Suchergebnisse

Electricity supply economics and electricity demand economics
are the two major components of electricity economics. This paper
discusses the production functions with electricity, a core principle of
electricity demand economics. In this paper, production functions with
electricity are introduced at the firm level, sectoral level, industrial
level, and national level. This paper also discusses integrated resource
strategic planning (IRSP). As a part of electricity supply economics, it
is a useful tool for policy study on low-carbon electricity. During the
national economic development, low-carbon electricity can be recognised
as the IRSP and the implementation of smart grid. The low-carbon
electricity would be a great roadmap to Pakistan's economic development.
Pakistan's economy is in an early phase of industrialisation. China's
economy is in the late phase of industrialisation. Experiences and
lessons from China's economic development would provide references to
Pakistan. Keywords: Electricity Economics, Production Functions with
Electricity, Integrated Resource Strategic Planning (IRSP), Low-carbon
Electricity, Pakistan, China

This article traces the origins and reasons for the 'Lineamientos de la Política Económica y Social del Partido y la Revolución' (Guidelines for Economic and Social Policy of the Party and the Revolution) adopted by the sixth Communist Party of Cuba Congress held in April 2011. It explains how this broad economic plan envisages a transformation of the Cuban economy utilising market mechanisms that are aimed at preserving socialism, in contrast to the former socialist countries where the reforms that were undertaken changed the system, rather than adapting it. The article uses economic data to discuss the progress made in the adoption of the principles contained in the Guidelines, analyses the problems that remain to be solved and offers some predictions as to the course of future developments. It concludes that the new reforms will allow Cuba to move gradually towards a sustainable socialist society without abandoning the principles of solidarity that characterise it, and which will compare favourably to the alternative that neoliberalism offers today.

In this article, we propose a new approach to an old question: How does development affect religion-state relations? We argue that because development increases states' ability to effectively formulate and implement policy, it will be associated with greater state regulation of religion. This stands in contrast to predominant theories that examine development's negative impact on individual religiosity while largely overlooking the impact that development may have on state institutions. We test our theory using data drawn from over 160 countries, and demonstrate that the effect of economic development on state regulation of religion is consistently positive, substantively significant, and robust to alternative measurements and the inclusion of a broad range of controls. Statistical analysis also demonstrates that the correlation between development and state regulation of religion is primarily a result of economic development's impact on state capacity, rather than social dislocation or improved coordination by religious communities. Incorporating state capacity recasts the study of religious regulation—and suggests that economic growth is unlikely to take religion off the political agenda.

In this article, we propose a new approach to an old question: How does development affect religion-state relations? We argue that because development increases states' ability to effectively formulate and implement policy, it will be associated with greater state regulation of religion. This stands in contrast to predominant theories that examine development's negative impact on individual religiosity while largely overlooking the impact that development may have on state institutions. We test our theory using data drawn from over 160 countries, and demonstrate that the effect of economic development on state regulation of religion is consistently positive, substantively significant, and robust to alternative measurements and the inclusion of a broad range of controls. Statistical analysis also demonstrates that the correlation between development and state regulation of religion is primarily a result of economic development's impact on state capacity, rather than social dislocation or improved coordination by religious communities. Incorporating state capacity recasts the study of religious regulation—and suggests that economic growth is unlikely to take religion off the political agenda.

In this article, we propose a new approach to an old question: How does development affect religion-state relations? We argue that because development increases states' ability to effectively formulate and implement policy, it will be associated with greater state regulation of religion. This stands in contrast to predominant theories that examine development's negative impact on individual religiosity while largely overlooking the impact that development may have on state institutions. We test our theory using data drawn from over 160 countries, and demonstrate that the effect of economic development on state regulation of religion is consistently positive, substantively significant, and robust to alternative measurements and the inclusion of a broad range of controls. Statistical analysis also demonstrates that the correlation between development and state regulation of religion is primarily a result of economic development's impact on state capacity, rather than social dislocation or improved coordination by religious communities. Incorporating state capacity recasts the study of religious regulation—and suggests that economic growth is unlikely to take religion off the political agenda.

Economies and state budgets of many countries in the European Union have been calling for a change over the last decade. Expenditures of state and regional budgets should be reduced to improve their final bilance. Individual sectors of the economy should review each expenditure item to make sure that funds will be spent effectively as does the Ministry of Industry and Trade in the Czech Republic. The aim of this paper is to assess the effectiveness of industrial zones support as a tool of the regional development policy under current economic conditions in the Czech Republic. This support as an important part of investment incentives was provided by the Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Czech Republic over the period of 2006–2009. The main source for the analysis is the data set obtained in empirical research carried out by the authors of this paper, accomplished economic analysis of economic performance of observed firms and also available statistical data. The observed sample of respondents consisted of firms located in the supported industrial zones.

AbstractThe social, cultural, and economic transitions in rural areas across the globe lead us to critique the traditional "top‐down" or "bottom‐up" distinction as being outdated for contemporary rural policy. In Europe and the United States in particular, high rates of counterurbanization heighten the need for new ways of thinking about rural development. To address this, we describe the emergence of neoendogenous development theories in the United Kingdom and elucidate further on the economic implications of this approach for rural development. In particular, we examine the role of local and extralocal networks and population flows as facilitators of neoendogenous development based on our independent studies in northeast England and northern Scotland. This approach highlights the importance of diverse forms of capital in rural economies and examines the role of social networks in the utilization of these resources. In‐migrant business owners are a valuable research focus as they provide a link between the "local" and the "extralocal," allowing greater insight into the creation and evolution of network ties in relation to economic activity in rural areas.

Sustainable development assumes improvement in the quality of living of present and future generations by achieving social, economic and environmental balance. Demographic changes play a significant role in this process due to their long-term impact on social and economic outcomes. The population of Poland is relatively young in comparison to other EU members but it is ageing very rapidly. This demographic process raises challenges for social policy, which include changes in the quality of life of the elderly population. The aim of the paper is to compare Polish voivodships (NUTS-2 territorial units) with respect to main features of both the demographic change and of economic situation of population aged 55 and over. We use selected indicators characterizing the demographic situation of the ageing Polish population, as well as the financial and occupational status of the elderly. Based on these indicators, we calculate synthetic measures of development. The results enable us to evaluate the demographic situation of Polish regions as well as distinguish main trends of the changes.

The article covers the basic premise of Turkey's significance as a regional and international political actor from the beginning of ХХIst century. Turkey achieved notable success in economic development, but in the frame of the chosen growth model it didn't manage to solve to problem of the economy peg to external finacing sources. Nevertheless, definite economic achievements gave the ruling Party of Justice and Development confidence in attempting to pursue a more active and independent foreign policy. But during this process, the intrinsic limits of the Turkish elite's freedom of action are visible enough. The Islamist ruling Party uses its economic and political strides to revise the domestic political establishment system of the Turkish Republic. It serves not only and not so much the interests of the country's democratization, as ensures the gradual empowerement of religious-conservative part of the electorate – the main pillar of the Party for Justice and Development – in Turkish Republic, once founded as a secular state.

This report is concerned with the application of cost-benefit analysis to issues of renewable energy development. We focus on experience in Scotland, a country which has experienced very rapid increases in new renewables capacity in recent years, and which has set world-leading targets for renewable energy as part of climate change and economic development policies. The effects of policy instruments used to incentivise renewable energy are outlined, and information on the wider economic consequences of renewables expansion is presented. The report explains how the environmental impacts (positive and negative) of renewable energy can be included within a cost-benefit analysis, and provides examples of studies which have estimated this environmental costs and benefits in monetary terms. Additional non-economic information is also reported on social and political costs and benefits that have occurred from the promotion of renewable energy. From this review of the Scottish experience with promoting renewables and wind farms in particular several lessons or recommendations can be learned by Sweden as they pursue similar renewable energy developments.

With establishment of the U.S. Selective Service System in 1917, selective draft rules placed consideration of registrants' economic obligations to their dependents front and center. By observing the Canadian and British recruitment experiences, American policy makers opted against universal conscription since they believed it would be costly because of the need to offer family allowances and opted against a voluntary system since they believed that too many bachelors would fail to volunteer. Dependency deferments were designed to minimize the social and economic costs of war. Local board members determined whether a man was a genuine breadwinner or not, and individual discretion on this matter contributed to the higher rates of African American draftees during WWI compared to white draftees, since African American men were less likely to be recognized as genuine breadwinners. Selective Service rules thus resulted in reproducing female citizens as economic dependents and yielded durable inequalities among registrants. [Reprinted by permission; copyright Inter-University Seminar on Armed Forces and Society/Sage Publications Inc.]

The economic constraints of Latvia have been connected with the unstable development of regions and city nets. The state territory characterizes the peculiarity of monocentric territory. In territories, which are located outside the monocentric place of action, the problems of economic development are main reasons for social and physical problems. The complex nature of these problems demands integrated, locally based approach for the development of cities and regions, as well as for the solution of problems mentioned above. Latvia has started the process directed towards the polycentric development of its territory. For a successful development of cities and attraction of European Union funds Latvia has worked out the city policy with the help of which the government seeks a solution for the development of cities and the means for solution of problems. During the research the author clarifies the interconnection between the defined economic variables; they are consolidated and therefore it can help to gain opinion on current synthesis of regional division in Latvia.

Since his election as Taiwan's president in 2008, Ma Ying-jeou has embarked on an active policy of rapprochement with China, leading to the signing of a string of economic and technical agreements with Beijing that have further liberalised and normalised cross-strait economic relations. But the way this rapprochement has been conducted, coupled with the economic crisis that has struck Taiwan for most of the first two years of Ma's administration and a series of missteps and mismanagements by the president and the Kuomintang (KMT) government, have generated a crisis of confidence and widespread discontent among the Taiwanese. This has resulted in consistently low approval ratings and several setbacks in regional and by-elections in 2009 and 2010, as well as the resurgence of a reformed opposition under the leadership of Tsai Ing-wen. The discrepancy between Ma's increasingly apparent Chinese nationalism and the Taiwan-centred national identity of the majority is further indication of a significant disconnect between the KMT administration and the Taiwanese mainstream. (China Perspect/GIGA)

ABSTRACTThis paper, based on a computable general equilibrium model of the Indian economy, shows that a domestic carbon tax policy that recycles carbon tax revenues to households imposes heavy costs in terms of lower economic growth and higher poverty. However, the decline in economic growth and rise in poverty can be minimized if the emissions restriction target is modest, and carbon tax revenues are transferred exclusively to the poor. India's participation in an internationally tradable emission permits regime with grandfathered emissions allocation is preferable to any domestic carbon tax option, provided the world market price of emission permits remains low. Even better would be if India participated in a global system of tradable emission permits with equal per capita emission entitlements. India would then be able to use the revenues garnered from the sale of surplus permits to speed up its economic growth and poverty reduction and yet keep its per capita emissions below the 1990 per capita global emissions level.