Suchergebnisse

In line with its mission to enhance networking and communication by extending ties with international organizations working on gender issues, Al-Raida will be reprinting policy and issue briefs prepared by the International Labour Organization in its upcoming issues. The purpose of this joint venture is to promote research on the condition of women in the Arab world, especially with respect to social change and development, and to reach out to women and empower them through consciousness-raising. This brief below is reprinted with permission from the International Labour Organization Regional Office for Arab States published by ILO, 2008.In line with its mission to enhance networking and communication by extending ties with internationalorganizations working on gender issues, Al-Raida will be reprinting policy and issue briefs preparedby the International Labour Organization in its upcoming issues. The purpose of this joint venture is topromote research on the condition of women in the Arab world, especially with respect to social change anddevelopment, and to reach out to women and empower them through consciousness-raising. This brief belowis reprinted with permission from the International Labour Organization Regional Office for Arab Statespublished by ILO, 2008.

States signal their intentions to domestic and foreign audiences but are not always believed. Why do people believe some state signals but not others? Using a survey experiment on a representative sample of the US public, this study finds that individuals have a negativity bias when assessing the credibility of state signals. They take other states' aggressive actions as evidence of deep hostility but are skeptical of the credibility of conciliatory gestures. The experimental result shows that the mobilization of a small proportion of an army is perceived credible enough as an aggressive action, while the removal of even a large proportion is not perceived as conciliatory. The psychological mechanism found here is a strong foundation for theorizing about how individuals process information embedded in state signals and can improve our understanding of signaling.

A relation between contacts with a foreign country & responsiveness to its needs has often been hyp'ed but seldom established, & never among pol'al decision-makers. Data were gathered on all members of the US Senate in 2 sessions (1890-& 1954), & on a sample of approximately 130 members of the House of Commons in each of 3 sessions (1890, 1938, & 1954). `Contacts' included association with a firm doing a signif amount of commerce with the other country, & personal contacts such as travel, birth or educ, in the other country, marriage, & membership in the English-Speaking Union. The principal source of such information was biographies like Who's Who. Senators from states deriving much of their income from exporting goods to GB were also included. Votes in the Senate affecting GB, on both econ & non-econ matters, were arranged in Guttman scales (coefficient of reproducibility .95). MP's statements, both in Commons & privately reported, on issues affecting the US~were analyzed. The findings included: (1) Legislators with econ or personal contacts with the other country are more likely to be responsive to the needs of that country than legislators lacking those ties. (2) This holds even when party affiliation is controlled, though party is itself an important variable. Democrats are more responsive to GB than Republicans, Conservatives more responsive to the US than Labourites. (The significance level of the association on this & the preceding point varied in cliff samples, but was usually at least .01, using Chi-square.) (3) Legislators with a number of contacts with the other country are not more likely to be responsive than legislators with only one contact. (4) There was some inconclusive evidence that econ ties had more effect than non-econ ones, even on issues not directly connected with commerce. (5) There was a r (.86 for Republican Senators in 1890, using Kendall's Tau) between the importance of trade with GB to a Senator's state, & that Senator's responsiveness to GB. (6) The influence of econ ties has diminished as Anglo-Amer trade has declined since 1890. Further analysis is presented in B. Russett, COMMUNITY AND CONTENTION: BRITAIN AND AMERICA IN THE TWEN- TIETH CENTURY, Cambridge, Mass, 1963. AA.

My paper is about a project that will examine Switzerland's participation, during five decades, in the institutional and intellectual emancipation of the map-based sciences. I intend to provide a thematic and dispassionate account of the achievements of Swiss cartography and cartographers, and document the crucial initiatives a Swiss academic took to develop cartography worldwide. In the course of my analysis of Professor Eduard Imhof's interactions with his foreign colleagues, I will add cultural as well as technical perspectives to the interpretation of contemporary progress in the mapping sciences. For the Swiss school of cartography, the Imhof era (1920-1970) was more formative than the bet-ter-studied Dufour and Siegfried Maps period (1845-1926). Despite the contentious political environment of his time, E. Imhof (1895-1986) used his personal charisma to systematically encourage cooperation worldwide. Through the seminars he led and the International Cartographic Association he created and chaired, E. Imhof federated the cartographers from across the world. I will explain how by 1970, on the eve of the digital revolution, he had forged a common professional identity and improved modes and venues to communicate across the discipline. Eduard Imhof will thus allow us to touch on two important themes in science and society: the geography of knowledge and the adoption of new theories, standards and methods by the international scientific community.

Diskussion der Frage, inwiefern die Steuergesetzgebung der Golfstaaten und Saudi-Arabiens auf die Bankaktivitäten der internationalen Banken (Onshore- und Offshore-Aktivitäten) angewandt werden kann; gegenwärtige Besteuerungspraxis; im Anhang Abdruck des Arab Tax Treaty und Auszüge des Steuergesetzes aus Saudi-Arabien, Kuwait, Qatar, Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah. (DÜI-Faa)

In the world economic space there is a complex transition from industrial technological system to postindustrial, in which the high tech, informatization and knowledge economy takes on the dominating role of the driving forces of development. Naturally, for such a turn of events, economic science was not well prepared, and today there is a certain gap between the practice of accelerated changes and the scientific provision of these processes. First of all, it concerns the development of a strategy and mechanisms for the development of the country's economy and identifying opportunities for realizing its innovative potential by doing innovative management. The researchers consider innovative management in their work in a number of aspects: science and art of innovative management (I. Dichkivska, P. Zavlin); kind of administrative activity in making decisions on innovations (I. Balabanov, M. Yon, V. Stadnik,); management of innovations (N. Kruglov, A. Porshnev); a system of rules of principles, norms, values orientations that regulate various spheres of innovation activity (V. Vasilenko, L. Oholova). In innovative management, the methods of socio-psychological series, heuristic and collegial (I. Ansoff, B. Gates, L. Karuushkha, A. Morita) prevail. There is a change in the general functions, structure and objectives of management (L. Danilenko, L. Oholova), there are special means and forms of organization of innovation activity (V. Vasilenko, L. Vashchenko).The study of literary sources and their generalization shows the importance of this issue, and requires a more in-depth study and analysis of international experience in implementing innovative measures. The research objective. The main purpose of this study is to analyze measures to stimulate innovation development in the countries of the world, assessment of their effectiveness, as well as consideration of the directions on the basis of their activation of innovation activity in Ukraine. The article reveals the essence of the concept of "innovative management", analyzes the international experience in implementing and stimulating the innovation process. Thus, to summarize, it can be concluded that the experience of leading countries in stimulating innovation usually involves quite similar measures, namely: subsidies, tax cuts or, in some cases, tax holidays, payment of a share of R & D expenditure. The following organizations are created: informational, technical, financial support for business engaged in innovation activities. Stimulates the development of innovations at the level of universities and other scientific institutions. Keywords: innovative management; innovative activity; innovative measures; R&D; innovation.