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In recent years, a number of governments and consumer groups in rich countries have tried to discourage the use of child labor in poor countries through measures such as product boycotts and the imposition of international labor standards. The purported objective of such measures is to reduce the incidence of child labor in developing countries and thereby improve children's welfare. In this paper, we examine the effects of such policies from a political-economy perspective. We show that these types of international action on child labor tend to lower domestic political support within developing countries for banning child labor. Hence, international labor standards and product boycotts may delay the ultimate eradication of child labor.

The rapid rise of global Islamic Jihadism in the past few decades and the limited success of the anti-terror campaign in halting their expansion have raised hard-hitting questions about how different political actors might preserve and restore the world's peace and security. International law, since the end of the Second World War, has often been the chief instrument to address global conundrums of this kind. Nevertheless, in relation to this particular phenomenon, this book argues that international law, at worst, has very little to do to solve the problem and, at best, cannot solve it alone. On the one hand, Jihadist groups often cite Islamic law interpretations and argumentations to justify their combat-related actions against states while rejecting traditional international law rules. On the other hand, some of these states never hesitate to drift from traditional international law rules to justify their so-called counterterrorism measures to halt these groups from expanding on their territories. In these wars, the internationally recognized laws of war that were originally created to protect those who don't or no longer participate in hostilities are equally and constantly being challenged by the two sides to justify their combat actions. Thus, the ambition of this book is that, by examining the notion of Islamic Jihadism through a comparative and interdisciplinary approach between international law and Islamic law, international lawyers and policymakers will become more willing to engage with legal cultures other than the ones that they are used to, in order to ultimately reach their pursued objectives.

The article presents an empirical account of how the role, position, & perception of the intergovernmental food standardization body, Codex Alimentarius Commission, has changed after being referred to by the World Trade Organization (WTO) as the "central reference point for the elaboration of international food standards." Both the Sanitary & Phytosanitary Measures Agreement & the Technical Barriers to Trade Agreement include provisions that encourage WTO members to base their national regulations on international standards. The article focuses on key issues in the Codex that may have a significant impact on international food trade. The overall conclusion is that the WTO has contributed to constraining the activity & shaping the expectations of Codex members. Governments participating in Codex activities have changed their behavior after 1995 due to increased uncertainty with respect to how decisions in Codex may be binding for them under the WTO Agreements. 2 Tables, 1 Figure, 77 References. Adapted from the source document.

Emily Crawford is an Associate Professor at the University of Sydney Law School, where she teaches and researches in international law, international humanitarian law and international criminal law. She has published widely in the field of international humanitarian law, including three monographs (The Treatment of Combatants and Insurgents under the Law of Armed Conflict (Oxford University Press, 2010), Identifying the Enemy: Civilian Participation in Hostilities (Oxford University Press, 2015) and Non-Binding Norms in International Humanitarian Law (Oxford University Press, 2021)), and a textbook (International Humanitarian Law (with Alison Pert, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, 2020)). She is an associate of the Sydney Centre for International Law, and a co-editor of the Journal of International Humanitarian Studies.

Introduction -- Theories, methodologies and hypotheses -- Technical Part -- Gathering Input: Interviews with central actors of the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme and the Californian Cap and Trade Program -- Fuzzy Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) -- Linking possibilities in practice: The case of the EU Emissions Trading Scheme and the California Cap and Trade Program -- Two schemes, two designs: Opposing policy targets? -- Conclusion.

THE AUTHOR EXAMINES BULL AND VINCENT'S THINKING ON THE LEGITIMACY OF HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION IN INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY. HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION POSES THE CONFLICT BETWEEN ORDER AND JUSTICE IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN ITS STARKEST FORM. THROUGH CASE STUDIES OF THE RESPONSES OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY TO HUMAN SUFFERING IN NORTHERN IRAQ AND THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA, THE AUTHOR CONCLUDES THAT BULL AND VINCENT'S WRITINGS ON HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION CONTINUE TO PROVIDE VALUABLE INSIGHTS INTO THE CONFLICT BETWEEN ORDER AND JUSTICE IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS.