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The school education sector in Pakistan has been in a deep crisis ever since Pakistan's independence more than 60 years ago. Pakistan currently ranks among the bottom 18 countries worldwide in terms of educational performance and is characterized by tremendous gender, regional, class-specific and rural urban disparities in education levels. Government sector schools, which account for about two thirds of enrolment, are criticized for their weak performance and poor quality of education. The high aims put forward in successive official education policy papers have remained mere lip service due to a pervasive lack of political will to bring about real development in the education sector. The deficient government sector has long since been bypassed by the civil and military elites, who support a separate sector of elitist English-medium schools that offer top-quality education for high tuition fees. Since the mid-1990s, a new type of non-elitist private sector education institution has mushroomed throughout the country in response to the growing demand of the middle class – and even of the poor – for affordable quality education, which the government sector has proved unable to provide. The rapidity of expansion and the changed characteristics of the new non-elitist private sector schools have fuelled an ongoing controversial debate in Pakistan that is reassessing the private sector's role in the country's education system and its potential contribution to overcoming the educational crisis.

DATA ARE PRESENTED FROM A SURVEY OF GRADUATE COURSES AND GRADUATE TRAINING PROGRAMS IN POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA. COURSES LABELED "POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY" ARE OF RELATIVELY RECENT VINTAGE AND ARE OFFERED MOST OFTEN IN POLITICAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENTS. THEY GENERALLY DO NOT COVER THE ENTIRE FIELD, BUT FOCUS ON ONE OF THREE MAJOR AREAS: MASS POLITICAL BEHAVIOR, PERSONALITY AND POLITICS, OR THE PSYCHOLOGY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS. MOST MAJOR POLITICAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENTS NOW OFFER COURSES IN POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY, THOUGH A CRITICAL MASS OF FACULTY EXISTS IN ONLY ABOUT 14 UNIVERSITIES. SEVEN FORMALIZED DOCTORAL TRAINING PROGRAMS EXIST WITH MULTIPLE COURSES AND FACULTY, MOST QUITE RECENT IN ORIGIN AND MOST ARE DISTINCTLY INTERDISCIPLINARY. DOCTORAL STUDIES IN POLITICAL SCIENCE OR PSYCHOLOGY CAN SPECIALIZE IN POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY, BUT NO FREE-STANDING INTERDISCIPLINARY DEGREE PROGRAMS CURRENTLY EXIST.

A "list" of what five social scientists consider breakthrough books about education.

This study examined forms of violence in Zimbabwean schools and sought to draw an analogy with the country's macro-politics. Key interrelationships emerged which painted an endemic culture of violence. Over three hundred (300) students and eighty, (80) teachers submitted 2 - 3 page-written accounts on their schools' micro-politics. Thirty, (30) trainee teachers and seven (7) lecturers also completed a qualitative questionnaire. Cartoons were also used to capture the experience of citizens in the macro-politics. The degrading and violent disciplinary networks applied by teachers on students in violation of statutory disciplinary regulations were noted. It was also established that knowledge discourses and new trainee teachers have been politicised into partisanship and intolerance, a situation that may serve to perpetuate a violent culture and compromise teacher professionalism. This article therefore discussed participants' accounts and concluded by posing key points and recommendations which were seen as critical, if Zimbabwe is to untangle from the gripping forces of violence.

This paper examines the individual effects of primary, secondary and higher education on income distribution, using different measures of investment rates in education: enrollment rates, public expenditures and public expenditures per student, in each education stage. The panel data method is utilized in estimating the effects of different stages and measures of investment rates in education on income inequality across countries and among sample splits for developed and less developed countries since 1960. The results reveal that expenditures per student in primary education highly significantly improve income distribution especially globally and for less developed countries. Moreover, secondary education, for enrollment rates, and public expenditures particularly among already developed countries, has statistically significant equalizing effects. These results imply that education policy would improve income distribution by ensuring that expenditures per student in primary school are kept up with increases in student cohorts, and by promoting enrollment in secondary education.

The objective of this study was to determine the level of awareness, knowledge of benefits and use of ginger among the students of the Nigerian Army School of Education (NASE), Sobi-Ilorin Kwara State. The descriptive survey design was used to elucidate the awareness, knowledge of benefits and practice of ginger use. The population was all 350 students of NASE, Ilorin. They were purposively selected, from which 337 validly participated. The instrument for data collection was a validated researcher structured questionnaire. Test retest reliability was conducted and PPMC coefficient (r = 0.72) was obtained. Frequency and percentage were used for demographic data while t-test was used for testing the hypotheses at 0.05 alpha level. The result revealed that NASE, Ilorin students were highly aware of ginger, 312 (92.6%). There was significant difference between soldiers and officers in; awareness n = 337, t (335) = 4.94, p = 0.001, 2 = .007; health benefits n = 337, t (335) = 2.92, p = 0.004, 2 = .002 and performance purposes n = 337, t (335) = 2.48, p = 0.001, 2 = .002. It was concluded that majority of NASE students are aware of ginger, which they mainly consumed as drinks. Further study is necessary to ascertain the size of benefits and the best way ginger use would enhance the health and job performance of military personnel.

Ausgehend von einem Überblick über die Organisationsstruktur des Institutionensystem der politischen Bildung in Ungarn (Regierungs-/Staatsebene, politische Ebene: Partei (USAP) und Massenorganisationen, alternative Organisationsformen auf der Ebene der Gesellschaft) analysiert der Beitrag zunächst die Erscheinungsformen bzw. Charakteristika und die Ursachen der Disfunktion und Krise des Systems der institutionalisierten politischen Bildung in Ungarn. Sodann werden die alternativen Organisationsformen skizziert und abschließend charakterisiert (Dissidenten- und inoffizielle gesellschaftliche Bewegungen, Studentenbewegung Reformexperimente im Bereich der schulischen Selbstverwaltung, informelle Gruppen und Subkultur, politische Sozialisation im Vorschulalter). (BIOst-Klk)

Education is a pillar of buen vivir, the guiding ideal of Ecuador's 2008 Constitution. In this framework, Ecuador made significant shifts in its education system from 2006 to 2016, the decade of the Citizens' Revolution. The key buen vivir concepts and processes that framed these shifts were considering education as a right, as a social debt, and as a driver of a more just, knowledge-intensive and clean economy. Resource allocation, general access, learning, and inclusion of structurally marginalized groups showed significant improvement in this decade, along with other key political, economic and social changes, thus making significant advances in the emancipation of society toward buen vivir, and marking elements of how and why advancing this transformation is important. La educación como derecho es un pilar del buen vivir, el ideal rector de la Constitución de Ecuador de 2008. En este marco, Ecuador realizó cambios significativos en su sistema educativo de 2006 a 2016. Los conceptos y procesos clave que enmarcaron estos cambios fueron considerar la educación como un derecho, una deuda social, y el motor de una economía más justa, intensiva en conocimiento y limpia. La asignación de recursos, el acceso general, el aprendizaje y la inclusión de grupos estructuralmente marginados tuvieron mejorías significativas, junto a otros cambios políticos, económicos y sociales claves, realizando avances significativos en la emancipación de la sociedad hacia el buen vivir, así como delineando elementos de cómo y por qué avanzar esta transformación es importante.