El presente trabajo aborda un pionero análisis jurídico sobre la protección y tratamiento de los datos personales de los solicitantes de asilo y protección subsidiaria en la reforma integral en ciernes del Sistema Europeo Común de Asilo (SECA). Reforma que, entre otros innumerables aspectos, ha elevado la eficaz gestión de la información de la UE como clave de bóveda para proteger las fronteras exteriores, mejorar la gestión de los flujos migratorios y contribuir a reforzar la seguridad interior.El régimen jurídico en materia de protección de datos resulta especialmente fragmentado, complejo y difuso por cuanto que el RGPD, pese a que excluye de su aplicación las actividades relacionadas con el asilo, el control de fronteras y, la inmigración se encuentra directamente tipificado en las propuestas de Reglamentos de Dublín IV, de Procedimiento y de Eurodac. Paralelamente, las persistentes vinculaciones con la seguridad de los Estados miembros constatan la potencial aplicación la Directiva de protección de datos en el ámbito policial. A ello se le adiciona la interoperabilidad de los distintos sistemas de información, el despliegue de organismos asistenciales en frontera (Frontex o EASO) así como de las autoridades policiales, todos ellos vinculados directamente por sus propios reglamentos de desarrollo. En consecuencia, este marco jurídico fragmentado y especialmente complejo constituye especial objeto de análisis. ; The present work addresses an innovative legal analysis on the treatment and protection of personal data about asylum and subsidiary protection seekers in the comprehensive reform of the Common European Asylum System (CEAS). This reform, among other countless aspects, has increased the effective EU Information Management as the key to protect external borders, improve the management of migration flows and contribute to the enhancement of internal security. The applicable data protection legislation is significantly fragmented, complex and diffuse since, despite the GDPR excludes from its scope asylum-related activities, border control, and immigration is directly defined in the proposed Dublin IV, Procedures and Eurodac regulations. At the same time, the persistent linkages to the security of Member States can reflect the potential application of the Data Protection Directive on Police Matters. In addition, the interoperability of different information systems, the deployment of specific bodies (such as Frontex or EASO) as well as law enforcement authorities are bound directly by their own regulations. Consequently, this fragmented and particularly complex legal framework constitutes the subject of the study.
The article deals with the concept of threat in the context of organization of passenger air transportation. The threat is any existing or potential condition that could result in the death or injury of an air passenger; Damage or loss of aircraft or other aviation equipment; Damage to the natural environment. The process of determining the threat by its nature is a collection of procedures for collecting, fi xing, analyzing information about facts that may aff ect the security of activities. The actions related to the identifi cation of threats must be continuous and implemented on the basis of data obtained on the basis of real (information about incidents and events that have already occurred) and preventive (information about potential incidents and possible incidents) schemes. The main threats deriving from the work of aviation are the problems of international terrorism, illegal migration and transnational crime. Their forms of manifestation are sabotage, bombings, seizure and airplane hijacking, criminal migration, traffi cking in human beings, corruption, drug traffi cking, smuggling, violation of customs rules that have a signifi cant impact on the political, economic, social and security situation in the country, and therefore require attention. Both from the state authorities (law enforcement, border, customs, immigration) and representatives of civil society. ; В статье исследовано понятие угрозы в контексте организации пассажирских авиационных перевозок. Установлено, что механизм оценки и снижения уровня угроз предполагает анализ, устранение или снижение риска до допустимого уровня. Основными угрозами, которые являются производными от работы авиационного транспорта, есть проблемы международного терроризма, нелегальной миграции и транснациональной преступности. Их формами проявления являются диверсии, взрывы, захват и угоны самолетов, уголовная миграция, торговля людьми, коррупция, наркотрафик, контрабанда, нарушение таможенных правил, которые оказывают существенное влияние на политическую, экономическую, социальную безопасность в государстве, а поэтому требуют внимания как со стороны органов государственной власти, так и со стороны представителей гражданского общества. ; У статті досліджено поняття загрози в контексті організації пасажирських авіаційних перевезень. З'ясовано, що механізм оцінки та зниження рівня загроз передбачає аналіз, усунення або зниження ризику до допустимого рівня. Основними загрозами, що є похідними від роботи авіаційного транспорту, є проблеми міжнародного тероризму, нелегальної міграції та транснаціональної злочинності. Формами прояву є диверсії, вибухи, захоплення та угони літаків, кримінальна міграція, торгівля людьми, корупція, наркотрафік, контрабанда, порушення митних правил, які справляють суттєвий вплив на політичну, економічну, соціальну, безпекову ситуацію в державі, а тому вимагають уваги як з боку органів державної влади, так і представників громадянського суспільства.
Ethnic Profiling stellt eine Praxis dar, bei welcher Polizei-, Sicherheits-, Einwanderungs- und Zollbeamtinnen und -beamte ihre Entscheidung, einen Menschen zu kontrollieren oder anzuhalten von personenbezogenen, tatsächlichen oder vermuteten Merkmalen wie der ethnischen Zugehörigkeit, Hautfarbe oder Religion abhängig machen, statt sich dabei auf das Verhalten und einen begründeten Verdacht zu stützen.Diese Arbeit hat es sich zum Ziel gesetzt, mögliche institutionelle Wurzeln dieser Vorgehensweise, ihre Schädlichkeit für die Effizienz der polizeilichen Arbeit, aber auch die Auswirkungen für Betroffene und die Gesellschaft als solche darzulegen.Werden Strafverfolgungsbehörden auf Grundlage von herkunftsbasierten Profilen tätig, stellt dies eine rassistische Diskriminierung von Menschen und einen unverhältnismäßigen Eingriff in das Diskriminierungsverbot dar.Die in dieser Arbeit behandelten justiziellen Entscheidungen lassen Bedenken darüber aufkommen, ob die bestehenden Rechtsgrundlagen in Österreich den europarechtlichen Vorgaben Genüge tun scheinen diese das Ethnic Profiling doch gerade zu begünstigen.Dass sich Menschen auch in Österreich aufgrund von Ethnic Profiling diskriminiert fühlen, wird anhand einer in der EU durchgeführten Erhebung gezeigt.Kritik wird in diesem Zusammenhang an der mangelnden Veröffentlichung von statistischen Daten in Österreich zu Beschwerdeverfahren gegen die Polizei geäußert.Würde eine Dokumentation von Polizeikontrollen, wie diese in Großbritannien geschieht, erfolgen, könnten Trefferquoten analysiert und nachfolgend überprüft werden, ob Minderheiten und Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund überproportional und unrechtmäßig von Maßnahmen betroffen waren.Die Arbeit zeigt Rechtschutzmöglichkeiten, Kontrollmechanismen und gegenwärtige Entwicklungen auf und bietet eine Reihe an Empfehlungen zur Vorbeugung und Bekämpfung behördlicher Diskriminierungen. ; Ethnic Profiling describes the stop and search-practice of police, security and immigration or customs officials, solely based on actual or supposed characteristics such as ethnic origin, skin colour or religion, rather than on a persons behavior or a reasonable suspicion.This diploma thesis intends to define and analyse possible institutional factors of Ethnic Profiling, the negative consequences for the efficiency of the polices work, but also the negative impact on individuals and the society.When law enforcement authorities are using origin-based profiles, this causes racial discrimination and constitutes a disproportionate interference in the principle of non-discrimination.The approached judicial decisions raise concern that the existing legal base in Austria does not comply with the provisions of European law as they seem to even foster the practice of Ethnic Profiling.In addition, a survey conducted by the European Union shows that people in Austria feel discriminated by the usage of Ethnic Profiling in police work.One criticism voiced is that in Austria, there doesnt exist any publication of statistical data about appeal proceedings against the police/police officers.The documentation of police stops, as commonly done in the United Kingdom, would make it possible to analyse hit rates in order to show whether minority groups and people with a migration background were disproportionately and unlawfully affected by measures.This thesis is trying to offer possibilities for legal protection and control mechanisms, shows current developments and offers a set of recommendations to prevent and combat discriminatory practices. ; vorgelegt von Clara Müller ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers/der Verfasserin ; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Diplomarbeit, 2018 ; (VLID)2836434
Статья посвящена правовым аспектам регулирования идентификации биометрических данных, содержащихся в проездных документах граждан Европейского Союза и России. Выявлена и обоснована необходимость дальнейшего развития сотрудничества в области формирования общего пространства внутренней безопасности России и ЕС с использованием биометрических и информационных технологий и систем идентификации и защиты информации. Статья содержит выработанное автором предложение по дальнейшему развитию указанных технологий в нашей стране на основе уникального опыта стран ЕС. Показано, что в первую очередь проблема коснулась безопасности транспортных, а так же государственных и межгосударственных систем – транспортных, визовых, таможенных, миграционных служб. Выявлено, что использование биометрических систем в документах обеспечивает высокую степень защиты личных данных, высокую скорость считывания информации и автоматической идентификации личности владельца, обеспечивает информационную безопасность, успешно содействующую борьбе с транснациональной и трансграничной преступностью и охране границ. Автором предлагается продолжать взаимовыгодное сотрудничество между Россией и ЕС в борьбе с мошенничеством с использованием личных документов и нелегальной миграцией. Дальнейшее внедрение новейших биометрических технологий улучшит качество жизни многим гражданам обеих сторон, совершающим поездки. Совместные механизмы и более продвинутое сотрудничество в правоохранительной сфере позволили бы повысить уровень безопасности граждан. ; Article is devoted to the legal aspects of biometric identification data contained in the travel documents of citizens of the European Union and Russia. Identified and the necessity of further development of cooperation in the field of creating a common space of internal security of Russia and the EU using biometric and information technology systems and the identification and protection of information. This article contains the author worked out a proposal for the further development of these technologies in our country based on the unique experience of the EU countries. It is shown that in the first issue touched vehicle safety, as well as state and interstate systems – transport, visa, customs, immigration services. Found that the use of biometric systems in the documents provides a high degree of protection of personal data, high speed information reading and automatic identification of the owner, provides information security, successfully contributing to the fight against transnational and cross-border crime and border security. The author proposes to continue the mutually beneficial cooperation between Russia and the EU in the fight against fraud with the use of personal documents and illegal migration. Further implementation of the latest biometric technology will improve the quality of life for many citizens of both parties, travel. Joint mechanisms and more advanced cooperation in law enforcement would improve the level of safety of citizens.
La migration est perçue par la communauté internationale comme un enjeu sécuritaire. La sécurisation des frontières est devenue une des priorités des États. Au nom de la sécurité nationale, le Canada resserre le contrôle migratoire et intensifie les mesures de maintien de l'ordre aux frontières. Dans la foulée des arrivées de l'Ocean Lady en octobre 2009 et du MV Sun Sea en août 2010, deux bateaux de migrants interceptés dans les eaux canadiennes, le gouvernement canadien adopte le 28 juin 2012 le projet de loi C-31 : la Loi visant à protéger le système d'immigration canadien. Cette loi prévoit notamment une augmentation de l'usage de la détention qui devient automatique lorsqu'un migrant est déclaré « étranger désigné ». Parmi les personnes qui feront l'objet de cette désignation se trouvent des demandeurs d'asiles et des réfugiés qui, au lieu de recevoir la protection internationale du Canada en vertu notamment de la Convention relative au statut des réfugiés, se retrouvent détenus en raison de leur mode d'arrivée. Par l'analyse des protections offertes aux demandeurs d'asile et aux réfugiés et des nouvelles dispositions sur la détention, cet article illustre la difficulté pour le Canada de respecter l'équilibre entre l'objectif de sécurité nationale et la protection des droits des réfugiés et des demandeurs d'asile. ; Abstract : Migration is perceived as a national security issue by the international community. As a result, border security has assumed greater importance over the last twenty to thirty years. In the name of national security, Canada has expanded its control over migratory activities and has strengthened various law enforcement measures at its borders. Incidents including the interception of ships in Canadian waters, namely the Ocean Lady in October of 2009 and the MV Sun Sea in August of 2010, have led to the adoption by Parliament in June of 2012, of Bill C-31 entitled Protecting Canada's Immigration System Act. The Act authorizes the increased use of detention in relation to migratory controls and enables the Minister to designate as irregular, the arrival in Canada of certain groups of foreign nationals, (so-called «designated foreign nationals»), who can then become subject to automatic detention. They may include asylum-seekers and refugees who, instead of benefitting from Canada's international protection, may be detained due to the irregular circumstances surrounding their arrival in this country. In discussing protections for asylum-seekers and refugees in light of the new legislative provisions relating to mandatory detention, the writers posit that this difficult balance between concerns relating to national security and the need to protect refugees and asylum-seekers has yet to be achieved.
International audience ; Global terrorism has become one of the most serious threats to the security in the world today. The number of suspects arrested for religiously inspired terrorism in the EU Member States increased approximately five-fold between 2009 and 2018. The aim of the paper is to evaluate the threats of Religiously inspired terrorism in the three Baltic States-Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The study was conducted using the methods of academic literature, statistical data analysis and qualitative content analysis. This study has applied quantitative technique and qualitative technique to explore the relationship between religiously inspired terrorism and relevant factors-Internal factors, Legal migration, Illegal migration, Participation in international missions and operations, Traveling to regions where terrorist groups have a stronger presence, Student exchange programs and foreign students, Employees from other countries e.c. The study has determined that the level of terrorist threats in the Baltics has not changed in recent years and remains relatively low. The Baltic States today is not a target for religiously inspired terrorism. The level of internal threat from existing religious communities has been low and remains low. No significant terrorism-related incidents have occurred in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania in previous years. There is no reason to believe that these internal risks will increase in the near future. In turn, there are significant long-term risks associated with external threats. A balanced and neutral policy towards all religious denominations should continue in all Baltic countries. As a primary task, the authors conducted an analysis of a number of theoretical and practical tax incentives assessment models.
Two weeks ago was the 40th anniversary of President Nixon's dramatic resignation. He did so against his own will, in order to avoid the certainty of impeachment as a result of the Watergate case. This event, together with the traumatic defeat and withdrawal from Vietnam that preceded it, resulted in a dramatic loss of trust in the Executive, followed by strong legislative action to limit its powers. It also revealed the growing partisan polarization that has characterized the politics of the following four decades.Today we may be living the climax of this polarization, as Congress is unable to pass badly-needed legislation on immigration, energy and infrastructure funding, to name a few. Indeed, not even the presence of 40,000 unaccompanied Central American children at the border is sufficiently dramatic to bring about some kind of consensual action. At the same time, President Obama is being sued by the House leadership for abuse of power, and the media are irresponsibly talking about possible impeachment, the ultimate use of legislative power against a democratically elected President.The transformative President has fulfilled or at the very least addressed most of the platform under which he was elected in 2008 and re-elected in 2012. Obstruction in Congress, his own bad foreign policy decisions and constant complaints from the left wing of his own party have resulted in low approval ratings (around 40%) by a frustrated public that has, for the most part, tuned out of politics. This will no doubt have consequences for the coming mid-term elections, when the majority of voters will stay home, giving an advantage to the militant extremes on both sides of the ideological spectrum.Gridlock in government is nothing new. In fact, the fathers of the Constitution preferred Congress to "muddle through" rather than being too pro-active. Incremental, slow change was preferable to sweeping reforms. Yet this 113th Congress, now in its long August recess before its return to a full-fledged electoral campaign in September, is probably unique in its paralysis. There are not only deep divisions between the two Houses, each dominated by one party, but also within the House of Representatives itself, where the GOP has a majority of seats but is so internally divided that it has had to withdraw many of its own leadership-introduced bills for lack of votes from its own party.This Do-Nothing-Congress that left town on August 1st for a five-week recess is the least productive in History: Congressional productivity is down from 151 in the previous 112th Congress to 142; the originally "Do-Nothing Congress" of 1947-48 passed 906 laws.Nothing seems to be sufficiently urgent or dramatic enough to bring the GOP legislators to a consensus, not even the unprecedented border crisis, where 40,000 unaccompanied migrant children from Central America are amassed in military bases and other government agencies at the southern border, awaiting due process. The House leadership was ready to pass a bill to provide a small part of the funding the President had requested to help him address the surge of newly arrived immigrants, but it did not have the votes. The Tea Party, on the other hand, opposed the funding and wanted to introduce its own bill to speedily deport the children and to rescind the President's authority to decide whether to deport or not certain undocumented immigrants from earlier waves of immigration.Late in the afternoon of their last day in the Capitol when all bags were packed and representatives were ready to leave, Speaker John Boehner announced he was ready to withdraw his bill since he didn't have the votes, and let the recess begin. But Tea Party favorites Steven King and Michele Bachman demanded a vote on both measures. Finally, at the eleventh hour, Boehner compromised: both bills were introduced and passed by a narrow vote. They are at this point insignificant, and very unlikely to become laws since the Senate will not consider them. But the point was made: the Tea Party's main goals is not solving any problems, but instead keepconstraining presidential powers to the point of total ineffective government. They are succeeding to a large extent, even if Obama has been quite deft at using his executive authority of implementation to break free from the imposed legislative shackles.Dysfunction in government is the new normalcy in the nation's capital. These bills were only a modest attempt to deal with the crisis of the day, but the acrimonious debate brought into relief a bigger systemic failure: the inability of Congress, since 2007, to pass a comprehensive overhaul of Immigration law. Once the Senate passed it last summer, it was expected that the House may come up with its own proposal, which would have been a series of smaller bills to solve the problem piecemeal, thereby satisfying different constituencies with a mixture of more border security, more workers' permits and other special visas, and the granting of legal status to the 11 million undocumented.Unlike the year 2007, when G.W. Bush had expressed support for Comprehensive Immigration Reform legislation but could not muster enough consensus, this time around (2013-2014) it was supposed to be different. For the first time the concept had widespread support from all the very powerful interest groups concerned: corporations, labor unions, the Christian Evangelical right and immigration advocates. But it was halted by the Tea Party in the House and no legislation was passed.It is this vacuum, among others, that the Executive has been trying to fill through administrative measures and executive decrees. The President used his prosecutorial discretion to solve some aspects of the enormously complex issue of dealing with 11 million undocumented immigrants, most of whom have lived and worked in the US for ten, twenty, or even thirty years. One example is the President's policy directive that provided temporary relief from deportation and study/work authorization to young people brought here illegally by their parents between certain dates, and under certain conditions (DACA). Lately, Obama has expressed some interest in extending DACA to the children's families, causing more Tea party outrage and increasing their attempts to stop him.To strike a balance and to give more legitimacy to his unilateral decision to solve that part of the problem, the President has applied to the letter the pre-existing immigration law to deport (other) immigrants through the Immigration and Customs Enforcement Agency. He has deported more immigrants than any other president before him (360,000 in 2013 alone), earning him the sobriquet of "Deporter-in-chief" and the antipathy of immigrant advocate groups.During the latest crisis of children at the border, Speaker Boehner expressed his "frustration and his concern" with the situation, and quite cynically called on Obama to "take steps to secure the border and return the children to their home countries", adding that the President "didn't need Congressional action to do that". Given that the Speaker is suing the President (just a political gesture, since he has no legal standing to do so) for over-stepping his Constitutional powers, his hectoring makes even less sense. In any case, his frustration was misdirected: Obama had asked Congress to approve funding for this operation and a Republican bill was ready to be introduced, but the Speaker himself was struggling to get the Tea Party votes he needed to pass it. This sort of dysfunction is a weakness the Republican Party will need to address in order to succeed in future elections.The November mid-term election will be critical: according to the latest polls, Republicans have around an eighty per cent chance to win the six seats they would need for a majority in the Senate. With both Houses in Republican hands, the President will not only lose the minimum control he now has to shape the agenda but he will also find it very hard to keep in place the policies that he is already implementing.If we add to that the problematic challenges he is now faced with on several foreign policy fronts, none of which can be solved in the short term, a Republican win becomes almost certain, not only in 2014 but also perhaps in the 2016 presidential election. But in order to seal those wins, Republicans will need two fundamental elements they lack now: party unity and a positive agenda. Professor Maria Fornella-Oehninger, Old Dominion UniversityVirginia, U.S.A.
Part I: Process --Brexit's impact on the political system of the United Kingdom /Alan Wager --The UK and parliamentary government after Brexit : a dis-United Kingdom? /Michael Gordon --What about our constitutional requirements? : revisiting the decision of the UK to withdraw from the European Union /Theodore Konstadinides and Riccardo Sallustio --And then they were (again) twenty-seven : the EU-UK Withdrawal Agreement /Adam Łazowski --Retained EU law in the UK legal orders : continuity between the old and the new /Catherine Barnard --Part II: Post-membership EU-UK legal framework --The EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement : forging partnership or managing rivalry? /Joris Larik and Ramses A. Wessel --Not so frictionless after all : trade in goods and services in the EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement /Yohannes Ayele, Ingo Borchert, Michael Gasiorek, Peter Holmes, Anna Jerzewska, Minako Morita-Jaeger, and Suzannah Walmsley --The EU Customs Union, free movement of goods, and enforcement mechanisms in the Protocol on Northern Ireland : a legal appraisal /Graham Butler --Criminal justice and security cooperation after Brexit /Valsamis Mitsilegas --Private international law and cooperation in civil and commercial matters after Brexit : legislative gaps and future developments /Vesna Lazić and Chukwuma Okoli --After the Brexit bonfire : identifying the embers of future foreign, security and defence cooperation with the EU /Steven Blockmans --Part III: Repatriation of laws and competences --Constitutional impact of withdrawal on the protection of fundamental rights /Eleni Frantziou --'Taking Back Control' : the challenges and opportunities of United Kingdom regulatory autonomy /Adam Cygan --Environmental protection after Brexit : preventing the return of Europe's dirty man /Wybe Th. Douma --Brexit and workers' rights : managing divergence and managing trust /Jeff Kenner --Equality law after 'Brexit' : stunted or reverse repatriation? /Dagmar Schiek and Aislinn Fanning --Immigration : EU citizens and the UK /Elspeth Guild and Simon Cox --Levelling up a level playing field : competition and subsidies in post-Brexit Britain /Andrea Biondi and Anneli Howard --Three narratives on the United Kingdom's trade agreements post-Brexit /Panos Koutrakos --Part IV: Après Brexit : The European Union of twenty seven --UK, EU institutions, and Brexit : good times, bad times /Agata Gostyńska-Jakubowska and Adam Łazowski --Goodbye but no good riddance : Internal Market with and without the United Kingdom /Adam Łazowski --EU finances post-Brexit /Richard Crowe --Brexit and Europe á géometrie variable : towards the beginning or the end of the differentiated integration within the EU legal order? /Alicja Sikora --Impact of Brexit on future enlargements of the European Union : a view from the Balkans /Julija Brsakoska Bazerkoska --The future of the EU beyond the war in Ukraine /Federico Fabbrini --Conclusions: Life is going to be different /Adam Cygan and Adam Łazowski.
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Labour laws and global trade. Por Bob HEPPLE. Understanding globalization, employment and poverty reduction. Obra dirigida por Eddy LEE y Marco VIVARELLI. Unemployment compensation throughout the world: A comparative analysis. Por Wayne VROMAN y Vera BRUSENTSEV.Libros recientes: The human tradition in American labor history. Obra dirigida por Eric ARNESEN. Reorganizing the Rust Belt: An inside study of the American labor movement. Por Steven Henry LOPEZ. A promise unfulfilled: Unions, immigration, and the farm workers Por Philip L. MARTIN. Reshaping the North American automobile industry: Restructuring, corporatism, and union democracy in Mexico. Por John P. TUMAN. Labor standards in the United States and Canada. Por Richard N. BLOCK, Karen ROBERTS y R. Oliver CLARKE. Human capital in the United States from 1975 to 2000: Patterns of growth and utilization. Por Robert H. HAVEMAN, Andrew BERSHADKER y Jonathan A. SCHWABISH. Euros and Europeans: Monetary integration and the European model of society. Obra dirigida por Andrew MARTIN y George ROSS. International Labour Organization. Suplemento núm. 22 de la section Intergovernmental organizations, de la International Encyclopaedia of Laws. Por Jean‐Michel SERVAIS. Non‐standard work in developed economies: Causes and consequences. Obra dirigida por Susan HOUSEMAN y Machiko OSAWA. Russian trade unions and industrial relations in transition. Por Sarah ASHWIN y Simon CLARKE.Nuevas publicaciones de la OIT: Empleos y rentas en un mundo globalizado. Por Ajit K. GHOSE. Madrid, Colección Informes OIT del Ministerio de Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales, 2004. 175 págs. Food at work: Workplace solutions for malnutrition, obesity and chronic diseases. Por Christopher WANJEK. The global evolution of industrial relations: Events, ideas and the HRA. Por Bruce E. KAUFAM. Glossary of labour law and industrial relations (with special reference to the European Union). Obra dirigida por Gianni ARRIGO y Giuseppe CASALE A handbook on HIV/AIDS for labour and factory inspectors. Human trafficking and forced labour exploitation: Guidance for legislation and law enforcement. Marco promocional para la seguridad y salud en el trabajo. Informe IV (1) a la 95.a reunión de la Conferencia Internacional del Trabajo (2006). El mundo del trabajo en la integración económica y la liberalización comercial. Una mirada desde los países americanos. Por Daniel MARTÍNEZ. Políticas para pequeñas empresas. Crear el entorno adecuado para un empleo digno. Por Gerhard REINECKE y Simon WHITE. Seguridad y salud en los puertos. Repertorio de recomendaciones prácticas de la OIT. Le trafic et 1'exploitation des immigrants chinois en France. Por Gao YUN y Véronique POISSON. Working and employment in new EU Member States: Convergence or diversity? Por Daniel VAUGHAN‐WHITEHEAD. Working time laws: A global perspective ‐ Findings from the ILO's Conditions of Work Database. Por Deirdre McCANN.
The present report provides an overview of the main debates and developments in relation to migration and asylum in Luxembourg in 2016. The issue of migration remained on the forefront of public and political debate, a debate axed on both planned legislative changes as well as the concrete migratory situation in Luxembourg. Four topics dominated public and policy discussions over the course of the year: the reform on Luxembourgish nationality, economic migration, the organisation of reception, as well as support and integration measures, linked to the continued inflow of applicants for international protection (AIPs) in 2016 and steps taken to adapt formal and informal education to the increasing heterogeneity of Luxembourg's population. The debate on international protection that arose in 2015 was carried onward in 2016, the focus shifting towards reception, support and integration measures. As the inflow of AIPs remained relatively high in 2016 with 2.043 applications, Luxembourg's Reception and Integration Agency (OLAI) warned throughout the year that the country's structures would soon reach the limits of their capacity. Linked to the high recognition rate, the legal challenges that local residents put to the plans for the construction of new reception facilities and the difficulty of beneficiaries of international protection (BIPs) in finding appropriate accommodation, the perceived dearth of housing was discussed broadly by the public, the media, as well as civil society and political actors. The continued inflow of AIPs also put a strain on the concerned administrations, both in terms of financial and human resources, leading to discussions regarding the duration of procedures and the variations of this duration. Moreover, the question of integration or support measures for beneficiaries and applicants stepped to the forefront: the changed profile of people arriving in Luxembourg posed new challenges to language learning and education for the newly arrived, and overall, emphasised the need to adapt existing and create new integration and support measures for beneficiaries and applicants. At the same time, the role of non-governmental organisations in supporting the government in the reception of applicants and in establishing new projects facilitating their integration also grew over the course of 2016, not least due to over 80 projects being granted funding by the Oeuvre Nationale de Secours Grande Duchesse Charlotte (henceforth Oeuvre). The Luxembourgish Centre for Integration and Social Cohesion (LISKO), part of the Red Cross and supported by convention to the Ministry for Family and Integration opened its doors in April 2016. The newly created centre will take care of the integration of BIPs into Luxembourg's society, putting its emphasis on facilitating access to housing. The planned extension of the maximum period of detention for families with children and unaccompanied minors (UAMs) from 72 hours to 7 days precipitated strong reactions from civil society and the public. Luxembourg furthermore followed through on its resettlement and relocation commitments made in 2015, with 167 persons being relocated from Greece and Italy to Luxembourg and with 52 being resettled in the context of the EU-Turkey agreement over the course of 2016. The adaptation of Luxembourg's legislation in the domain of legal migration also took shape over in 2016 and was broadly debated during the law-making process, while warranting less public attention. With the introduction of one bill, the legislator started the process of transposing Directive 2014/36/EU on seasonal workers and Directive 2014/66/EU on intra-corporate transfers into national law. The same bill furthermore introduced an authorisation of stay for investors, the aspect most commented on by civil society; a mechanism for continuation of activity; detailed the conditions under which a TCN (third country national) corporate officer (mandataire social) can apply for an authorisation of stay, extended the period of validity of the "European Blue Card" residence permit from two to four years, modified dispositions regarding the change of status of students and facilitated family reunification. These developments are to be framed within a wider context of economic diversification, encouragement of entrepreneurship and the repositioning of the financial centre. The reform of the Luxembourgish nationality, another major subject of discussion, was recognised as the best way to counteract Luxembourg's increasing democratic deficit after the electorate's refusal to extend legislative voting rights to foreign residents, decided in the referendum of 2015. This reform further proceeded over the course of 2016, reintroduced the perennial language debate in Luxembourg, a larger debate on the role and status of the Luxembourgish language as well as its relation to integration of migrants into Luxembourgish society. In order to increase foreign residents' participation in the upcoming municipal elections of October 2017, the government launched an awareness campaign encouraging foreign residents to register on the electoral roll, and provided support for organisations wishing to organise complementary actions. The Ministry of National Education and Youth made efforts to find responses to the growing heterogeneity of Luxembourg's population, aiming to diversify and broaden the post-primary school offer, to develop plurilingual education in nurseries and to develop non-formal education by reforming in-kind benefits, this with the aim of promoting integration and equal opportunity. The transposition of Directive 2013/55/EU on the recognition of professional qualifications was also completed in 2016. The law further amended several national provisions, recast the legislation in the field of recognition of diplomas, combined all applicable provisions in a single legislative text and simplified the procedure for recognition. The debate regarding the return of irregular migrants circled around a number of issues in 2016: the exclusion of Kosovar nationals from the AVRRL programme, the Schengen evaluation and the aforementioned resulting changes to provisions on detention, the debate on the enforcement of the EU-Afghanistan 'Joint way forward on migration issues' agreement, as well as the continuation of the elaboration of readmission agreements. Luxembourg's government took further steps in the fight against trafficking in human beings (THB) over the course of 2016. The Council of Government adopted the National Action Plan on trafficking in human beings, which focuses on the detection and protection of victims, the prosecution and punishment of perpetrators and a policy to combat trafficking. Luxembourg's strategy on prostitution was presented, consisting of a National Action Plan on prostitution and a bill strengthening the fight against the exploitation of prostitution, procuring and THB. Additionally, the Consultative Commission on Human Rights (Commission Consultative des Droits de l'Homme – C2DH) published its first report on THB, which reviewed the years 2014-2016. In reference to migration and development, Luxembourg continued putting emphasis on vocational training and integration programmes in its indicative cooperation programmes with partner countries. Additionally, the Council of Government approved the bill on the agreement between the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and the Republic of Cape Verde on the concerted management of migratory flows and solidarity-based development, facilitating the movement of persons and to encourage temporary circular professional migration between Luxembourg and Cape Verde.
The existence interrelationship between migration and criminality is one of the controversial issues, rising in the discussion of migration processes. The authors propose to consider immigration criminality as a mass social, legal, socially dangerous phenomenon, consisting of the totality of crimes, committed by migrants in various spheres of life of the region, ensure personal and public safety of its population, public order. The risks of migration criminality in the modern Russian metropolis, as well as their perception and evaluation of representatives of society are the basis of appearance of social tension and can increase the level of conflict between local people and newcomers. Certain causes and conditions specific criminal activities, laying on the social, economic factors of migration exert a criminogenic influence on migrants. At the risk of the migration criminality the authors in their study propose to distinguish the extent possible danger caused by migration processes, directly affecting the stability and well-being crime, living in a certain area of people.The article also presents the main results of author's sociological research of the risks of migration criminality, which are based on studies of subjective evaluations of residents of the Moscow megapolis and experts, representing 4 groups of experts: heads of departments of the Moscow government, representatives of public organizations, law enforcement agencies and the media. The risks of migration criminality have identified and described in the study. The performed analysis has allowed us to formulate the basic suggestions for minimizing the risks of migration criminality. These proposals require special attention and further scientific reflection with further improvement of the migration policy of Moscow. ; Существование взаимосвязи между миграцией и преступностью – одна из острых тем, поднимающихся при обсуждении миграционных процессов. Авторы предлагают рассматривать миграционную преступность как массовое социально-правовое, общественно опасное явление, состоящее из совокупности преступлений, совершаемых мигрантами в различных сферах жизнедеятельности региона, обеспечения личной и общественной безопасности его населения, общественного порядка. Присутствие рисков миграционной преступности в современном российском мегаполисе, а также их восприятие и оценка представителями общества лежат в основе появления социальной напряженности и могут повышать уровень конфликтности между местным населением и приезжими. Определенные причины и условия конкретной преступной деятельности, закладываясь на социальные, экономические факторы миграции, оказывают криминогенное влияние на мигрантов. Под риском миграционной преступности авторы предлагают различать меру возможной опасности, вызванной миграционными процессами, влияющими непосредственно на стабильность и криминогенное благополучие, проживающих на определенной территории людей.Также в статье представлены основные результаты авторского социологического исследования рисков миграционной преступности, которые базируются на изучении субъективных оценок жителей московского мегаполиса и экспертов, представляющих 4 группы экспертов: руководителей департаментов правительства Москвы, представителей общественных организаций, правоохранительных органов и средств массовой информации. В ходе исследования выявлены и описаны риски миграционной преступности. Проведенный анализ позволил сформулировать основные предложения по минимизации рисков миграционной преступности. Данные предложения требуют особого внимания и дальнейшей научной рефлексии при дальнейшем совершенствовании миграционной политики Москвы.
Social and cultural norms often assume men and boys to be inherently strong and/or invulnerable to sexual exploitation. As a result, sexual violence against men and boys is often ignored in programs and policy, with the efforts of organizations providing for the needs of male victims often left under-supported. Among the studies that have been conducted on males, most have primarily focused on sexual health, seeing males as agents of their own lives and careers, and largely ignored holistic needs and vulnerabilities. This study attempts to take a holistic approach to understanding the needs and vulnerabilities of young males working in the sex industry in Chiang Mai, Thailand, and provide a baseline of information in order for social service providers to better understand them and provide adequate services. Structured interviews focused on a number of key areas including: stigma and discrimination, financial security, sexual health and history, experiences of violence, substance abuse, and emotional well-being. Key vulnerabilities to sexual violence and exploitation include ethnic minority/immigration status, family dependence on income, alcohol and drug use, early entry into the sex industry, and complicit government and law enforcement officials towards trafficking and exploitation. The research uncovered significant numbers of trans-border migrants from Myanmar, as well as the high numbers of respondents migrating from tribal areas in northern Thailand. Within the working environments of participants of this study, the research finds a high dependency on tips as the sole source of income, seemingly increasing respondents' frequency of meeting buyers of sexual services. Violence and sexual abuse was found to be common among some groups, with one in four respondents reporting instances of being forced to have sex against his wishes, and the vast majority (72%) of those working within bar based establishments reporting the same. Two clear cases of child sex trafficking were identified, with an additional one in five of total respondents reporting entrance into the sex industry at ages below 18. This indicates a high prevalence of child sex trafficking in Chiang Mai among males within the sex industry. Substance abuse was found to be a significant issue among many respondents working within bars—particularly among those working as freelancers, or individuals not directly employed by an establishment. The findings of this study, combined with increasing evidence and global visibility, should lead to recognition from the Thai government, United Nations (UN) agencies, and donors that sexual exploitation of males does exist and needs attention. Additionally, we recommend the development of more assistance programs for young males and their families to secure alternative employment and aid in obtaining identification cards and citizenship, along with further research–particularly qualitative–on younger boys living off of the streets and engaging in survival sex.
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a stigmatised disease that exerts a considerable toll on morbidity and mortality internationally. In Australia, where the burden of disease is borne largely by immigrants, it is indissociable from immigration discourse(s), which suffuse public health policy and practice(s). Although significant attention has been afforded to mapping the incidence of disease amongst the 'overseas-born' and examining the antecedents to current approaches to TB control, little attention has been afforded to examining how and why TB is constructed as such. Inadequate consideration has been afforded to exploring how immigrants diagnosed with TB in New South Wales (NSW) negotiate the experience of living with the disease. This thesis seeks to address these lacunae, through adopting a theoretical framework informed by Discourse Theory. This enables us to grasp the ways in which political discourses, policy, legislation and subjects lived experience(s) intersect. It encompasses a mixed methods approach, including an analysis of print media constructions of TB, a genealogy of the border control regime, as well as in-depth interviews with immigrants diagnosed with TB (n=14) and healthcare professionals engaged in their care (n=5). The genealogy charts the evolution of the border control regime and concludes that whilst the importance afforded to border control as a panacea for maintaining low overall rates of TB continues unabated, actual instances of enforcement of migration law serve a mainly symbolic function that continues to foreground the 'non-citizen' body as a source of 'risk'. Print media discourses lend credence to the performativity of the law in this respect, maintaining a pre-occupation with the notion of TB as a disease carried by immigrant bodies. Whilst the association of TB with border control is writ large in the political imaginary, participants' experiences of TB are more divergent. Whilst many acknowledge the notion of imported disease, through reference to 'origin narratives', more general issues with their negotiation of the healthcare system as a population group lacking extensive social support networks are evident. Both initial diagnosis, which is often highly isolating and confronting and the imposition of TB treatment regimens that conflict with the demands of everyday life are identified as sources of concern. These findings highlight the need for a paradigm shift in TB care in NSW, acknowledging the many faces of TB treatment and the social support needs of immigrants. As such, tailoring programs for TB care involves more than a consideration of economic contexts and service delivery capabilities. Instead, it involves sensitising responses to the particular burden of disease, recognising that TB is differentially experienced. This entails more closely examining who is affected, how they are affected and what the optimal approaches to treatment support are in the NSW context.
Рассматриваются общесоциальные и специально-криминологические меры предупреждения организации незаконной миграции. Среди мер общесоциального характера особое внимание уделено проблемам осуществления дифференцированной иммиграционной политики, вырабатываемой на основе учета показателей социально-демографического развития регионов. Показана необходимость разработки нормативного акта, регламентирующего вопросы предупреждения и пресечения незаконной миграции. Представлен перечень основных мер специально-криминологического характера по предупреждению преступлений, предусмотренных ст. 322.1 УК РФ. ; It has been possible to achieve some noticeable results in the sphere of counteraction against illegal migration lately due to the combined efforts of legislative and executive bodies of power in the Russian Federation. The development of migration legislation in the sphere of maximum possible simplification of the process of acquiring by foreign citizens the legal status of staying on the territory of the Russian Federation, simplification of the mechanism of job placement has become one of the main guidelines in the activity aimed at counteraction against illegal migration. At the same time the migration policy in the Russian Federation needs some serious amendments. To maintain the present population the country should receive 700000 immigrants annually. This work should be done taking into account the peculiarities of social demographic development of different regions. It is necessary to meet and place immigrants but to avoid the establishment of new territorial ethnic formations in the Russian Federation. To regulate the labor force stream in Russia effectively, it is necessary to introduce immigration quotas on professional, medical, language, educational qualifications and take only those who can exert a real beneficial influence on the economy of the country. There is a necessity nowadays to work out a legal act, determining the tasks and directions of activity in the sphere of prevention and restraint of illegal migration. This document should contain the mechanisms of prevention and restraint of illegal migration; enumerate the reasons for performing such an activity, means and measures of preventive influence, of revelation and prevention of violation of the above mentioned category; determine the competence of subjects in the sphere of prevention and restraint of illegal migration and control their activity. In connection with the fact that the organization of illegal migration is acquiring a transnational character, connected with the manifestation of terrorism, extremism, separatism that threaten the foundations of the constitutional system and security of the Russian Federation, we propose to refer this crime to the group of serious crimes. This circumstance will enable the officers of operational divisions to organize and carry out the whole complex of operational search actions to prove by documents the criminal activity of groups specializing in illegal migration. The effectiveness of preventive influence on criminality depends in many aspects on mutual, coordinated actions of the subjects of prevention. Solution of tasks in the field of migration stipulates the necessity of constructing an integrated system of interaction of a number of law enforcement agencies in this direction of activity. The organization of such an interaction can be one of the decisive factors of increasing the effectiveness of state regulation of migration processes.
There has been enormous interest in developing automatic face recognition techniques. Be it for government use such as law enforcement, voter identification, surveillance and immigration, or for commercial use such as gaming industry, face tagging on internet, e-commerce, healthcare and banking, a large number of real world applications utilize face recognition. A variety of challenges are associated with a face recognition system. While modeling variations in facial expressions, age, pose and illumination is necessary in many applications, certain specific applications may also involve comparing face images taken over different media such as a facial sketch to a photo.Selecting visually salient, i.e., highly informative and discriminative features, is critical to every face recognition task. Often, such features are selected based on expert knowledge and/or learned from training data. The choice of these features is largely governed by the application. While there has been extensive work on saliency-based feature selection strategies for object/activity recognition in general, the role of saliency in the context of face recognition is relatively unexplored. The primary focus of this work is to investigate the role of saliency for face recognition. We discuss three face recognition applications illustrating the role of saliency in each of these problem domains. In the first, we propose a framework for identifying subjects (sitters) in ancient portraits belonging to the Renaissance era. Apart from the typical face recognition challenges, recognition in art works come with the additional challenges of having to deal with limited training data and the need to model variability in artistic renditions. In this direction, we propose a framework that is capable of learning salient characteristics of individual artists and subsequently perform identification based on statistical hypothesis testing.We next discuss a related face recognition application of comparing an artistic sketch with a photograph. Here, we propose an unsupervised face recognition scheme based on computing saliency maps constructed from region covariance matrices of low level visual features. We also discuss the utility of such features for face recognition in unconstrained environments (often referred to as `recognition in the wild') and subject to artificial distortions such as Gaussian blur and white noise. We conduct experiments on the Chinese University of Hong Kong Photo-Sketch database and the Quality Labeled Faces in the Wild (QLFW) to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed method. Taking cue from the scenario of face recognition in art works wherein we have limited authenticated portraits, we next investigate the general problem of face recognition from very limited training data. This problem is relevant to many forensic science applications. We show that by learning salient features characteristic of a style such as a facial expression, pose, etc., one can obtain better recognition accuracies between face image pairs than with the case where such style information is not used. In particular, we leverage upon statistical hypothesis testing frameworks which can learn and validate features specific to a style. We conduct experiments on the publicly available PubFig dataset wherein the annotated attributes such as smiling, frowning, etc. are used as style information. We show that as the number of training instances in a style class is reduced, the model performs better than state-of-the-art techniques.
