sostenible. El tratamiento de la información y las estrategias de comunicación se hacen más complejas y requieren de un mayor conocimiento por parte de los profesionales dedicados a ello. La academia, por su parte, se dedica al desarrollo teórico crítico, y los debates intelectuales se alejan en general de la realidad profesional pero mantienen una visión crítica en busca de un desarrollo más justo. Este artículo explora las relaciones entre la universidad y la práctica en el ámbito de la comunicación para el desarrollo y analiza las posibles sinergias y consensos que puedan servir para promover sociedades más democrática, ambiental, social y culturalmente justas. ; La communication dans le domaine du développement est engagée dans un processus de professionnalisation. Les deux agents de la coopération (organismes multilatéraux ou d'États, ONG, etc.) et les médias consacrent de plus en plus d'espace et de ressources pour les themes de communication et developpement comme la faim, le développement durable. Le traitement des stratégies d'information et de communication et chaque fois plus complexe et éxige une meilleure compréhension des professionnels à cela dédiés. L'Académie, pour sa part, s'occupe au développement théorique critique et aux débats intellectuelles, généralement loin de la réalité professionnelle, mais tout à l'heure soutiennt unpoint de vue critique à la recherche d'un développement plus équitable. Cet article explore la relation entre l'université et de la pratique dans le domaine de la communication pour le développement et analyse des potentiels de synergies et de consensus qui peuvent servir à promouvoir des sociétés plus démocratiques, environnementales, sociales et équitables sur le plan culturel. ; Development communication is increasingly engaged in a professionalisation process. Cooperation agents (from multilateral agencies to NGOs) and mass media are dedicating more and more space and resources to hunger, sustainable development or health issues. Information treatment and development communication strategies that are being used are complex and require higher knowledge from professionals. Development academics have been involved in theoretical debates away from professional practise. This article explores the relationship between university and communication development professional practise, analysing possible synergies and consensus that can promote more democratic and ambiently, socially and culturally fairer societies.

La literatura, el folclore, los diccionarios y las gramáticas han utilizado y explicado las manifestaciones lingüísticas de modo que se adapten a la idea de que lo masculino debe ser el criterio universal (Spender 1980). Frente a estos antecedentes históricos, las feministas durante los años 70 y, posteriormente, los defensores de lo políticamente correcto de los 90, comenzaron una batalla contra el sexismo en el lenguaje, proporcionando soluciones en forma de pautas, folletos, glosarios, etc (Key 1975, Maggio 1987, 1991, McMinn 1991).El presente artículo explora la afirmación: "male equals positive and normal, female equals negative and abnormal" (Lakoff 1975, 2001) y, al prestar atención a desviaciones semánticamente parciales, proporcionar una visión histórica de equivalentes masculinos y femeninos. El corpus se construirá a partir de diccionarios monolingües y bilingües, diccionarios de expresiones idiomáticas, argot y proverbios para ofrecer un estudio diacrónico del lenguaje sexista, principalmente en inglés y español. Los sinónimos de algunas palabras se extraerán de páginas web y, para medir la actualidad de algunos de los ejemplos, se utilizarán tres corpus en línea. Se analizará también el marco sociocultural de estos términos y expresiones para ver hasta qué punto han moldeado ambas sociedades y qué efectos tienen actualmente en la vida de las mujeres. ; Literature, folklore, dictionaries and grammars have used and explained language manifestations to conform to the idea that male should be the standard of humanity (Spender 1980). Against this historical background, feminists during the 1970s and later politically correct advocates of the 1990s started battling against sexism in language, providing solutions, in the form of guidelines, booklets, glossaries, etc (Key 1975, Maggio 1987,1991, McMinn 1991).The present article explores the value assumption: "male equals positive and normal, female equals negative and abnormal" (Lakoff 1975, 2001) and, by paying attention to semantic biased deviations, gives a historical account of male and female counterparts. The corpus will be drawn from monolingual and bilingual dictionaries, dictionaries of idiomatic expressions, slang and proverbs to offer a diachronic study of sexist language mainly in English and in Spanish. Synonyms for certain terms will be drawn from Web pages and to measure the currency of some of the examples three on-line corpora will be used. The socio-cultural framework of these terms and expressions will be studied to see to what extent they have moulded both societies and what effects they have in women's lives today.

Рассматриваются основные тенденции в развитии торговой деятельности городской и рабочей потребительской кооперации Сибири во второй половине 1920-х гг. На основе анализа опубликованных материалов и архивных документов автор обосновывает вывод об изменении характера торговой деятельности кооперативов и переходе к нормированию отпуска продовольственных и промышленных товаров и карточному снабжению. ; In the article the main progress trends of the trading activity of Siberian urban and labour consumer's cooperation in late 1920s is revealed. In 1926-1927 its trading network kept on extending, the commodity circulation increased, the number of cooperatives' shareholders grew. The campaigns of reducing prices, cutting down expenses etc., carried out by the initiative of the party and state bodies, decreased profits of cooperatives. Within transfer to forced industrialization (1928-1929) the conditions of consumer cooperation's functioning changed: the state's crediting harshly reduced, cooperatives had to work relying mainly on their own resources coming from trade profit as well as shares, investments and prepayments of cooperative societies' members. Moreover, the cooperatives were charged with a serious task to replace private merchants, whom the Soviet state attacked determinedly. The urban and labour cooperation could not perform this task completely because of lack of money for creating new trading points, bureaucratism, and lack of mobility and flexibility of the cooperative machinery. As a result, the trading deserts appeared, which were areas where private trader cut down its business while cooperation didn't create a trade network. Hardship with grain procurements that appeared in 1927-1928, repeated in 1928-1929, which led to irregularity in population supplying with food. In the circumstances the consumer cooperation had to convert to rationing of delivery of foodstuffs first bread, then cereals, sugar, butter, meat etc. In 1928/1929 economic year rationing and card supply included all main foodstuffs. A similar process took place with manufactured goods. The first five-year plan gave preference to the development of heavy industry while production of commodities was financed residually. Besides, large amounts of goods were sent to the countryside in order to stimulate the peasants to hand in bread. All this determined critical deficiency of manufactured goods, which came to be given out in accordance with orders and coupons. Thus trade was replaced with distribution of class character. Labour possessed the top priority of being supplied while alien elements were excluded from the victual lists. The consumer cooperation was converted into the distributive machinery in the state hands as it used to be in the military communism time.

Este artículo parte del análisis de algunas contribuciones teóricas sobre la conceptualización del cuerpo en las sociedades contemporáneas, que nos permitirá dialogar con las experiencias reflexivas de un grupo de chicos sobre el aprendizaje de la(s) masculinidad(es)i en sus vidas. El énfasis fenomenológico y político del cuerpo en los estudios feministas -con la noción de corporización- ha sido fundamental para problematizar las variables encarnadas de género, raza, edad, clase social, (dis)capacidad, etc. que no sólo operan en una relación de poder sobre nuestros cuerpos, sino también como locus de agencia y resistencia. La teoría queer con la deconstrucción de la sexualidad normativa -gracias a la noción de performatividad- será clave para entender el papel fundamental que la sexualidad desempeña en la construcción de la(s) subjetividad(es). Los relatos de los chicos nos permitirán explorar el papel que la actividad física y el deporte tiene en sus vidas como mediadores en la construcción de subjetividades "masculinas", muchas veces como un espacio opresor de identidad de género y opción sexual, y abrir la reflexión a las visiones hegemónicas de cuerpo que median tanto la educación física en las escuelas, como en el deporte de competición y/o de elite, y sus representaciones en los mass media. ; This article begins with an analysis of some theoretical contributions about the conceptualization of body in contemporary societies. These allow us to set a dialogue with the reflective experiences of a group of teenagers about how they learn masculinitiesi in their lives. Phenomenological and political emphasis on the body carried out by Feminists -with the notion of embodiment- have been essential in giving complexity to embodied issues such as gender, race, age, social class (dis)abilities, etc. which not only operate in a relation of power in our selves, but also as a locus of resistance and agency. Queer theory and its deconstruction of normative sexuality -with the concept of performativity- will be basic to understand the fundamental role that sexuality has in the construction of subjectivities. The accounts of teens will allow us to explore the paper that physical activities and sport have in their lives as mediators in the construction of their "masculine" subjectivities, many times as an oppressor space of their sexual and gender identity, and open an analysis of the hegemonic body representations that mediate not only physical education in schools, but also sport of competition and elite, and their representations in mass media.

Este artículo parte del análisis de algunas contribuciones teóricas sobre la conceptualización del cuerpo en las sociedades contemporáneas, que nos permitirá dialogar con las experiencias reflexivas de un grupo de chicos sobre el aprendizaje de la(s) masculinidad(es)i en sus vidas. El énfasis fenomenológico y político del cuerpo en los estudios feministas -con la noción de corporización- ha sido fundamental para problematizar las variables encarnadas de género, raza, edad, clase social, (dis)capacidad, etc. que no sólo operan en una relación de poder sobre nuestros cuerpos, sino también como locus de agencia y resistencia. La teoría queer con la deconstrucción de la sexualidad normativa -gracias a la noción de performatividad- será clave para entender el papel fundamental que la sexualidad desempeña en la construcción de la(s) subjetividad(es). Los relatos de los chicos nos permitirán explorar el papel que la actividad física y el deporte tiene en sus vidas como mediadores en la construcción de subjetividades "masculinas", muchas veces como un espacio opresor de identidad de género y opción sexual, y abrir la reflexión a las visiones hegemónicas de cuerpo que median tanto la educación física en las escuelas, como en el deporte de competición y/o de elite, y sus representaciones en los mass media. ; This article begins with an analysis of some theoretical contributions about the conceptualization of body in contemporary societies. These allow us to set a dialogue with the reflective experiences of a group of teenagers about how they learn masculinitiesi in their lives. Phenomenological and political emphasis on the body carried out by Feminists -with the notion of embodiment- have been essential in giving complexity to embodied issues such as gender, race, age, social class (dis)abilities, etc. which not only operate in a relation of power in our selves, but also as a locus of resistance and agency. Queer theory and its deconstruction of normative sexuality -with the concept of performativity- will be basic to understand the fundamental role that sexuality has in the construction of subjectivities. The accounts of teens will allow us to explore the paper that physical activities and sport have in their lives as mediators in the construction of their "masculine" subjectivities, many times as an oppressor space of their sexual and gender identity, and open an analysis of the hegemonic body representations that mediate not only physical education in schools, but also sport of competition and elite, and their representations in mass media.

Este artículo parte del análisis de algunas contribuciones teóricas sobre la conceptualización del cuerpo en las sociedades contemporáneas, que nos permitirá dialogar con las experiencias reflexivas de un grupo de chicos sobre el aprendizaje de la(s) masculinidad(es)i en sus vidas. El énfasis fenomenológico y político del cuerpo en los estudios feministas -con la noción de corporización- ha sido fundamental para problematizar las variables encarnadas de género, raza, edad, clase social, (dis)capacidad, etc. que no sólo operan en una relación de poder sobre nuestros cuerpos, sino también como locus de agencia y resistencia. La teoría queer con la deconstrucción de la sexualidad normativa -gracias a la noción de performatividad- será clave para entender el papel fundamental que la sexualidad desempeña en la construcción de la(s) subjetividad(es). Los relatos de los chicos nos permitirán explorar el papel que la actividad física y el deporte tiene en sus vidas como mediadores en la construcción de subjetividades "masculinas", muchas veces como un espacio opresor de identidad de género y opción sexual, y abrir la reflexión a las visiones hegemónicas de cuerpo que median tanto la educación física en las escuelas, como en el deporte de competición y/o de elite, y sus representaciones en los mass media. ; This article begins with an analysis of some theoretical contributions about the conceptualization of body in contemporary societies. These allow us to set a dialogue with the reflective experiences of a group of teenagers about how they learn masculinitiesi in their lives. Phenomenological and political emphasis on the body carried out by Feminists -with the notion of embodiment- have been essential in giving complexity to embodied issues such as gender, race, age, social class (dis)abilities, etc. which not only operate in a relation of power in our selves, but also as a locus of resistance and agency. Queer theory and its deconstruction of normative sexuality -with the concept of performativity- will be basic to understand the fundamental role that sexuality has in the construction of subjectivities. The accounts of teens will allow us to explore the paper that physical activities and sport have in their lives as mediators in the construction of their "masculine" subjectivities, many times as an oppressor space of their sexual and gender identity, and open an analysis of the hegemonic body representations that mediate not only physical education in schools, but also sport of competition and elite, and their representations in mass media. ; Departamento de Educación Física

Environmental problems have gone, when it comes to their discussion, beyond the purely scientific arena, to being also discussed at a political stage, giving birth to what has been called Political Ecology. The dimensions of the problem, as well as its global nature, have created some sort of political institutionality which ranges from international organisms, UNO, World Bank, etc, to very local organizations. This approach has two conceptual positions at its base: environmentalism, which gives preeminence to man over nature, with its trends ofEcodevelopment which leans on local ecology and culture; and Sustainable Development which leans on economic growth which should generate resources to alleviate environmental damage and social inequities. On the other hand Ecologism conceives man as another element within nature whose survival depends on accepting all the unbreakable links with the other living beings and the physical surroundings. It also has two trends: Deep Ecology which advocates respect for nature as a systemic unit within which man is immerse; and Global Ecoethics which stands for political action that departs from accepting current man's responsibility towards the forthcoming human societies, whose wellbeing will depend on our respect for natural dynamics ; La problemática ambiental ha desbordado, para su discusión, el ámbito puramente científico, para ser debatida a nivel político, dando origen a la llamada Ecología Política La magnitud del problema y su carácter global, ha creado una institucionalidad política que va desde organismos internacionales, ONU, Banco Mundial, etc., hasta organizaciones muy locales. El enfoque tiene dos posiciones conceptuales defondo: el ambientalismo, que dapreeminencia al hombre sobre la naturaleza, con sus corrientes de Ecodesarrollo que se apoya en la ecología y la cultura locales; y el Desarrollo Sostenible que se apoya en un crecimiento económico que debe generar recursos para mitigar los daños ambientales y las iniquidades sociales. Del otro lado el Ecologismo que reconoce al hombre como otro elemento dentro de la naturaleza y cuya sobrevivencia depende de reconocer todas las ataduras insoslayables con los otros seres vivos y el entornofisico. Presenta también dos corrientes: la Ecología Profunda que propende por el respeto a la naturaleza como unidad sistèmica dentro de la cual está inmerso el hombre; y la Ecoética Global que promueve una acción política que parta de reconocer la Responsabilidad del Hombre actual con la Sociedadfutura, cuyo bienestar dependerá de nuestro respeto a la dinámica natural.

[Extract] Moderns do not expect persons to display constancy of purpose or to pursue the sorts of purposes (ends-in-themselves) that can be constantly attended to. Modernity does not speak to its denizens in these terms. What "matters" in modern life is that persons can choose and re-choose, their purposes and activities. Whether these are trivial pursuits or not, whether the choices are transient or not, is irrelevant from the modern point of view. Persons of good (rational) character are marginalised in Modernity. Of course, moderns must protect themselves from the harms caused by "fly by night" characters (the unreliable, the dishonest, etc.) if only to protect the integrity of modem choice. However, modern institutions do this not via ethical norms but procedurally. Democracy has its electoral procedures, the market its notification procedures, science its experimental procedures, hospitals their supervisory checks, films and recordings their classification, production and copyright rules. These procedures are "rules of the game" that outlaw privileges, rotten boroughs, gerrymanders, cheating, manipulation - anything that interferes with choices people make or that interferes with the (second order) choices people make in response to others' (first order) choices. Abuses and manipulations do occur, of course, but not pervasively. More interestingly, modem societies do not rely on personal character to prevent such abuses. They do not rely on what the Romans called the bona fides of the politician or the broadcaster. They do not rely on ethical norms, whether of a pagan or a religious kind. Even the unscrupulous and aggrandisers can play by the "rules of the game" (most of the time at least). Once, to be a Christian, you needed to act charitably, faithfully; to be a citizen, you had to act liberally (by giving to the public purse, giving your time to serve in public capacities, etc.) or courageously in public. You were what you were via the continuous observance of norms. The Christian, the citizen had to deliberate, to choose how and when to observe norms. They had a "freedom of conscience" but choice (freedom) was not the centre of their existence. They did not pursue the goods of freedom (free inquiry, free market, democratic choice) but rather choices were made in the course of being a good citizen or a good (charitable, caring, concerned) person. Modernity offers a choice-centred. freedom-centred form of existence. Its culture is a culture of contingency.