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No abstract available DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v0i7.141 The Mongolian Journal of International Affairs; Number 7, 2000, Pages 63-72

No abstract available. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v0i10.115 The Mongolian Journal of International Affairs; Number 10, 2003, Pages 14-28

ABSTRACT
For decades, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) was silent about gender inequality. In 2013, the IMF finally adopted a discourse linking macroeconomic stability and gender inequality. Engendering means the integration of gender equality into the IMF's activities, thus, generating change. By deploying different institutional mechanisms (e.g. the Article IV reports and conditionality in exchange for financial support), the IMF is contributing to engendering economic rulemaking process at the national level. Discourses matter. Economic laws at national level are shaped by the IMF's ideas: the meaning-making process of rules at the global level is an integral part of the economic rulemaking process at the national level. Particularly, legal ideas are key to explain the structure of the IMF's discourse and its potential to promote gender equality. The IMF is an important case study to understand the mechanisms of engendering international organizations with important repercussions for other international institutions.

Services are key activities in the globalization of the economy and also underlie the quality of life of local residents. The advanced work presented in this book was selected from the proceedings of the First International Conference on Serviceology (ICServ2013), held October 16-18, 2013 in Tokyo. This book provides a useful overall guide to the state of the art in theory and practice of services for researchers in various fields, including engineering, marketing, economics, and others. This work also facilitates the scientific systematization of services and promotes technological developments for solutions of industrial issues.

Readings in the Sociology of Migration deals with migration as a sociological problem, with greater emphasis on internal migrations than on international migrations. Some of the problems covered by sociological inquiry in the study of migration are discussed, along with theories of migration such as the push-pull theory, differential migration, and motivation for migration. This book is comprised of 16 chapters and opens by outlining types of migration according to the professional and social composition of migrants: mass migration, economic migration from an underdeveloped country, economic e

This book compares the trajectories and effects of local public sector reform in Europe and fills a research gap that has existed so far in comparative public administration and local government studies. Based on the results of COST research entitled, 'Local Public Sector Reforms: an International Comparison', this volume takes a European-scale approach, examining local government in 28 countries. Local government has been the most seriously affected by the continuously expanding global financial crisis and austerity policies in some countries, and is experiencing a period of increased reform activity as a result. This book considers both those local governments which have adopted or moved away from New Public Management (NPM) modernization to 'something different' (what some commentators have labelled 'post-NPM'), as well as those which have implemented 'other-than-NPM measures', such as territorial reforms and democratic innovations. --

Canada's Feminist International Assistance Policy, introduced in 2017, is an ambitious and forward-thinking policy focussed on gender equality and women's empowerment. The emphasis on a feminist vision, however, raises questions about how feminism is defined and interpreted by Canada's partners in the Global South. In this article, we examine the interpretations of feminism(s) and a feminist foreign policy from the perspective of NGO staff members in East and Southern Africa. The research involved interviews with 45 Global South partner country NGO staff members in three countries (Kenya, Uganda, and Malawi). We consider the partner organization reflections on Canada's Feminist International Assistance Policy using a transnational feminist lens. Our findings provide insights into future considerations for Canada's feminist foreign policy priorities, consultations, and programme design.

During the Bulgarian Revival Period, in a time of increasing national awareness and struggles for political and spiritual liberation, the number of scientific articles is on the increase. Some favourable conditions for language interaction are established, conditions to form a pool of words that can be used internationally. Internationalisms enrich the general vocabulary of European languages and are the primary core, a possible future lexical unification of languages. Marin Drinov was one of the first Bulgarian scholars to continue and enrich the Revival tradition by developing the problems of the literary language on a scientific basis. In the article analyses the international vocabulary in Marin Drinov's works.Once a reference to the archive from the Revival Period is made, it can be ascertained that Marin Drinov was the first among his contemporaries to use a number of words that belong to the international vocabulary like genesis, graphics, interpunction, restoration, strategy, etc. He is credited with the creative enrichment of the socio-political vocabulary, as many words from the lexical system of language acquire new shades of meaning, includingnew political meaning and new functional importance. The vocabulary used in his scientific andliteraryworks is, to a great degree, part of the entire Bulgarian literary fund of that period, and it is an indicator of the dynamics and the development of the socio-political vocabulary that is its main constituent. The analysis of the internationalisms in Marin Drinov's works outlines his practical contribution to the generative processes in the vocabulary of the Bulgarian language, to its Europeanisation and modernization. ; През епохата на Възраждането с бързото развитие на националното самосъзнание и борбата за духовно и политическо освобождение се увеличава броят на научните публикации. Създават се благоприятни условия за езиково взаимодействие, за обособяване на един фонд от думи, които имат международна употреба. Интернационализмите обогатяват общия речников състав на европейските езици и се явяват първичното ядро за възможна бъдеща лексикална унификация на езиците. Марин Дринов е един от първите български учени, който продължава и обогатява възрожденската традиция, като разработва на научна основа проблемите на книжовния език. В доклада се анализира интернационалната лексика в произведенията на Марин Дринов. При справка с Възрожденския архив установяваме, че Марин Дринов пръв сред своите съвременници употребява редица думи от интернационалната лексика като генезис, графика, интерпункция, реставрация, стратегия и др. Той има заслуги за творческото обогатяване на интернационалната лексика, като много думи от лексикалната система на езика придобиват нова оценъчност, окраска, ново политическо съдържание, нова функционална значимост. Лексиката, използвана в научните и публицистичните му съчинения, в преобладаващата си част е от общонародния книжовен фонд на българския език от този период и е показател за динамиката и развитието на обществено-политическата лексика, която е съществена негова съставка. Изследването на интернационализмите в произведенията на Марин Дринов очертава неговата практична заслуга за градивните процеси в устройството на българската лексика, за нейната европеизация и осъвременяване.

Spätestens seit den terroristischen Angriffen am 11. September 2001 auf das New Yorker World Trade Center und dem darauffolgenden Krieg gegen den Terror, haben die in Afghanistan begangenen Menschenrechtsverletzungen traurige Bekanntheit erlangt. Vor allem Frauen wurden unter dem dort herrschenden Taliban-Regime jeglicher Rechte beraubt. Die USA und ihre Alliierten erklärten daher im Zuge des Krieges gegen den Terror die Wiederherstellung der Rechte afghanischer Frauen zu einem der zentralen Ziele.Frauenrechte in Afghanistan sind traditionell kurzlebig. Sie wurden von progressiven Monarchen gesetzlich verankert und erlagen später dem Widerstand religiöser Autoritäten und Stammesführer, die ihre Macht bedroht sahen. Inzwischen hat sich Afghanistan sowohl in seiner Verfassung, als auch in einer Vielzahl internationaler Verträge zur Gleichbehandlung von Mann und Frau und zum Schutz seiner weiblichen Bevölkerung verpflichtet.Afghanistan ist unter anderen Vertragspartei der CEDAW, des IPBPR und des IPWSR. Dennoch und obwohl der daraus folgende Schutz für Frauen sehr umfangreich ist, kommt es nach wie vor zu erschreckender Diskriminierung von Frauen in allen Lebensbereichen. Maßgeblich dazu trägt die nach wie vor prekäre Sicherheitslage des Landes bei, die als Nährboden für Korruption auch das Justizsystem lähmt und damit eine ?Rule of Law? extrem erschwert. In diesem Zusammenhang, kann Afghanistans Entscheidung zur Umsetzung der Millennium- Entwicklungsziele bis 2020 statt 2015, sowie die Hinzufügung des Ziels der ?Verbesserung der Sicherheit? nur als sinnvoll erachtet werden.Der Abzug der Amerikanischen Kampftruppen 2014 wird eine neue Herausforderung für Afghanistan im Bereich der Frauenpolitik bedeuten. Denn auch wenn Frauenrechte bereits gut gesetzlich verankert sind, muss es nun unbedingt zu deren tatsächlicher Umsetzung und Einhaltung im täglichen Leben afghanischer Frauen kommen. ; Ever since the terrorist attacks on 11th September 2001 on the World Trade Center in New York and the following war against terror, human rights violations in Afghanistan have become public knowledge. Especially women have been deprived of all their rights during the rule of the Taliban regime. Therefore the USA alongside their allies declared the restoration of women?s rights as one of their central goals.In Afghanistan, women?s rights have always been exposed to rapid changes. While some progressive monarchs decided to codify women?s rights, religious authorities and tribal leaders, fearing to lose their influence, achieved their abolishment with their extreme resistance.To date, Afghanistan has obliged itself to achieve gender equality and to protect its female population not only through its national law but also through various international treaties. Afghanistan is a contracting party of inter alia the CEDAW, the CRC, the ICCPR and the ICESCR, which would allow women a very well protected legal situation. Nevertheless, unbelievable discrimination against women continues to take place in all areas of their lives. A significant contribution to this is made be the country?s still precarious security situation, which is the breeding ground of corruption. This of course affects the judicial system nearly until complete standstill and makes the rule of law impossible. Therefore, Afghanistan?s decision to implement the MDGs until 2020 and not 2015, as well as the introduction of an additional goal, the enhancement of security, seem more than beneficial.When the US combat troops will have left Afghanistan in 2014, a new challenge concerning women?s rights policies will arise for the country. Even if, as now actually is the case, women?s rights are consolidated well legally, their actual implementation and compliance in daily life is necessary in order to improve women?s lives. ; von Manuela Rieger ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Graz, Univ., Dipl.-Arb., 2013 ; (VLID)227342

THE SUBJECT AND AIM OF THIS PUBLICATION The subject of this publication is an offer of commercial financial institutions of the financial market related to the financing of the protection of natural environment, particularły to pro-ecological economic undertakings. This offer concems the financing or the gaining of financial resources for the financing of the above-mentioned aim. It seems that having such a financial offer at the disposal of a financial institution is evidence ofa special engagement in environmental protection, thus, the morę precious of an attempt that it is to use the financial market. So, this means an ability to use the basie feature of a financial institution, that is, the ability to perform financial operations in order to finance the natural environment. Especially, an offer of commercial financial institutions of the financial market was anałysed. These institutions arę later called financial institutions. In this paper attention is focused on two kinds of financial institutions, namely, banks and investment fund companies. Firstły, these arę the institutions of an unquestioned strong position on the international financial market. It can be supposed that the processes, which take place in them will influence other financial institutions. Secondly, it is in the case of banks and investment companies that most examples of offers containing environmental aspects can be shown. In rum, a pro-ecological economic undertaking is perceived in this publication as an undertaking which contributes in a special way to natural environmental protection. This may be an economic undertaking in which products of environment protection technologies are manufactured, or an economic undertaking in which the management process is performed with a particular respect of environmental protection. Obviously, there are divided opinions on what a pro-ecological undertaking is. These discrepancies are frequently very serious. In this publication these disputes will not be analysed in spite of the importance of this issue. They should be addressed in other specialist elaborations. Not only a fair description of the present reality is an important task of this research work but also a prognosis of developmental trends in selected processes. This publication is also subject to this idea. This paper aims at drawing the attention of scientific, political, economic and financial circles to examples and offers of banks and investment fund companies which operate on the international financial market and take environmental protection into consideration. It can be hoped that this will serve to popularise the solutions as well as open a debate on the use of the institution of the financial market for the financing of natural environment protection. The aim of this publication is also to present the Polish experience and achievements in the financing of environmental protection by using commercial financial institutions. Not only western solutions are adapted in Poland, but a series of domestic, unique, and tested solutions can be indicated. Poland is one of the more important emerging markets. This country's forthcoming accession to the European Union will make the Polish market even more attractive and worthwhile.