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The theoretical and practical concept of «local community» is disclosed. It is shown that local communities were investigated by J. Miller, K. Ionassenom and others, and to the scientific discourse of national social flagged by the work of J. Schepanskoho «Elementary concepts of sociology». Territorial community is traditionally defined as the primary entity of local government and a set of citizens living in settlements (baseline) and regional units (associate level).Followed for the first time in official documents of Ukraine the term «territorial collective» was used in the Constitutional Treaty 8 June 1995, and the term «local community» - in 1996 the Constitution of Ukraine and the Law of Ukraine «On Local Self-Government in Ukraine» 1997 determined that an understanding of the local community in the politico-legal practice of modern Ukraine not only meets the current international standards, but also the historical traditions of the Ukrainian people, in particular, the experience of public authorities in Kievan Rus, the medieval cities of Ukraine, the formation of the constitutional framework of the UPR.Current understanding of the local community highlights are its essential features: a common social situation, formed the identity of individuals, the feeling of belonging to a cohesive special relationships, holistic and personally meaningful social formation, its collective security force, awareness of their responsibility to him vbolivannya for the common cause , orientation activities to strengthen internal communications, increase joint achievements, personal development.Territorial community includes cohabitation of persons (residents) who are part of the community in a particular area (within a local government area - villages, towns, cities), the union of all residents living in a particular area (citizens of this state, foreign citizens, persons without citizenship); common interests of residents who have special characteristics and are found in a wide range of systemic individual and regional relationships that arise between them, the eligibility of municipal property (movable and immovable property, income of local budgets, other funds , land, natural resources), the establishment of local taxes and fees.It is determined that local communities should be seen as agents of political self-organization, as they are an association of people united by common interests, goals, objectives, they have dominated this form of community as a unity, cohesion, same situation. In the territorial community of people united by a substantial (root) instructions, interests, goals, solidarity, willingness to act together - and this is certainly the basis for political self-organization. ; Раскрывается теоретическое и практическое содержание понятия «территориальная община». Определяются признаки территориальной общины, характеризуются ее роль и возможности в политической самоорганизации населения административно-территориальных единиц. ; Розкривається теоретичний і практичний зміст поняття «територіальна громада».Визначаються ознаки територіальної громади, характеризується її роль і можливості в політичній самоорганізації населення адміністративно-територіальних одиниць.

Since 2010 Boko Haram uprising, it has transformed into a powerful regional terrorist group whose terrorist act of bombing and kidnapping had attracted the world attention. Rapidly Boko Haram has become the second most dreaded terrorist group in the world after Islamic States (ISIS) in Iraq and Syria. The group's tactics shifted and diversified from attacks on government installations to more damning quest through bombings, robberies, kidnappings, assaults on churches and mainstream Muslim targets, leading to occupation of villages and towns, indicating greater confidence and capacity to form a territory within the territory of Nigeria and declare an "Islamic Caliphate" in Nigeria which is their utmost objective. This article reviews the activities of Boko Haram Islamic Militant terror group operating in the northern region of Nigeria, the result of its frequent attacks in the region, governance and economic activities had been brought to a halt. This article also analyses the roles played by international community and the efforts of the Nigeria government in resolving the crisis. The article further points out the continuous attacks of Boko Haram if unchecked its will threaten the relatively peace and security in the West Africa region.

"Building on the author's 2012 book, Lee Kuan Yew's Strategic Thought, this new book presents a comprehensive overview of Lee Kuan Yew's strategic thought over the course of his entire life. It charts the development of Singapore over the last seven decades, showing how Lee Kuan Yew steered Singapore to prosperity and success through changing times and how he had an enormous impact on the development of Singapore and of Southeast Asia more generally. It analyses the factors underlying Lee Kuan Yew's thinking, discusses his own writings and speeches, and shows how his thinking on foreign policy, security and international relations evolved. It also appraises writing about Lee Kuan Yew and the memorialisation of him, assessing how views of his legacy have changed and continue to change"--

Introduction -- 1. "The question of . . . numerical restriction": The Basis for the quota drive against Mexico, Winter 1924 to Fall 1927 -- 2. "Mexicans are certainly the least desirable of all immigrants": Singling out Mexico for restriction, Winter 1928 -- 3. "No state shall have the right to establish any discrimination": International pressure against the U.S. effort to restrict Mexican immigration, Spring 1928 -- 4. A "double-edge sword": The Advantages and disadvantages, risks and rewards of immigration restriction, Fall 1928 -- 5. "A real disgrace": The U.S. Senate passes a quota on Mexico, Winter 1929 to Spring 1930 -- 6. "There is no fat calf to kill": Administrative restriction, repatriation, and the demise of the quota effort against Mexico, Summer 1930 to Winter 1932 -- Conclusion.

Developments during this decade have transformed the character of the European security setting from one of relative political stability to a condition of considerable turbulence within its Central and Eastern regions. With clear trends toward increased interdependence across national boundaries and between sector areas, turbulence in any part of Europe will tend to generate conditions of considerable political concern also for governments in the rest of the continent. The strong impact of modern, transnational media coverage accentuates and widens the impact of such crisis-generating events. As a topic for collaborative European political science research, international crisis studies stand out as theoretically important and practically relevant.

A discussion of agencies and individuals supporting and contradicting the pre-war claim that Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction (WMD). The CIA and the Department of Defense's intelligence agency generally lent support to the notion. However, contrary to David Kay's assertion that "we were all wrong," it is noted that the State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research cautioned against concluding that trailers seen in Iraq were for making biological weapons and the International Atomic Energy Agency disagreed with President Bush's claim that Iraq's attempts to acquire aluminum tubes proved that it was planning to develop nuclear weapons. It is argued that the principle supporters of the WMD claim were Paul Wolfowitz, Douglas Feith, and Lewis Libby, Dick Cheney's chief of staff.

The Black Tuesday attacks against New York and Washington shook the world. What do they reveal about the nature of contemporary world politics? What will be their impact on relations between states and on the wider global community? How did past policies and practices contribute to the current crisis? How might these events have been avoided, and what responses and strategies should now be adopted? What is the ethics and legality of 'the war against terrorism'? And how has Australia responded to the world crisis, and with what likely affect? In the first of a new series of publications called Keynotes, leading scholars of international relations canvass these issues and more in short accessible essays, offering early reflections on the nature and significance of the Twenty-first Century's first global crisis.

Multidimensional peacekeeping has drawn the United Nations (UN) into state-building, and missions have taken on significant responsibilities for good governance. Since it aims at transforming states from fragile post-conflict situations into inclusive, well-governed societies, multidimensional peacekeeping is more complex and arguably also more contentious than traditional peacekeeping. Multidimensional peacekeeping affects the balance of power between the government and rebels and provides them with opportunities for rent-seeking. Although the potential gains are obvious, the process is bound to lead to uncertainty and controversy. Whereas the international community mainly appreciates the opportunity of comprehensive peacekeeping to create value, local actors may be more concerned with opportunities for claiming value. What will be the responses of local actors to peacekeeping given the likely impact on the distribution of power between rebels and governments and their uneven opportunities to benefit from collaborating? Using event data for post-Cold War UN peacekeeping missions in Africa, the analysis considers when peacekeeping elicits cooperation rather than conflict, focusing on (a) the authorities involved in the event, (b) the policies implemented, and (c) the role of the peacekeepers. Key findings are that government authorities are more likely to respond cooperatively to peacekeeping actions, while rebels are more likely to respond with hostility. Both the government and rebels are unlikely to contest policies that aim to strengthen state capacity, while both are more likely to contest human rights policies. Finally, rebels tend to respond more cooperatively when peacekeepers have a mainly supportive role.

The trade analysis and firm surveys conducted in several African countries in this study highlight an apparent mismatch between government policies and exporters' needs in the provision and use of trade support services. While acknowledging the weaknesses of firms in these countries, the study does present evidence confirming the existence of a wide array of policy options for increasing business competitiveness and reducing dependence on primary commodities. Successful upgrading and diversification, however, require not only a right set of macroeconomic and structural policies, but also a substantial change in the policy-making process.

Intro -- HUMAN SUBJECTS RESEARCH: PROTECTING PARTICIPANTS -- Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1: MORAL SCIENCE: PROTECTING PARTICIPANTS IN HUMAN SUBJECTS RESEARCH -- ABOUT THE PRESIDENTIAL COMMISSION FOR THE STUDY OF BIOETHICAL ISSUES -- PRESIDENTIAL COMMISSION FOR THE STUDY OF BIOETHICAL ISSUES -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION -- SECTION 2: ASSESSING THE CURRENT SYSTEM -- SECTION 3. FURTHER ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- COMMISSION RECOMMENDATIONS -- APPENDIX I. HUMAN SUBJECTS RESEARCH LANDSCAPE PROJECT:SCOPE AND VOLUME OF FEDERALLY SUPPORTED HUMAN SUBJECTSRESEARCH -- APPENDIX II. HUMAN SUBJECTS RESEARCH LANDSCAPEPROJECT METHODS -- APPENDIX III: US TREATMENT/COMPENSATIONFOR TREATMENT METHODS -- APPENDIX IV. INTERNATIONAL AND TRANSNATIONALREQUIREMENTS FOR TREATMENT AND COMPENSATION FORRESEARCH INJURIES -- APPENDIX V. INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH -- APPENDIX VI. GUEST SPEAKERS -- Chapter 2: CHALLENGES TO FDA'S ABILITY TO MONITOR AND INSPECT FOREIGN CLINICAL TRIALS -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- AGENCY COMMENTS AND OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL RESPONSE -- INTRODUCTION -- METHODOLOGY -- FINDINGS -- AGENCY COMMENTS AND OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL RESPONSE -- APPENDIX A -- APPENDIX B -- APPENDIX C -- APPENDIX D -- INDEX.