Suchergebnisse

on the occasion of the centenary of the law governing them, the associations have been the subject of numerous analyses in France. CA Report reported on a three-year survey of volunteers from Restaurants du Cœur in Paris, as well as the results of a questionnaire sent to the activists of Amnesty International. It compares the ways in which these two major associations are involved, both in terms of the characteristics of their members and in terms of how they operate, in order to see whether a category which could be described as altruism can be reconstituted in the reasons for them. The analysis shows that while volunteering in Restos du Cœur and activism in Amnesty belong to radically different ways of engagement, the representations of the other and the generosity on which they are based combine in the same way pecarism and universalism. ; À l'occasion du centenaire de la loi qui les régit, les associations ont fait l'objet en France de nombreuses analyses. Ca Cahier rend compte d'une enquête menée pendant trois ans auprès de bénévoles des Restaurants du Cœur à Paris, ainsi que des résultats d'un questionnaire envoyé aux militants d'Amnesty international. Il compare les modes d'engagement dans ces deux grandes associations, tant sur le plan des caractéristiques propres à leurs membres que sur leurs modalités d'action, afin de voir si l'on peut reconstituer, dans les motifs qui les animent, une catégorie que l'on pourrait qualifier d'altruiste. L'analyse montre que si le bénévolat aux Restos du Cœur et le militantisme à Amnesty ressortissent à des modalités d'engagement radicalement différentes, les représentations de l'autre et de la générosité sur lesquelles ils se fondent combinent de la même façon particularisme et universalisme.

AbstractThere is consensus among scholars that social networks are important mechanisms of knowledge spillovers. By occupying a central and advantageous network position in the collaboration network, it is easy for actors to access intangible external resources. However, empirical studies of the impact of network structure on knowledge production remain scarce. Based on copublication data from the Web of Science database (WoS) from 2000 to 2015, we construct eleven international scientific collaboration networks and empirically estimate the impacts of multiple network properties, comprehensively measured by degree centrality, structure holes, and small‐world quotient, on national knowledge output. Empirical results based on fixed effect negative binomial models suggest positive effects of the three facets of network properties, that is, higher degree centrality, structural holes, and small‐world quotient are beneficial for facilitating and improving national knowledge production, which in turn encourages international academic collaboration.

The study of religion is severely handicapped by a lack of adequate cross-national data. Despite the prominence of religion in international events and recent theoretical models pointing to the consequences of regulating religion, cross-national research on religion has been lacking. We strive to fill this void by developing measurement models and indexes for government regulation, government favoritism, and social regulation of religion. The indexes rely on data from an extensive coding of the 2003 International Religious Freedom Report for 196 countries and territories. Using a series of tests to evaluate the new data and indexes, we find that the measures developed are highly reliable and valid. The three indexes will allow researchers and others to measure the government's subsidy and regulation of religion as well as the restrictions placed on religion by social and cultural forces beyond the state.

El presente artículo tiene por objeto analizar las reglas que determinan la ley aplicable a contratos internacionales. Para ello, el autor revisa las normas de Derecho Internacional Privado consagradas en los Códigos Civil y de Comercio colombianos en comparación con las reglas de conflicto contenidas en instrumentos internacionales modernos como el caso del Reglamento (CE) 593/2008 del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 17 de junio de 2008, sobre la ley aplicable a las obligaciones contractuales (Roma I) y la Convención Interamericana sobre Derecho Aplicable a los Contratos Internacionales, además de otros que conforman el Derecho Uniforme del Comercio Internacional, como la Convención de Naciones Unidas sobre los contratos de Compraventa Internacional de Mercaderías. A partir de dicha comparación propone criterios de interpretación que permitan superar la rigidez y vacíos de las reglas colombianas de manera que estas puedan satisfacer de mejor forma las necesidades de los operadores del comercio internacional. ; The purpose of this paper is to analyse the rules that state the law to be applied to international contracts. The author reviews Conflict of Laws established in the Colombian Civil Code and the Colombian Commerce Code, drawing comparisons with conflict rules that have been established in modern international instruments. Such instruments include Regulation (EC) 593/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17th June 2008 on the law applicable to contractual obligations (Rome I), and the Inter American Convention on the Law Applicable to International Contracts, as well as others that make up the Uniform Law of International Trade such as the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. Through analysis of the aforementioned comparisons, interpretive guides are suggested that go beyond the inflexibility and gaps in Colombian legislation. It is presented in a way that seeks to aide, in the most helpful way possible, the needs of those involved in international trade.

Studierende, die entweder einen Teil oder das gesamte Studium an einer ausländischen Universität absolvieren, stellen insbesondere im Kontext der Internationalisierung der Hochschulen, aber auch hinsichtlich der Erforschung von Interkulturalität generell, interessante Forschungssubjekte dar. Doch obwohl diese Gruppe der Studierenden einen relativ einfachen Feldzugang ermöglicht, gibt es -wie wir, Helena Drawert und Vasco da Silva, in diesem Artikel zeigen werden- nur recht wenige qualitative Studien zur äußeren und inneren Gestalt von studentischen Auslandsaufenthalten. Anhand der Themenschwerpunkte unserer derzeit laufenden Dissertationsprojekte soll im Folgenden dargelegt werden, wie die interkulturelle, qualitative Forschung das Potential dieser Zielgruppe nutzen kann, um unterschiedliche Phänomene zu untersuchen und diverse Frage- und Problemstellungen zu erörtern.

This essay addresses the relationship linking Canada's Indian Residential School saga with the Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the United Nations' Genocide Convention. It sets the Canadian experience in a broader context, investigating the treatment of marginalized peoples in national and international environments dominated by the unwritten conventions of victors' justice. From the era of the Nuremberg and Tokyo tribunals, the full weight of international law falls disproportionately on the losing side of major conflicts. Those who commit crimes against humanity on the side of triumphant power are usually put behind shields of impunity, and this propensity sets the framework for the contained domestic handling of the international crime of genocide in Canada. This justiciable genocide took place historically through the forced removal of Aboriginal children from their biological families with clear intent to terminate First Nations as distinct peoples. The Indian Residential Schools were one part of a larger complex of enforced laws and policies including the effort to enfranchise schooled Indian adults as regular Canadian citizens bereft of Aboriginal and treaty rights.

AbstractSubnational entities in federal states typically retain a degree of sovereignty and enjoy leeway in implementation, raising questions such as whether—and how—international law is actually implemented at the subnational level. This article sheds light on these questions, using two contrasted case studies in Switzerland: The Istanbul Convention on domestic violence and the European Union (EU) Directive 2016/680 on data protection. Based on a document analysis of the law‐making process and 44 semi‐structured interviews with national and subnational political actors, we observe how international obligations are legally implemented, that is, transposed into legislation at the subnational level. Our results show that: (1) Subnational civil servants play a decisive role, while members of parliament are marginal. (2) Civil servants may constitute Vertical Epistemic Communities (VECs), which are able to "technicize" the issue to ensure swift implementation through administrative venues. (3) VECs are particularly influential as they use intercantonal conferences as institutional platforms to shape implementation processes. Otherwise, implementation becomes politicized, and its success strongly depends on subnational politics.

The flow of foreign fighters leaving for Iraq and the Syrian Arab Republic has slowed, but they often still pose a serious threat, either by encouraging others toward violence or by directly assisting themselves in a terrorist attack after their return. This article studies the effect of a country's active involvement in a conflict zone on the flow of foreign fighters. Specifically, we test whether a nation's participation in the international coalition against Daesh influences its number of foreign fighters. Despite the small sample size resulting from limited official data on foreign fighters, we report several interesting insights for cautious interpretation and only regarding the countries included. Findings from a negative binomial model suggest that a country's active international role against Daesh also increases the foreign fighters coming from that country. Hence, it is important to keep in mind that the cost of a military intervention can be higher than the cost of the operation itself. Policymakers should also account for the cost of the increased number of foreign fighters and the resulting threat.

n June 2009 a conference was held at Middlesex University to mark the fact that whistleblowing legislation had been in force in the UK for a decade. This event included a public lecture and attracted delegates from a range of backgrounds, including academics, legal and management practitioners, trade unionists, whistleblowers and students. At the end of the conference the decision to establish an International Whistleblowing Research Network (IWRN) was taken. People can join this network simply by consenting to their email address being put on a list and used for distribution purposes. At the time of writing, October 2017, there are over 200 members of the network. The current convener of the network is David Lewis who can be contacted via d.b.lewis@mdx.ac.uk. Following the IWRN conferences in 2011, 2013 and 2015 two Ebooks 'Whistleblowing and Democratic Values' and 'Developments in whistleblowing research 2015' and a special issue of the E-Journal of International and Comparative Labour Studies were produced. Thus this Ebook, which uses material presented at the June 2017 IWRN conference held in Oslo, maintains the network's tradition of disseminating papers relevant to research in the field.

International Baccalaureate Diploma Program is an academically challenging self-funded high school program which is recognized by the world's leading universities. It was introduced in one of the regions of Russia (Permskii krai) by the local government with the aim to ensure access to high quality education and to improve regional educational system overall. High school students get international IB diploma while this process is largely financed by the regional government. The aim of this paper is to examine how effective this scheme is and to give recommendations for its improvement.In order to answer the research question different major stakeholder groups were surveyed: students, school-leavers, and teachers. Official documents, underlying the implementation of this program, were analyzed. Analysis of the findings was made with the help of institutional approach.The results of this paper represent benefits and shortcomings for each stakeholder group of the project. The recommendations given in the paper deal with the increase of efficiency of this scheme: additional incentives should be created and introduced to increase benefits for the regional part of the contract. DOI:10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n11p527

▪ Abstract  In this essay, we survey the literature on international criminal tribunals and transitional justice. We argue that the literature has been dominated by two general orientations, a legalism that is premised on a logic of appropriateness and a pragmatism premised on a logic of consequences. We also consider a third orientation, guided by a logic of emotions, that recognizes the significance of transitional justice but emphasizes strategies that diverge from the model of legalism. Our primary concern is with scholarship in political science, although we also consider work from the disciplines of law, history, and sociology and from practitioners and advocates. The normative positions of scholars have heavily influenced the development of literature in this field, in which scholarship, practice, and advocacy are deeply intertwined. Advocates and individuals who have played key roles in the development of international criminal justice institutions, domestic tribunals, and truth commissions have been prominent in setting the agenda for scholars. Nonetheless, there is also a growing body of rigorous social science research that attempts to assess empirically—and sometimes critically—the claims of advocates and practitioners and to explain changing strategies of justice.