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AbstractSister city relationships (SCRs) are a platform through which local governments (LGs) engage internationally. Increasingly, there is an expectation that such international engagement delivers economic opportunities and returns. Many LGs are therefore pursuing local economic development (LED) through their SCRs. Drawing on a national survey of Australian LGs (stage 1) and interviews with key council staff and stakeholders in five LG areas maintaining Australia–China SCRs (stage 2), this paper contributes to growing literature on LED by examining how LGs have developed their own capacities and supported local small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) to engage internationally. Our findings reveal insights into how Australian LGs have achieved international engagement through two strategies that leverage their SCRs, namely building government's capabilities and developing SMEs' capabilities. This paper contributes new insights into the evolving role of LGs in LED, including both current experimentation, challenges, and future opportunities.Points for practitioners
A growing number of Australian local governments pursue LED through their Chinese sister city relationships.
Supporting the internationalisation of SMEs is an emerging component of local government pursuit of LED.
International engagement of local governments has necessitated enhanced capacities in human, external, and financial resources.
Findings highlight the unique and often overlooked role of local‐to‐local diplomatic and economic relations.

The number of authors in papers has increased over the years, indicating collaborative trends in Science and Technology. Besides, scientific collaboration is structured at different spatial scales, for example, within or between institutions in the same country or among countries. Here, we evaluate the scientific collaboration patterns at national and international levels in the Cerrado research. We searched all papers about the Cerrado published between 1945 and 2017 in the Web of Science database. We performed network analyses using pairwise distance matrices to create national and international collaboration networks. We also used spatial correlograms to test the effect of geographic distance on scientific collaboration. The number of papers increased over the years (rs = 0.96), where papers with 3-5 authors had the highest growth rate (rs = 0.96). Moreover, authors from geographically closer institutions tend to collaborate more at the national level, while we found no geographic effect on international collaboration. These results show that Brazilian scientists studying the Cerrado have collaborated more over the years regardless of distance, although locally, scientists are still more likely to work with scientists of close institutions within the biome. This collaboration tendency may be associated with the need in science to deal with more complex and multidisciplinary issues, where collaborative studies promote a greater scientific and social impact.

OBJECTIVE--To determine the perceived value of attendance at an International AIDS Conference and attitudes towards the effect of patient attendance on the conference. DESIGN--A confidential, self-administered questionnaire. PARTICIPANTS--102 physicians from the United Kingdom who attended the VIII International AIDS Conference in Amsterdam. RESULTS--There was an 84% response rate. 50% reported increased motivation for clinical work and 57% for research. Physicians with a lower HIV positive patient workload found the conference more valuable for finding out the latest information on HIV, compared with those with a higher workload (p = 0.04). Those with a higher patient workload found the conference more useful for increasing motivation for research than those with a lower HIV workload (p = 0.047). Conference attendance was felt to reduce burnout by 48% of respondents. The majority (55%) would prefer a more traditional meeting. Patient attendance was seen as improving the standard of discussion of ethical and political issues but not on medical or scientific issues. CONCLUSIONS--The International AIDS Conferences are perceived as useful by those UK physicians who attend, but most would prefer a more "traditional" scientific meeting. Whilst patient participation was not seen as useful for medical or scientific discussions, it was felt to improve discussion of ethical and political issues. A smaller more focused conference may be equally useful to UK physicians.

International Law Situated is the first study in the series of International Law Monographs by the Erik Castrén Institute of International Law and Human Rights . It is an analysis of both theoretical ambition and practical relevance examining the existential and professional situation of the international lawyer from a range of different perspectives. How do international lawyers think about cultural difference and similarity? What is the role of historical facts in international law and practice? How do lawyers construe notions such as `community' or `humanity'; what role is played therein by normative ideas about similarity and difference; or of the good life? What kinds of ethical considerations are implicit in international law and how should practitioners think about them? This book provides a general framework for responding to these questions and shows their impact and relevance through doctrinal and case contexts. It argues for an emphasis on the individual jurist and her situation as an adviser, an advocate, an analyst, and a decision-maker

Introduction -- The Tragedy of United States-China Relations – Conflict of Necessity or Conflict of Choice? (Liang) -- U.S. Bilateralism under Trump, Power Shift in East Asia, and Implications for Regional Security and Prosperity: A Theoretical Analysis of Japan's Strategic Adjustment (Akaha) -- Changing Power Dynamics in Asia: Implications for the U.S.-ROK Alliance (Paradise) -- Australia-U.S. Alliance since the Pivot: Consolidation and Hedging in Response to China's Rise (Yuan) -- The Russia–U.S.–China Strategic Triangle in the Asia-Pacific (Lukin) -- United States-India Relations during the Trump Era (Joshi) -- Trump's America in the Indo-Pacific: Southeast Asians Coping with Harsh Realities and Trying to Come Out Ahead (Weber) -- Conclusion.

In general, the worldwide legislations recognize the right of residence for any person subject to certain requirements. The fact that a person is resident in a certain state leads to certain legal consequences. The most significant consequence of having a domicile in a certain state is determining whether the courts of that state are competent. Bearing in mind that an action may arise against a foreign person, this study addressing the following issues: the concept of domicile, place of residence and the difference between both concepts. It also deals with the question of what form of domicile (i.e. General, particular, or Domicile of choice) is sufficient in determining the jurisdiction of Jordanian courts over the action brought against a foreign person. This study also examines whether a domicile is sufficient as a sole legal factor of determining the jurisdiction of Jordanian courts, particularly, in the case that the defendant is a Jordanian citizen who has a domicile or a place of residence abroad? This study is an attempt to addressing the above mentioned questions through clarifying the legal rules governing "international domicile" as a legal factor of determining the jurisdiction of national courts. This study concluded that in contrast to the Egyptian and French law, the Jordanian law does not cover all legal rules related to international domicile as a legal basis of determining the jurisdiction of the Jordanian courts such as: the jurisdiction of Jordanian courts over a dispute related to real estate in a foreign country, the jurisdiction of Jordanian courts over a dispute brought against a Jordanian citizen who has no domicile or place of residence in the Jordanian territory. The authors of this study propose certain essential suggestions to cover important points related to domicile as a factor determining the jurisdiction of Jordanian courts.

In this article, we apply theories of non-citizenship assemblage to conceptualise the dynamic relationship of social determinants of health for international students in Canada who face barriers to accessing COVID-19 vaccines and verifying their vaccination status. Social workers' roles in responding to and reducing these inequities are also discussed with attention to micro practice, meso service integration, and macro public policy advocacy. Through theorising assembled inequities emerging from Canada's COVID-19 vaccination policies, this article offers guidance for future social work research and practice towards promoting justice and equity for transnational populations who are often excluded from domestic social welfare programmes.

Human use of marine resources is changing, as is the marine environment itself, and our understanding of marine ecosystems and biodiversity is developing. This open access book explores the challenges this raises for legal regimes pertaining to the oceans and their domestic implementation. It engages with developments in areas such as bioprospecting, fisheries, deep-sea mining and shipping. Several case studies discuss genetic resources and the implications of the new UN Agreement on marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction. A team of experts suggest new approaches to questions of interpretation, established management principles, and institutional relationships. Not limiting their scope to the international law of the sea, they also examine international environmental law, intellectual property rights, and domestic law. The book broadens the scholarly debate and provides a timely reflection on the dramatic policy developments currently happening in the field of marine resource governance. It will be welcomed by lawyers, NGOs and policymakers. The ebook editions of this book are available open access under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licence on bloomsburycollections.com. Open access was funded by the University of Gothenburg, Department of Law.

The aim of this paper is to assess the changes in the foreign policy of Bolivia and Ecuador during the administrations of Evo Morales (2006-2019) and Rafael Correa (2007-2017), taking into account the interaction between domestic and international factors in both countries. Our working hypothesis argues that the reorientation of the foreign policy of these countries was possible due to a connection between alterations observed in the domestic and international spheres starting in the middle of the 2000s. In the internal sphere, the greater political stability resulting from the restructuring of the party system; in the foreign policy environment, an international system more open to the progressive field, allowing a change in the orientation of Bolivian and Ecuadorian foreign policy, based on that moment on the diversification of partnerships with an anti-United States bias.