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Construction waste management (CWM) has received worldwide attention for some time. As a result, a plethora of research, investigating a wide array of CWM issues such as their profiles, practices, and performance, has been reported in individual economies around the globe. However, a cross-jurisdictional comparison of these issues is limitedly presented in the literature despite its importance to benchmarking performance and identifying best CWM practices in the context of globalization whereby knowledge sharing has already transcended traditional country boundaries. The aim of this ex post facto research is to compare CWM profiles, practices, and performance in Australia, Europe (Europe refers to EU-27 member countries in the European Union, including Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Denmark, Great Britain, Ireland, Portugal, Spain, Greece, Austria, Finland, Sweden, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Malta, Cyprus, Bulgaria, and Romania.), Hong Kong, and the United Kingdom at a national-level, with a view to facilitating CWM knowledge sharing internationally. It does so by triangulating empirical data collected from various national statistical yearbooks with research papers and professional reports on CWM in these economies. It is found that in producing one million (US) dollars' work, construction contributes a volume of solid waste ranging from 28 to 121 tons among countries. Conscientious CWM practices can make a significant difference in reducing, reusing, or recycling construction waste, as evident in the large variation in the CWM performance. While it might be oversimplified to conclude that the best practices in one country can be applied in another, the research provides insightful references into sharing CWM knowledge across boundaries. ; published_or_final_version

The reposition of international stakeholders, accelerated deterritorialisation of members of different cultural identities and the power of new communication tools have contributed to strengthening of the already established poles between successful intercultural communication on one side and separation and ghettoisation of cultural communities on the other. The term of cultural citizenship, defined already during the nineties as a process of inclusion of the minority groups' tradition in cultural practices of the majority society, experienced a kind of revitalization during the period of explosion of the internet and mass communication. The establishment of a successful intercultural communication has lost primacy over the continuing intercultural communication between individuals, which contributed to a kind of strengthening of stereotypes and deepening of the existing cultural differences and intolerance. Still firm legal norms of democratic countries are a particular problem, as they have shown weakness before the onslaught of universal multiculturalism. ; Repozicioniranje međunarodnih aktera, ubrzana deteritorijalizacija pripadnika različitih kulturnih identiteta i moć novih komunikacionih alata doprineli su jačanju već utvrđenih polova na liniji uspešnog međukulturnog komuniciranja sa jedne, i separatizacije i geotizacije kulturnih zajednica sa druge strane. Pojam kulturnog državljanstva, definisan još tokom osamdesetih godina prošlog veka, kao procesa uključivanja običaja članova manjinske grupe u kulturne prakse članova većinskog društva, doživelo je svojevrsnu revitalizaciju u periodu ekplozije Interneta i masovnih komunikacija. Uspostavljanje uspešne međukulturne komunikacije izgubilo je primat pred kontinuiranom unutarkulturnom komunikacijom između pojedinaca, što je doprinelo svojevrsnom jačanju stereotipa i produbljivanju već postojećih kulturnih razlika i netrpeljivosti. Poseban problem predstavljaju i dalje čvrste pravne norme demokratskih zemalja, koje su pokazale slabost pred naletom sveopšteg multikulturalizma.

10 pages, 5 figures, 3 tables, supplementary information http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep29892.-- The authors are part of research groups SGR2014-336, SGR2014-120 and SGR2014-1383 of the Generalitat de Catalunya ; Spatial genetic studies often require sampling broadly separated areas, difficult to access simultaneously. Although comparing localities surveyed at different time periods might result in spurious genetic differentiation, there is a general believe on the stability of genetic structure through time, particularly if sampled localities are isolated or very distant. By analysing spatial and temporal genetic differentiation of the portunid crab Liocarcinus depurator we assessed the contribution of historical and contemporary processes on population connectivity patterns across three main oceanographic discontinuities along the Atlantic-Mediterranean transition: Gibraltar Strait, Almeria-Oran Front and Ibiza Channel. A partial fragment of the cytochrome oxidase I gene was sequenced in 366 individuals collected from localities at both sides of each discontinuity during three time periods. Although localities showed genetic fluctuations through time, a significant gradient was detected along the coast for all sampling periods. Significant inter-annual differences identified within the Alicante area, north of the Almeria-Oran Front, were associated with shifts in the relative contribution of Atlantic and Mediterranean water masses. The persistence of a clinal pattern in the Atlantic-Mediterranean transition area together with local fluctuations suggests a complex balance of dispersal and selection ; This research was funded by project CHALLENGEN (CTM2013-48163) of the Spanish Government. FP acknowledges a post-doctoral contract funded by project FP7 Marie Curie IAPP #324475 'Colbics' of the European Union and Beatriu de Pinós contract ; Peer Reviewed

The fatty acid (FA) profile of wild Octopus vulgaris paralarvae of estimated age was individually analyzed for the very first time in order to establish a reference for comparison in rearing and nutritional studies. Age of each paralarvae was estimated by analysing daily increments on lateral hood surface of beaks. Wild paralarvae age ranged between 6 and 8 days and their FA composition resembled that from hatchlings produced under culture conditions. However, when compared with the FA composition of up to 20 days old cultured paralarvae described in the bibliography, some striking differences were found. Results showed higher levels of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n − 3, DHA), lower contents of 18:1n − 9, 18:1n − 7 and 18:2n − 6 and negligible levels of 18:3n − 3 in wild paralarvae, when collated to reared one. These results seem to indicate that preys/diets supplied to cultured paralarvae fail to resemble paralarval natural composition and as a result do not fulfil their FA requirement. The individual applied technique developed in this study will allow to refine the study of wild paralarvae along its development, as well as to compare wild and cultured paralarvae of similar age. Statement of relevance Artemia does not fulfil paralarval fatty acid requirements. ; This study was funded by Spanish Government under Projects OCTOPHYS (Ref. AGL2010-22120-C03), OCTOWELF (Ref. AGL2013-49101-C2-1-R) and LARECO (CTM2011-25929). Most of the authors of this paper participate to the COST network, Action FA1301 (CephsInAction) focussing on Cephalopod welfare. D. Garrido was financed by a Ph.D. grant by Spanish Institute of Oceanography (BOE 3rd November 2011). ; Peer Reviewed

Construction waste management (CWM) has received worldwide attention for some time. As a result, a plethora of research, investigating a wide array of CWM issues such as their profiles, practices, and performance, has been reported in individual economies around the globe. However, a cross-jurisdictional comparison of these issues is limitedly presented in the literature despite its importance to benchmarking performance and identifying best CWM practices in the context of globalization whereby knowledge sharing has already transcended traditional country boundaries. The aim of this ex post facto research is to compare CWM profiles, practices, and performance in Australia, Europe (Europe refers to EU-27 member countries in the European Union, including Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Denmark, Great Britain, Ireland, Portugal, Spain, Greece, Austria, Finland, Sweden, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Malta, Cyprus, Bulgaria, and Romania.), Hong Kong, and the United Kingdom at a national-level, with a view to facilitating CWM knowledge sharing internationally. It does so by triangulating empirical data collected from various national statistical yearbooks with research papers and professional reports on CWM in these economies. It is found that in producing one million (US) dollars' work, construction contributes a volume of solid waste ranging from 28 to 121 tons among countries. Conscientious CWM practices can make a significant difference in reducing, reusing, or recycling construction waste, as evident in the large variation in the CWM performance. While it might be oversimplified to conclude that the best practices in one country can be applied in another, the research provides insightful references into sharing CWM knowledge across boundaries.

The underdiagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) could be improved through screening using portable devices simpler than conventional spirometers in specific healthcare settings to reach a higher percentage of the at-risk population. This study was designed to assess the validity and reliability of the COPD-6 portable device to screen for COPD in non-specialized healthcare settings. Prospective cohort study to validate a diagnostic test. Three cohorts were recruited: primary care (PC), emergency services (ES) and community pharmacies (CPh). individuals with risk factors for COPD (>40 years, smoking >10 pack-years, with respiratory symptoms). The values measured using the COPD-6 were FEV1, FEV6 and the FEV1/FEV6 ratio. Subsequently, participants underwent conventional spirometry at hospital, using a post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC value <0.7 as the gold standard criterion for the COPD diagnosis. 437 participants were included, 362 were valid for the analysis. COPD was diagnosed in 114 patients (31.5%). The area under the ROC curve for the COPD-6 for COPD screening was 0.8.The best cut-off point for the FEV1/FEV6 ratio was 0.8 (sensitivity, 92.1%) using spirometry with the bronchodilator test as the gold standard. There were practically no differences in the COPD-6 performance in the different settings and also regarding age, gender and smoking status. The COPD-6 device is a valid tool for COPD screening in non-specialized healthcare settings. In this context, the best cut-off point for the FEV1/FEV6 ratio is 0.8. ; Fundación de la Sociedad Gallega de Patología Respiratoria (SOGAPAR) ; European Union Seventh Framework Programme [FP7/REGPOT-2012-2013.1] under grant agreement n° 316265, BIOCAPS

The article was dedicated to methodological aspects of the research of the "intelligentsia". The author offered tree main explanations of this term (regarding to the functions of intelligentsia in society ("sociological"approach), making an accent on the historical value of this social layer ("historical" approach) and appealing to the individual features of people who has been a part of the intelligentsia ("philosophical-psychological" approach)) and by synthesis of three of them made an attempt to provide the new meaning to "intelligentsia". It was marked the different quantitative and high-quality differences of groups of intelligentsia in one period. Therefore there was an absence of the mutual understanding between the different groups of intelligentsia which acquires irreconcilable forms during creation of political parties in historical terms. Attention was also paid to the actuality of the research of this issue for the development of the states (national) idea, which is so important for Ukraine. Key words: an intelligentsia, a national idea, an intellectual elite, the spirituality. ; Розглянуто методологічні аспекти дослідження явища інтелігенції. Автор пропонує три основні підходи до цього питання (звернення до функцій інтелігенції в суспільстві («соціологічний» підхід), наголос на історичному значенні цієї верстви («історичний»), звернення до індивідуальних рис людей, яких відносимо до інтелігенції («філософсько-психологічний») та намагається шляхом синтезу наповнити поняття «інтелігенції» новим змістом. Наголошено на різних кількісних і якісних відмінностях груп інтелігенції в одиному періоді. Тому в конкретних історичних умовах спостерігається відсутність взаєморозуміння між різними групами інтелігенції, що набуває непримиренних форм під час створення політичних партій. Вказано також на актуальність дослідження цього явища для становлення державної (національної) ідеї України. Ключові слова: інтелігенція, національна ідея, інтелектуальна еліта, духовність.

A plethora of new development goals and funding institutions have greatly increased the demand for internationally comparable health estimates in recent years and have brought important new players into the field of health estimate production. These changes have rekindled debates about the validity and legitimacy of global health estimates. This paper draws on country case studies and personal experience to support our opinion that the production and use of estimates are deeply embedded in specific social, economic, political, and ideational contexts, which vary at different levels of the global health architecture. Broadly, most global health estimates tend to be made far from the localities where the data upon which they are based are collected and where the results of estimation processes must ultimately be used if they are to make a difference to the health of individuals. Internationally standardised indicators are necessary, but they are no substitute for data that meet local needs and that fit with local ideas of what is credible and useful - in other words, data that are both technically and socially robust for those who make key decisions about health. We suggest that greater engagement of local actors (and local data) in the formulation, communication, and interpretation of health estimates would increase the likelihood that these data will be used by those most able to translate them into health gains for the longer term. Besides strengthening national information systems, this requires ongoing interaction, building trust, and establishing a communicative infrastructure. Local capacities to use knowledge to improve health must be supported.

OBJECTIVES: Canada does not have a national immunization registry. Diverse systems to record vaccine uptake exist, but these have not been systematically described. Our objective was to describe the immunization information systems (MSs) and non-IIS processes used to record childhood and adolescent vaccinations, and to outline the strengths and limitations of the systems and processes. METHODS: We collected information from key informants regarding their provincial, territorial or federal organization's surveillance systems for assessing immunization coverage. Information collection consisted of a self-administered questionnaire and a follow-up interview. We evaluated systems against attributes derived from the literature using content analysis. RESULTS: Twenty-six individuals across 16 public health organizations participated over the period of April to August 2015. Twelve of Canada's 13 provinces and territories (P/Ts) and two organizations involved in health service delivery for on-reserve First Nations people participated. Across systems, there were differences in data collection processes, reporting capabilities and advanced functionality. Commonly cited challenges included timeliness and data completeness of records, particularly for physician-administered immunizations. Privacy considerations and the need for data standards were stated as challenges to the goal of information sharing across P/T systems. Many P/Ts have recently implemented new systems and, in some cases, legislation to improve timeliness and/or completeness. CONCLUSION: Considerable variability exists among NSs and non-IIS processes used to assess immunization coverage in Canada. Although some P/Ts have already pursued legislative or policy initiatives to address the completeness and timeliness of information, many additional opportunities exist in the information technology realm.

Science advice is normally seen in the context of physical science advice, and in particular in relation to the institutional position of "Chief Scientific Advisor" (CSA). This is true for the academic literature covering the science-policy interface, public administration, science and technology studies as well as most practitioner commentary. Very little literature exists on the provision of social science advice for public policy, insofar as this is framed in terms of individuals providing expertise within an institutional setting and role, as opposed to the provision of (social science) evidence within "evidence-based policy-making" or similar. This focus on the science advice has thus shaped the understanding of what a science advisor does, and what skills and expertise they are providing. Conventionally, this comprises an emphasis on significant knowledge in an area of expertise, a level of seniority and "eminence" to enable that knowledge to be influential and a degree of independence from those tasked with making policy decisions. Social science advice exists in the UK national policy-making context, but the mode of operation places a different emphasis and role on those providing such advice. I explore the nature of this role, using the conventional idea of the CSA as a point of departure to foreground points of similarity and difference. This exploration reveals a broader operating space for science advice than is conventionally understood and foregrounds particular tensions between relevance and influence, on the one hand, and scientific objectivity and independence, on the other. This article is published as part of a thematic collection dedicated to scientific advice to governments.

This paper is a comparative analysis of the language situations in China and Kenya, intended to identify the important lessons about language management in a multi-ethnic society that the two countries can learn from each other. China has over 130 languages, with Mandarin Chinese (Hanyu) being a mother tongue to over 90% of the Chinese population. The situation is different in Kenya, which has over 40 languages, most of which are minority languages. Significant differences are noted in the areas of language reforms and policy, language development agencies, and the treatment of ethnic minority languages. In each of the two countries, the constitution spells out some of the language concerns and the relevant guidelines for their usage and management. In Kenya, additional legal texts about the language policy are currently in preparation. The greatest lesson that Kenya can learn from China is the need to insist on catering for issues to do with language at the national government level, resisting any pressure from the county governments regarding variations on the relevant constitutional provisions (Republic of Kenya, 2010). The drafters of the Constitution of Kenya 2010 got this right by giving the national government the function of managing "Language policy and the promotion of official and local languages" (Fourth Schedule, Part 1 (5)). The national government must learn from China to treat this as a serious national responsibility by formulating the relevant policy guidelines and enacting the necessary supportive laws. For China, the greatest lesson to learn is the need to also include NGOs and individual efforts in the development of languages.

In 1963, Germany debated the decriminalization of homosexuality as part of a reform of the country's penal code. The debate provides a window into the discourse of law and emotions precisely at a point at which emotions allegedly felt by the people as a whole lost their argumentative superiority over individual rights. The article investigates the public discussion rather than that among legal experts. The parties involved openly debated the importance of feelings for legislation. Beyond the normative connection of law and emotions, varying feelings from love to desire were invoked by all sides. This article will look particularly at emotions vis-à-vis homosexual men—but not their own emotions, either self-expressed or ascribed, such as love, desire, or friendship. Instead, the role of disgust and compassion in the debate will be analyzed, feelings that have a longer history in the context of law and have recently received greater attention as possible »political emotions« (Nussbaum 2014). This article concentrates on the intervention of the Jewish rémigré Hans-Joachim Schoeps in that debate and the responses to his articles in Der Monat and Christ und Welt. Precisely because the debate revolved around the position of minorities in a democratic society, it is illuminating for the role emotions—in this instance descriptive or expressive ones that were supposed to give normative grounding to a law—can play in negotiating difference. For West Germany, the debate is of additional interest for the way in which its society dealt with the country's recent past and tried to translate it into a democratic future.

Fiqh is a compulsory subject even becomes the core in education pesantren, madrasah and school, because fiqh will affect the real life of individual or society in worship (mahdhah) as well as in being muamalah. Teaching learning methods of fiqh in schools consists of: bandongan (wetonan) or lecture; sorogan/private; mudzakarah/musyawarah/munadzarah (discussion), tahfidz (memorizing), tathbiq (demonstration/socio drama) and so on. Teaching learning methods in madrasah or school basically are the same as in pesantren with different terms. Teaching learning methods in pesantren are certainly the forerunner of learning methods in madrasah and school, because historically pesantren is the oldest Islamic institution in Indonesia which presence along with the arrival of Islam into the archipelago which is in Perlak, the west coast of Sumatra in the 1st century of Hijriah. The differences of teaching learning system of fiqh on three educational institutions that are characteristics of each institution. In pesantren, fiqh is taught by non-classical systems. Teaching learning is based on the holly book of fiqh (kutub turats) are not regulated in the programmed syllabus, but adhering to the chapters contained in the holly book is examined. In madrasah, fiqh is a separate subject from a clump of Islamic Religious Education (PAI), while at school, fiqh as an integral part of the subject of PAI. In madrasah and schools, teaching learning of fiqh based on the curriculum was assigned by the government as the enactment of the stages of the implementation of the curriculum in 2013 to PAI at madrasah by the Ministry of Religious from July of the academic year 2014/2015 and in schools established by Ministry of Education and Culture and academic year starting in July 2013/2014.

We investigate the relationship between exposure to conflict and poverty dynamics over time, using original three-waves panel data for Burundi which tracked individuals and reported local-level violence exposure from 1998 to 2012. Firstly, the data reveal that headcount poverty has not changed since 1998 while we observe multiple transitions into and out of poverty. Moreover, households exposed to the war exhibit a lower level of welfare than non-exposed households, with the difference between the two groups predicted to remain significant at least until 2017, i.e. twelve years after the conflict termination. The correlation between violence exposure and deprivation over time is confirmed in a household-level panel setting. Secondly, our empirical investigation shows how violence exposure over different time spans interacts with households' subsequent welfare. Our analysis of the determinants of households' likelihood to switch poverty status (i.e. to fall into poverty or escape poverty) combined with quantile regressions suggest that, (i) exposure during the first phase of the conflict has affected the entire distribution, and (ii) exposure during the second phase of the conflict has mostly affected the upper tail of the distribution: initially non-poor households have a higher propensity to fall into poverty while initially poor households see their propensity to pull through only slightly decrease with recent exposure to violence. Although not directly testable with the data at hand, these results are consistent with the changing nature of violence in the course of the Burundi civil war, from relatively more labour-destructive to relatively more capital-destructive. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Konaweeha watershed is the largest watershed in Southeast Sulawesi with Konaweeha River as the main river. The main issues in Konaweeha Watershed is floods that occur caused damage to infrastructure and public facilities, lowering agricultural production, and cause fatalities. One of the government's efforts to cope with the flooding problem in Konaweeha Watershed is planning the construction of multi-purpose dams in the upstream of Konaweeha Watershed that is Pelosika Dam and Ameroso Dam. Necessary to study the flood control performance of the two dams. Analyses were performed with hydrologic-hydraulic modeling using HEC-HMS software (Hydrologic Modelling System) version 4.0 and HEC-RAS (River Analysis System) version 4.1. The design rainfalls that were used as input to the model were 2 year, 5-year, 10-year and 25 year. Scenarios used in this study are: (1) Existing Scenario (2) Pelosika Dam Scenario; (3) Ameroro Dam Scenario; (4) Pelosika and Ameroro Dams Scenario. The results showed the maximum water surface elevation along the downstream of Konaweeha River in Scenario (2) and (4) were almost the same in the 2 and 5 years return period design flood. However, in case of 10 and 25 years return period, the difference of maximum water surface elevation at downstream of Konaweeha River was slightly significant. Furthermore, the damping efficiency of the peak discharge (at Probably Maximum Flood or PMF) was found to be 71.70% and 18.18% for the individual Pelosika Dam and Ameroro Dam respectively. Further discussion suggests the development of Pelosika Dam as the higher priority rather than that of the Ameroro Dam.