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The actuality of research paper is the integration of Ukraine into the European Union and the achievement of victory over Russia in the "hybrid war" of the XXIst century, the need to unite Ukrainian people around common goals based on national pride. The Ukrainians study two important concepts - the Ukrainian the national idea (UNI) and the national identity, the means of their evaluation and development. The aim of the research is a critical analysis of common and distinctive concepts of the UNI and national identity. The purpose of the research is to define the main difficulties for spreading the victorious UNI in present conditions; to research the practice of studying and measuring the numerous characteristics of national identification by sociologists and the other Ukrainian scholars (in the first place - the language theme). The research methodology has a modern system and multidisciplinary character. The method of dialectical analysis is taken from philosophy, evolutionary approach - from historical sciences, comparative analysis - from linguistics and pedagogics, etc. We will be constantly turning to the latest scientific discoveries in ethology, cognitive science, noohistory and the other "young" sciences, that is necessary for predictions in the topic of "national identification". Particularly we are going to borrow foreign experience in the protection of the national language and in effective teaching of foreign languages. The main result of the research is the need to create and apply the UNI as a strategic means on consolidation of Ukraine. UNI-21 should rely on a combination of noohistory as the sum of exact dates of archaeological findings and the decoding of the DNA of their organic part. The facts about the Great Trypillya and the other ancestors' achievements of Ukrainians for over 15,000 years have already raised national pride and created a scientific outlook. The noohistorians have created a new theory on the of the Indo-European languages' family origin. Besides they confirmed the hypothesis of German linguists of the XIXth century about the extension of Indo-European languages' family from Ukraine's forest steppes. These and other facts are forming a high national pride, which greatly facilitates the solution of language problems. Conclusion: We have proved that the experience of Ireland on the language issues has special significance for modern Ukraine. It is known that Ireland has been colonized by the United Kingdom for 800 years. The Irish were suffered from a linguistic split and separation of a part of the nation, but they did not lose their native language. And even after the "economic victory" over the colonialists in circumstances of a very high standard living they started to restore the Irish language position of the main state language ; Актуальність теми дослідження полягає в тому, що для інтеграції України в Європейський Союз і досягнення перемоги над Росією в розв'язаній нею «гібридній війні» зразка ХХІ ст. необхідне згуртування українців навколо спільних цілей на основі національної гордості. Українські представники гуманітарних наук вивчають два важливі поняття - українську національну ідею (УНІ) і національну ідентичність, засоби їх вимірювання й розвитку.Мета дослідження – критичний аналіз спільного та відмінностей понять УНІ та національна ідентичність.Ціль дослідження - виявити головні труднощі створення і поширення всепереможної УНІ в умовах сьогодення; дослідити практику вивчення і вимірювання численних характеристик національної ідентифікації соціологами та іншими українськими науковцями (у першу чергу - мовної теми).Методологія дослідження має сучасний системний та мультидисциплінарний характер. Метод діалектичного аналізу запозичений філософії, еволюційний підхід - з історичних наук, порівняльного аналізу - з лінгвістики і педагогіки та ін. Ми будемо постійно звертатися до найновіших наукових відкриттів з етології, когнітології, нооісторії й інших молодих наук, необхідних для прогнозів у темі «національна ідентифікація», зокрема, стосовно запозичення зарубіжного досвіду в захисті національної мови й розумному викладанні іноземних мов.Головним результатом дослідження є доведення необхідності створення і застосування УНУ як стратегічного засобу зміцнення України. УНУ-21 має спиратися на поєднання нооісторії як суми точних датувань археологічних знахідок і розшифровки ДНК їх органічної частини. Факти про Велике Трипілля та інші досягнення пращурів українців за 15 000 років уже підвищують національну гордість і створюють науковий світогляд. Нооісторики створили нову теорію походження сім'ї індоєвропейських мов і підтвердили гіпотезу німецьких лінгвістів з ХІХ ст. про поширення цієї сім'ї з лісостепів України. Ці й інші факти формують високу національну гордість, яка значно полегшить вирішення мовних проблем.Висновок: нами доведено, що для України-2018 у мовній темі особливо високе значення має досвід Ірландії. Цю країну на 800 років колонізувала Велика Британія. Ірландці зазнали мовного розколу і відділення частини нації, але не втратили рідну мову й після економічної перемоги над колонізаторами в умовах дуже високого рівня життя розпочали урівноважено відновлювати ірландську мову на позиції головної державної мови ; Актуальность темы исследования заключается в том, что для интеграции Украины в Европейский Союз и достижения победы над Россией в развязанной ею «гибридной войне» образца XXI века необходимо сплочение украинцев вокруг общих целей на основе национальной гордости. Украинские представители гуманитарных наук изучают два важных понятия - украинскую национальную идею (УНИ) и национальную идентичность, средства их измерения и развития. Цель исследования - критический анализ общего и различий понятий УНИ и национальная идентичность.Задача исследования - обнаружить основные преграды для распространения всепобеждающей УНИ в сегодняшних условиях; исследовать практику изучения и измерения многочисленных характеристик национальной идентификации социологами и другими украинскими учеными (в первую очередь - языковой темы).Методология исследования имеет современный системный и мультидисциплинарный характер. Метод диалектического анализа заимствован из философии, эволюционный подход - из исторических наук, сравнительного анализа - из лингвистики и педагогики и др. Мы будем постоянно обращаться к новейшим научным открытиям в этологии, когнитологии, нооистории и других молодых науках, необходимых для прогнозов в теме «национальная идентификация», в частности, относительно заимствования зарубежного опыта в защите национального языка и разумном преподавании иностранных языков.Главным результатом исследования является доказательство необходимости создания и применения УНИ как стратегического средства укрепления Украины. УНИ-21 должна опираться на сочетание нооистории как суммы точных датировок археологических находок и расшифровки ДНК их органической части. Факты о Большом Триполье и других достижениях предков украинцев за 15 000 лет уже повышают национальную гордость и создают научное мировоззрение. Нооисторики создали новую теорию происхождения семьи индоевропейских языков и подтвердили гипотезу немецких лингвистов XIX в. о распространении этой семьи из лесостепей Украины. Эти и другие факты формируют высокую национальную гордость, которая значительно облегчит решение языковых проблем.Вывод: нами доказано, что для Украины-2018 в языковой теме особенно высокое значение имеет опыт Ирландии. Эту страну на 800 лет колонизировала Великобритания. Ирландцы испытали языковый раскол и отделение части нации, но не утратили родной язык и после экономической победы над колонизаторами в условиях очень высокого уровня жизни начали уравновешенно восстанавливать ирландский язык на позиции главного государственного языка

Abstract Impossible Landings: Precarity, Populism and Walling in a 'European' Refugee CrisisbyAlessandro TiberioDoctor of Philosophy in Geography University of California, BerkeleyProfessor Michael Watts, Co-ChairProfessor Jon Kosek, Co-ChairThe rise of populist movements that gathered momentum in 2016 across Europe and the European settler-colonial world has seriously challenged the US-led neoliberal order as much as the discourse around 'globalization' that such order promoted and defended. Such crisis has been most striking in countries like the UK and the US, with the votes for Brexit and Trump, given that for the last 30 years successive government administrations of both center-right and center-left political alignments there have been championing neoliberal reforms domestically and internationally, but the rise of populist movements has been years in the making in the folds of ordinary life across the 'European' world, and can arguably be best understood through an ethnographic research of the everyday space-making and border-renegotiating social processes that made a rightward shift possible in individual and collective consciences and that also allowed it to gather momentum at a wider scale.I have focused my research on the borderlands of what I call 'Mediterranean Central Europe' in and around the now mostly white-Italian border-town of Trieste, formerly the main port of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire and today sitting at the Italian border to Slovenia. Dominant discourses on a local level have traditionally idealized the city and its inhabitants as quintessentially 'European' even more than 'Italian', and in its borderlands at the edge of the Balkans the renegotiation of borders with non-European 'Eastern' and Muslim othered subjects and spaces has historically been particularly explicit. At the same time, Trieste has also represented a model of border un-making or un-walling thanks to the local anti-psychiatric movement led by Doctor Basaglia, that in the 1970s successfully advocated for the closure of asylums and for the transformation of wider society by multiplying spaces of encounter between formerly interned patients and the general population at large. The current model of asylum seekers' reception in the city promoted by ICS (the Italian Consortium of Solidarity) inherited and followed the same decentralizing logic, and since the 1990s has been promoting the transformation of the 'European' space of the city though everyday practices of border renegotiation. Over the course of a multi-year ethnographic fieldwork since 2013, I have looked at the longer history of experiments with walling and un-walling in the city, and finally focused on the 2015/16 moment, when I have explored the remaking of 'European' borders in Trieste's borderlands during the boom of the 'Balkan migration route(s)'. At that time, I have investigated different forms of border renegotiation practices from a neo-liberal standpoint, by far-right groups and by radical-left activists, and attempted to understand their different politics on an individual, collective and regional level.In the midst of a strong reactionary wave on a wider scale, 2016 also saw the election of a far-right city administration in Trieste at the conjuncture of lingering economic stagnation and of a boom in the arrivals of asylum-seeking migrants traveling across the Balkans and hailing especially from Pakistan and Afghanistan. In an attempt to understand the reactionary closure of European borders in the conjuncture of 2015/16, in the context of both the post-2008 'economic crisis' and of what has been commonly referred to as the 'European refugee crisis' of 2015, in my work I show the ways in which the two processes have articulated with one another though the lived and perceived experience of what Italians call 'precarietà' or precarity, referring to the widespread sense of insecurity resulting from the introduction of sweeping neoliberal reforms in Italy and Europe at large, and in particular from the 'flexibilization' of the job market and life conditions in general. I further show how in Trieste and elsewhere the articulation of these two processes has engendered a third crisis, namely an 'identity crisis', a crisis of 'Europe' and of what may be called 'European', and has led to the new desires for border closure or walling and to the rise of far-right populist movements possibly heralding a post-neoliberal moment. In particular, I argue that current reactionary tendencies in Trieste and in many parts of the 'European' world in the current conjuncture are the result of the widespread perception of a deep crisis in the gendered and racialized commonsensical idea of 'Europe', and particularly of 'European' privilege and exceptionalism, and have emerged in the attempt to defend it. Further, I argue that the perception of such crisis and the related desires for border closure among many white-Europeans stem from the widespread idealization of 'precarity' or insecurity as a European problem, in their eyes justifying wall-building of a 'natural' reaction. Finally, in my study I also question the naturalized necessity of such a reactionary logic in the contemporary conjuncture and present the possibility for radical alternatives.In this sense, I argue that the different politics of far right and radical left 'anti-globalization' movements, both opposing the 'free movement' of capital, are produced through alternative forms of space-making and border-renegotiation in everyday life on a 'local' level, understanding their sense of belonging as tied to a bounded homeland or to a shared space of encounter respectively. In order to understand these different politics, I looked at the production of 'local' communities in collective gardening projects where highly precarized Italians renegotiated their relationship with both land and homeland in everyday life. I have then also carried out participant observation in mixed collective gardens shared by Italians and Afghan or Pakistani asylum seekers, and in other mixed spaces that offered interesting opportunities to understand ordinary border renegotiation practices in relationship to one's sense of precarity or insecurity. Finally, in order to understand border renegotiation both on a communal and on an individual level, during long interview sessions with both Italians and Central Asian migrants I have used individual 'mad map' drawing exercises to encourage the representation of one's condition of precarity and ways to renegotiate any perceived need for security, as a form of mental mapping method adopted and adapted from the American anti-psychiatric movement Icarus, of which I have been part of for years in California. In this context, my work finally also argues that in places like Trieste it is alternative readings of 'precarity', questioning exclusivists senses of belonging and based on appreciating relational forms of insecurity between differently-precarious 'European' and 'non-European' subjects, that may make a different politics of border renegotiation possible. In particular, the production of common spaces enabling the acceptance of mutual vulnerability between such differently-precarious subjects may allow not only for the renegotiation but also for the actual questioning and un-walling of the borders of 'Europe' themselves.

In this presentation, I will address the possibility of an imminent mass extinction of all living beings from planet Earth, and the implications of such a catastrophic event for games studies. The Anthropocene, a term popularized by the end of the 20th century to refer to the geological impact of human beings on planet Earth, assumes a temporal development, a 'before' and 'after' the appearance of humankind. The 'after' period, known as the Post-Anthropocene, is repeatedly claimed by scientists to be approaching within the next few decades, as over-consumption is destroying vital resources of the planet. Allegedly, the sixth mass extinction in the history of our planet is already unfolding, and might determine the disappearance of life from Earth and, as far as we know, from the Universe and beyond (Zylinska 2014; Wark 2015; Haraway 2016; Thacker 2010). Video games have been responding to the arrival of the Post-Anthropocene. In recent years, an increasing number of games appear to capture the fascination and creepiness of a world with no humans. This impending future is not just imagined in fictional settings (e.g. The Legenda of Zelda: Majora's Mask, Nintendo, 2000; Horizon: Zero Dawn, Guerrilla Games, 2017), but within game design. In the last decade an increasing number of video games requiring limited human intervention has been released. Idle games such as Cookie Clicker (Julien Thiennot, 2013) and AdVenture Capitalist (Hyper Hippo Productions, 2014) require an initial input from the player to start, and then keep playing themselves in the background operations of a laptop or smartphone. Virtual environments can be entirely designed by algorithms, as experimented by Hello Games for No Man's Sky (2016). Artificial Intelligence is also used to play games. Screeps, a massive-multiplayer online game, requires players to program an AI that will play the game in their place, and which will 'live within the game even while you are offline' (Screeps Team, 2014). Ghost cars in racing games replace the human actor with a representation of their performance. The same concept is further explored by the Drivatar of the Forza Motorsport series (Microsoft Studios, 2005-2017), which simulates the driving style of the player and competes online against other AI-controlled cars (Bittanti 2015). These are only some of the example that suggest that human beings are becoming peripheral in the act of playing games. The video installation Emissaries, at MoMA PS1, by Ian Cheng (2017), and Twitch streaming of computer-controlled avatars in Grand Theft Auto by Ben Watanabe (San Andreas Deer Cam, 2016; San Andreas Community Cam, 2017) are further investigations in how games could play themselves even after the disappearance of human beings. Drawing on Sonia Fizek's analysis of the concept of interpassivity in digital games (via the work of Robert Pfaller and Slavoj Zizek), and on studies on gamification and self-tracking, I argue that Non-Human Gaming is not necessarily an exception to oppose to 'standard' video games, or a (con)temporary trend (Fizek 2018; Ruffino 2016). The non-human has always been haunting the medium, and studies on interactivity, agency, and player's skills and competences have been providing, so far, a comforting perspective that places the human at the center, or at an equal hierarchical importance than the machine (Giddings 2005; Björk and Juul 2012). Alexander Galloway imagined how machines could take the lead in the process of enacting a video game, creating 'ambience acts' where the game plays itself with no need for the human being to be present (Galloway 2006). Galloway was concerned with the allegories that computer games provide, and the ways in which games mimic the social reality in which we live in. Since 2006, fears of economic, political, social, and geological crises at global level have been prominent. Non-Human gaming can be interpreted as a response to those fears, and put in relation to the rise of self-driving cars, algorithmic trade exchange, and remote warfare, which similarly operate by replacing human beings. In fact, Non-Human Gaming is an adequate response to the disappearance of life from Earth – as it has been imagined, feared, and prophesized by scientists in recent years, and even more insistently since the time of Galloway's contribution. In this talk I will attempt to map the broad category of Non-Human gaming. Roger Caillois, in his early work on mimicry and mythology, was already describing how living beings develop forms of dispersal and waste of energy that cannot be explained through a rationalistic view on evolution and preservation, and which bring the organism closer to its own disappearance and assimilation in the surrounding environment, but are nonetheless defining characteristics of life (Caillois 1934; 1935). My concern is to highlight the weirdness and creepiness, the irony and spoofs, the paradoxes and contradictions of video games made by no one and/or for no one. As Haraway's vision of the cyborg did with cybernetics, Non-Human gaming confuses and complicates the ontologies of digital texts, and could be used to shed light on the situatedness, temporality, and partiality of our knowledge, of both humans and games (Haraway 1991; Kember 2018). Life might be disappearing from Earth at some point, but we are not there yet. We are in-between birth and death, the beginning and the end, and we have always been. Non-Human gaming helps us articulating this space and time in-between, and has the potential to re-route gaming (and game studies) from false myths of agency, interactivity, and instrumentalism (the 'games for' health, education, self-improvement, and so on). Non-human games are companions for earthly survival. BIBLIOGRAPHY Bittanti, M. (2015) Orizzonti di Forza: Fenomenologia della Guida Videoludica, Edizioni Unicopli Björk, S. and Juul, J. (2012) 'Zero-Player Games, or: What We Talk About When We Talk About Players', presented at the Philosophy of Computer Games Conference, Madrid 2012 Caillois, R. (1934) [2014] 'The Praying Mantis: from Biology to Psychoanalysis', in The Edge of Surrealism: A Roger Caillois Reader, Durkham: Duke University Press Caillois, R. (1935) [1984] 'Mimicry and Legendary Psychastenia', in October (31), Cambridge (MA): The MIT Press Fizek, S. (2018) 'Interpassivity and the Joy of Delegated Play'. ToDiGRA Journal (to be published). Galloway, A. (2006) Gaming: Essays on Algorithmic Culture. Minneapolis (MN): University of Minnesota Press. Giddings, S. (2005) Playing with non-humans: digital games as technocultural form. In: Proceedings of DiGRA 2005 Conference: Changing Views - Worlds in Play, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, 16-20 June 2005. Haraway, D. J. (1991) Simians, Cyborgs and Women. The Reinvention of Nature. London: Free Association Books. Haraway, D. J. (2016) Staying with the Trouble: Making Kin in the Chthulucene, Duke University Press Kember, S. (2017) 'After the Anthropocene: the photographic for earthly survival?' in Digital Creativity, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 348-353 Ruffino, P. (2016) 'Games to Live With: Speculations Regarding NikeFuel' in Digital Culture and Society, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 153-`159 Thacker, E. (2010) After Life, London and Chicago: Chicago University Press Wark, M. (2015) Molecular Red. Theory for the Anthropocence. London: Verso. Zylinska, J. (2014) Minimal Ethics for the Anthropocene. Michigan (MA): Open Humanities Press

Recently published by the Madrid publishing house Sequitur, La Escuela Universalista Española del siglo XVIII is an introductory work to a study of the so-called Universalist School. Its author, Pedro Aullón de Haro from the University of Alicante, Spain, and Head of the Research Group "Humanism-Europe" since 1994, has coordinated various volumes whose main objective is the historical reconstruction of the Late Spanish Enlightenment Period, which was truncated by Charles III of Spain's expulsion of the Jesuits, affecting a great many of its members. This Enlightenment Period, in contrast to the victorious French Enlightenment, offered not a political, but a scientific and humanistic view of knowledge, taking a comparative and universalist approach, but, due to the aforementioned expulsion of the Jesuits, the authors dispersed, leaving their work unfinished; and it is only now, under the label of the Universalist School, coined by Prof. Aullón de Haro, that they have been gathered together furthering the possibility of recovering their meaning and systematic cohesion. This volume serves as an introduction to the publications that the author has announced for 2018, in which the detailed study of the main authors within this scientific community will be undertaken following an encyclopaedic structure, which will finally give recognition to the Universalist School movement, and whose stand out authors include: Juan Andrés, creator of the Universal History of the Humanities and Sciences; Lorenzo Hervás y Panduro, creator of Universal and Comparative Linguistics; and Antonio Eximeno, creator of a universal aesthetic concept of music as language and expression.The common thread of the School is precisely the "universalist ideation" that assumes the unity of knowledge in a harmonious integration of experimental sciences, fine arts and human sciences within a humanistic epistemological framework, and consequently, comparativism as a methodology of study, based on the unity of its object: the destiny of man, with his knowledge integrated into a unitary vision of the universe and the world. All this is ultimately based on the work of Dionysius of Halicarnassus, historically rooted in the process of Greco-Roman cultural parallels, and with the main figures of Macrobius, Scaliger and Morhof.Furthermore, 2017 is the second centenary of the death of Juan Andrés, commemorated by an international Congress held at the Complutense University of Madrid and featuring an important bibliographical exhibition in the History Library of this Madrid University, titled "Juan Andres y la Escuela Universalista Española" (2017).The great scientific and thematic scope of the School means that it is possible to discern several sectors or "sub-schools", although the authors often practice several disciplines: the linguistic sub-school (Hervás and his extensive circle of collaborators), bibliographical (Miguel de Casiri, Diosdado Caballero…), botanical-naturalist (Antonio José Cavanilles, Pedro Franco Dávila, Juan José Ruperto de Cuéllar, José Celestino Mutis, Eduardo Romeo…), musicological (Antonio Eximeno, Josef Pintado, Vicente Requeno, Buenaventura Prats, Joaquín Millás…), Americanist-Mexicanist (Francisco Javier Clavijero, Juan Bautista Muñoz, Miguel del Barco González, José Lino Fábregas, Juan Nuix y Perpiñá…), on the Philippines (Juan de la Concepción, Antonio de Tornos, Bernardo Bruno de la Fuente…), meteorology (Andrés, Viñes, Faura…), studies on translation (Carlos Andrés, Juan Bautista Colomés, Pedro Cantón…) etc.The work is divided into three sections: "Teoría general", "Textos de y sobre autores de la Escuela", and "Bibliografía fundamental y selecta".The first section begins with an introductory chapter in which the conceptual principles of the School are explained in relation to the particularity of the Hispanic cultural history, where both its antecedents and theoretical limits are determined. Next comes a description of the sequence of milestones, historical circumstances and accidents that resulted in the formation of the School, as well as an in-depth explanation of the concept of "universalist ideation". Finally, "La ideación del primer programa epistemológico", is a necessary exposition of the important and almost inaccessible Prospectus Philosophiae Universae, a work that was written and directed by Juan Andrés. It is a general and pluridisciplinary programmatic text published in 1773 in Ferrara, and access to it for consultation is hard to come by. That is, it is a kind of program that intends to carry out a radical overcoming of the culture and thought of the Baroque era, through the integration of empiricist science and philosophy with classical humanism and its evolution through a historically founded and revisable concept of progress. The fourth chapter, entitled "La Ilustración universalista: creación de la Comparatística moderna y Literatura Universal", lists the conceptual keys to understanding the particularity of this late Spanish age of Enlightenment of Hispanic-Italian roots, Christian, integrative, international, intercontinental, founded on a unitary vision of the universe and the world. The fifth chapter, "La clasificación de las ciencias, la universalidad tematológica y la estética de la expresión", analyses the variables of the Enlightenment Period, the various types of European illustrations and their internal conceptual sectors, in an attempt to bring to light the lack of historical and intellectual homogeneity of a process of great relevance, and analyses the universalistic classification of scientific disciplines by comparison with the classification of the French illustration, showing the flagrant reduction of the French classification, and also includes a revealing study on the concept of "expression" elaborated by Antonio Eximeno, which was later also recovered by Benedetto Croce, although without him acknowledging the precedence of Eximeno's work.The second part, "Textos de y sobre autores de la Escuela", presents a series of documents as a critical support of the School and its authors. This is especially true of the textual references from the three main authors with respect to the other members of the School, which provides an account of the indisputable existence of a productive and active scientific community.The last part records essential bibliographical sources and information intended to enable a continuation of the study by the authors of this School, a bibliographic selection of the most important works of all the members of the School, and another selection of general and monographic studies on relevant theoretical, historical and cultural issues.In short, this work succeeds in refuting one of the most important historical and intellectual fallacies of our time: the absence of a Spanish Enlightenment Period, and consequently, proves the existence of an original and consistent modern Hispanic thought. In this way, it opens up a field of study that demands new research that will bring to light better-informed reinterpretations of both Spanish and Hispanic America pasts in general, which will lead to a search for unity, not in political and economic terms, as seems to be the objective of economic globalization, but on the basis of the concept of universality. For this purpose, the Research Group Humanismo-Europa has affiliated itself with the Instituto Juan Andrés de Comparatística y Globalización, as well created links to its online network Biblioteca HumanismoEuropa, where all the information about the authors of the School and their texts has been gathered and made available to the general public.

The transformations of the Chilean Welfare State, following the political-economic restructuration after the military dictatorship (1973-1990), have been the core of an intense debate. However, the transformations taking place since 1973 in the relationship between the State, the market, and civil society, regarding the access to rights, lie in a structure of unequal distribution of rights forged throughout the 20th century. This philosophy of the Welfare State and its relation to individuals is characterized by the classification of beneficiaries: the bearers of rights and the recipients of assistance. This system is organized based on the configuration of two mechanisms of access to social protection, with the direct participation of the market, and which is characterized by the privatized dimension of the solidarity conception, either through the family or through the philanthropy. The neo-liberalization process introduces three changes to this model: the liberalization of the social sectors, which improves the public-private collaboration system; the technocratic development of the decision-making process and the intervention process; and the change of targeting as a mechanism of social justice. Thus, the model of unequal distribution of rights, enhanced by the establishment of a residual state during the dictatorship and then by the sophistication of targeting policies during the democratic period, takes shape, particularly, in terms of the social management of childhood. The policies of health, education, and specialized protection, crystallize a model of continuity and neoliberal inflections. This is the reconfiguration of the Welfare State as a tension: the strong regulatory role that accompanies the liberalization of the social sectors is gradually anchored on a discourse of social rights that reflects the processes of democratization experienced by the country since 1990. The objective of this research is to reflect on the forms that the Welfare State adopts from the political-economic restructuration of the country and to trace these transformations in a socio-political and historical framework. In this way, this study seeks to analyze the reconfigurations of social and political process, from an empirical regard, discussing the studies of social policies towards the childhood. ; Las transformaciones del Estado social de Chile luego de la restructuración político-económica realizada por la dictadura militar (1973-1990), ha sido objeto de un intenso debate. Sin embargo, las transformaciones realizadas desde 1973 en la relación entre el Estado, el mercado y la sociedad civil respecto al acceso a los derechos, se sitúan en una estructura de distribución desigual de derechos, forjada a lo largo del siglo XX. Esta filosofía del Estado social y su relación con los individuos, se caracteriza por la clasificación de beneficiarios: de un lado los portadores de derechos y del otro, los receptores de asistencia. Este sistema se organiza a partir de la configuración de dos vías de acceso a la protección, en relación directa con la participación en el mercado, y se caracteriza por la dimensión privatizada de la concepción de la solidaridad, sea a través de la familia o de la filantropía. El proceso de neo-liberalización introducirá tres inflexiones a ese modelo: la liberalización de los sectores sociales, que perfeccionará el sistema de colaboración público-privada; la tecnocratización de la toma de decisiones y de la intervención; el cambio en la naturaleza de la focalización, en tanto mecanismo de justicia social. De esta manera, el modelo de distribución desigual de derechos, aumentado por la implementación del Estado residual en dictadura, y luego por la sofisticación de la focalización en democracia, toma forma especialmente en el plano de la gestión social de la infancia. Las políticas de salud, educación y protección especializada, reflejan tanto este modelo de continuidad como las inflexiones neoliberales. Se trata de una reconfiguración del Estado social bajo tensión: el rol fuertemente regulador que acompaña la liberalización de los sectores sociales, está anclado progresivamente en un discurso sobre los derechos sociales que hace eco de los procesos de democratización vividos por el país desde 1990. El objetivo de esta investigación es reflexionar sobre las formas que adopta el Estado social a partir de la restructuración político-económica del país, tanto como trazar esas transformaciones en un marco político-histórico. De esta manera, nos interesamos al análisis sobre las reconfiguraciones de lo social y lo político en el nuevo escenario, a partir del estudio de las políticas de infancia. ; Les transformations de l'État social au Chili, suite à la restructuration politico-économique consubstantielle à la dictature militaire (1973-1990), ont fait l'objet d'un intense débat. Cependant, les transformations survenues depuis 1973 dans la relation entre l'État, le marché et la société civile, concernant l'accès aux droits, sont à situer dans une structure de distribution inégale des droits qui s'est forgée tout au long du XXe siècle. Cette philosophie de l'État social, et son rapport aux individus, se caractérise par la classification des bénéficiaires : des porteurs de droits et des récepteurs de l'assistance. Ce système s'organise à partir de la configuration de deux voies d'accès à la protection, en relation directe avec la participation au marché et se caractérise par la dimension privatisée de la conception de la solidarité, soit à travers la famille soit à travers la philanthropie. Le processus de néo-libéralisation introduira trois inflexions dans ce modèle : la libéralisation des secteurs sociaux qui va perfectionner le système de collaboration public-privé ; la technocratisation de la prise de décisions et de l'intervention ; le changement de la nature du ciblage comme mécanisme de justice sociale. Ainsi, le modèle de distribution inégale des droits, majoré par la mise en place de l'État résiduel pendant la dictature puis par la sophistication des politiques de ciblage pendant la démocratie, va prendre forme, notamment sur le plan de la gestion sociale de l'enfance. Les politiques de la santé, de l'éducation et de la protection spécialisée reflètent ce modèle de continuité et les inflexions néolibérales. Il s'agit de la reconfiguration de l'État social sous tension : le rôle fort régulateur qui accompagne la libéralisation des secteurs sociaux est ancré progressivement dans un discours des droits sociaux qui fait écho aux processus de démocratisation vécus par le pays, à partir de 1990. L'objectif de cette recherche est de réfléchir sur les formes que l'État social adopte à partir de la restructuration politico-économique du pays ainsi que de retracer ces transformations dans un cadre sociopolitique et historique. De cette façon, nous nous consacrerons à l'analyse des reconfigurations du social et du politique dans la nouvelle donne, à partir de l'étude des politiques sociales menées envers l'enfance.

The transformations of the Chilean Welfare State, following the political-economic restructuration after the military dictatorship (1973-1990), have been the core of an intense debate. However, the transformations taking place since 1973 in the relationship between the State, the market, and civil society, regarding the access to rights, lie in a structure of unequal distribution of rights forged throughout the 20th century. This philosophy of the Welfare State and its relation to individuals is characterized by the classification of beneficiaries: the bearers of rights and the recipients of assistance. This system is organized based on the configuration of two mechanisms of access to social protection, with the direct participation of the market, and which is characterized by the privatized dimension of the solidarity conception, either through the family or through the philanthropy. The neo-liberalization process introduces three changes to this model: the liberalization of the social sectors, which improves the public-private collaboration system; the technocratic development of the decision-making process and the intervention process; and the change of targeting as a mechanism of social justice. Thus, the model of unequal distribution of rights, enhanced by the establishment of a residual state during the dictatorship and then by the sophistication of targeting policies during the democratic period, takes shape, particularly, in terms of the social management of childhood. The policies of health, education, and specialized protection, crystallize a model of continuity and neoliberal inflections. This is the reconfiguration of the Welfare State as a tension: the strong regulatory role that accompanies the liberalization of the social sectors is gradually anchored on a discourse of social rights that reflects the processes of democratization experienced by the country since 1990. The objective of this research is to reflect on the forms that the Welfare State adopts from the political-economic restructuration of the country and to trace these transformations in a socio-political and historical framework. In this way, this study seeks to analyze the reconfigurations of social and political process, from an empirical regard, discussing the studies of social policies towards the childhood. ; Las transformaciones del Estado social de Chile luego de la restructuración político-económica realizada por la dictadura militar (1973-1990), ha sido objeto de un intenso debate. Sin embargo, las transformaciones realizadas desde 1973 en la relación entre el Estado, el mercado y la sociedad civil respecto al acceso a los derechos, se sitúan en una estructura de distribución desigual de derechos, forjada a lo largo del siglo XX. Esta filosofía del Estado social y su relación con los individuos, se caracteriza por la clasificación de beneficiarios: de un lado los portadores de derechos y del otro, los receptores de asistencia. Este sistema se organiza a partir de la configuración de dos vías de acceso a la protección, en relación directa con la participación en el mercado, y se caracteriza por la dimensión privatizada de la concepción de la solidaridad, sea a través de la familia o de la filantropía. El proceso de neo-liberalización introducirá tres inflexiones a ese modelo: la liberalización de los sectores sociales, que perfeccionará el sistema de colaboración público-privada; la tecnocratización de la toma de decisiones y de la intervención; el cambio en la naturaleza de la focalización, en tanto mecanismo de justicia social. De esta manera, el modelo de distribución desigual de derechos, aumentado por la implementación del Estado residual en dictadura, y luego por la sofisticación de la focalización en democracia, toma forma especialmente en el plano de la gestión social de la infancia. Las políticas de salud, educación y protección especializada, reflejan tanto este modelo de continuidad como las inflexiones neoliberales. Se trata de una reconfiguración del Estado social bajo tensión: el rol fuertemente regulador que acompaña la liberalización de los sectores sociales, está anclado progresivamente en un discurso sobre los derechos sociales que hace eco de los procesos de democratización vividos por el país desde 1990. El objetivo de esta investigación es reflexionar sobre las formas que adopta el Estado social a partir de la restructuración político-económica del país, tanto como trazar esas transformaciones en un marco político-histórico. De esta manera, nos interesamos al análisis sobre las reconfiguraciones de lo social y lo político en el nuevo escenario, a partir del estudio de las políticas de infancia. ; Les transformations de l'État social au Chili, suite à la restructuration politico-économique consubstantielle à la dictature militaire (1973-1990), ont fait l'objet d'un intense débat. Cependant, les transformations survenues depuis 1973 dans la relation entre l'État, le marché et la société civile, concernant l'accès aux droits, sont à situer dans une structure de distribution inégale des droits qui s'est forgée tout au long du XXe siècle. Cette philosophie de l'État social, et son rapport aux individus, se caractérise par la classification des bénéficiaires : des porteurs de droits et des récepteurs de l'assistance. Ce système s'organise à partir de la configuration de deux voies d'accès à la protection, en relation directe avec la participation au marché et se caractérise par la dimension privatisée de la conception de la solidarité, soit à travers la famille soit à travers la philanthropie. Le processus de néo-libéralisation introduira trois inflexions dans ce modèle : la libéralisation des secteurs sociaux qui va perfectionner le système de collaboration public-privé ; la technocratisation de la prise de décisions et de l'intervention ; le changement de la nature du ciblage comme mécanisme de justice sociale. Ainsi, le modèle de distribution inégale des droits, majoré par la mise en place de l'État résiduel pendant la dictature puis par la sophistication des politiques de ciblage pendant la démocratie, va prendre forme, notamment sur le plan de la gestion sociale de l'enfance. Les politiques de la santé, de l'éducation et de la protection spécialisée reflètent ce modèle de continuité et les inflexions néolibérales. Il s'agit de la reconfiguration de l'État social sous tension : le rôle fort régulateur qui accompagne la libéralisation des secteurs sociaux est ancré progressivement dans un discours des droits sociaux qui fait écho aux processus de démocratisation vécus par le pays, à partir de 1990. L'objectif de cette recherche est de réfléchir sur les formes que l'État social adopte à partir de la restructuration politico-économique du pays ainsi que de retracer ces transformations dans un cadre sociopolitique et historique. De cette façon, nous nous consacrerons à l'analyse des reconfigurations du social et du politique dans la nouvelle donne, à partir de l'étude des politiques sociales menées envers l'enfance.

1. Objetivos de la tesis La tesis comprende una serie de lecturas y análisis sobre diversos estudiosos de la figura histórica o mítica de Moisés. El fenómeno inédito de Moisés en el monte Sinaí ha sido analizado por teólogos y filósofos. Este trabajo intenta mostrar cómo no encontramos interpretación alguna sobre Moisés (realizada entre la Edad Media y la época moderna) exenta o desprovista de disertaciones políticas. Analizar los hechos acaecidos en el monte Sinaí se convirtió para muchos audaces pensadores en una cuestión política. Los fundamentos teóricos de la democracia dependieron de la creatividad de un filósofo, Spinoza, para recrear los hechos acaecidos en el monte Sinaí. Por tanto, en este trabajo, nos vamos a mover en tres planos. El primero, la interpretación de los hechos acaecidos en el monte Sinaí que propone cada autor. El segundo, la motivación o la explicación de por qué ese autor ve los acontecimientos del monte Sinaí de ese modo y no otro, cuál es la intención que subyace a cada interpretación. Una interpretación que se ubica en un universo psicosocial y, sobre todo, en una época y una sociedad que se enfrenta a problemas y desafíos políticos diferentes. La tercera, cómo esas interpretaciones recrean nuevas imágenes, dotadas de carga política, que pretenden establecer nuevas relaciones de dominio y poder. Debido a que la tesis se mueve en tres planos de comprensión diferentes, responde a tres exigencias teóricas diferentes. La primera respecto a la génesis y comprensión de los conceptos políticos modernos. Más concretamente, al problema de si podemos comprender los conceptos políticos modernos al margen del proceso de la secularización. El segundo se pregunta por cuáles son los fundamentos teóricos de la democracia moderna, a partir del estudio del TTP de Spinoza. El tercero se plantea si podemos hablar de la construcción de un sujeto afín a la democracia que esté vacunado contra el dominio imperial. 2. Metodología Estamos ante una investigación de naturaleza compleja. La labor principal ha consistido en hacerse con los procesos socio-históricos de naturaleza política, y centrados en las luchas de poder de la época moderna, tema que constituye el eje principal de la tesis. El juego de categorías de la época moderna, centradas sobre todo en el análisis de la figura de Moisés, lo hemos desplegado desde una perspectiva histórico-conceptual, que nos ha permitido retroceder a la época medieval y avanzar hasta la época post-moderna. La historia conceptual, como metodología científica, nos permite desvelar el dispositivo categorial específico de la filosofía política moderna, frente a los que constituye bien el cosmos de la primera modernidad o bien del mundo mental medieval. 3. Conclusiones: -Los conceptos políticos modernos no pueden comprenderse al menos en su total complejidad al margen del proceso de secularización -Los fundamentos teóricos de la democracia moderna se deben en parte a la secularización del mesianismo judío y de los componentes que lo integran, siendo estos: profeta, profecía, estado mesiánico y redención, que se van a traducir por revolucionario, mitin político, estado democrático y destino final del pueblo o consecución de la anhelada paz del Estado. -Los fundamentos del estado moderno, así como la creación de un sujeto afín a la democracia y contario al imperio, no se puede comprender al margen de las interpretaciones heterodoxas judeo- cabalísticas- helenísticas, que fueron gestando a lo largo de la historia nuevas formas de comprender el poder, a partir de la interpretación histórico sociopolítica de los hechos sucedidos en el monte Sinaí. 1. Purposes of this thesis The thesis comprises some reads and analyses on diverse scholars of the historical or mythical figure of Moses. The unprecedented phenomenon of Moses at MountSinai has been analysed by theologians and philosophers. This essay attempts to show how we do not find any interpretation about Moses (between the Middle Ages and the modern age) exempt or devoid of political dissertations. The analysis of the events that took place at Mount Sinai turned intoa political issue for many audacious thinkers. The theoretical foundations of democracy depended on the creativity of a philosopher, Spinoza, to recreate the events that took place at Mount Sinai. Therefore, in this essay, we will study three areas. The first one is the interpretation of the events that took place at Mount Sinai that every author proposes. The second one is the motivation or explanation of why this author sees the events of Mount Sinai that way and only that way, which intention is behind every interpretation;an interpretation that is placed in a psychosocial universe and, above all, in an age and society that face different political problems and challenges. The third one is how these interpretations recreate new images, politically charged, that intend to establish new relations of domination and power. As this thesis studies three different levels of understanding, it responds to three different theoretical requests. The first one is about the origin and understanding of modern political concepts. More specifically, about the problem of whether we can understand modern political concepts outside of the process of secularization. The second one wonders about the theoretical foundations of modern democracy, starting from the study of Spinoza's TTP. The third one thinks about whether we can talk about the creation of a subject in favour of democracy that is prepared against imperial domination. 2. Methodology We face a complex research. The main task lied in getting hold of the socio-historical processes witha political nature that were focused on the power struggles of the modern age, subject that constitutes the main focus of this thesis. We have displayed the set of categories of the modern age, mainly focused on the analysis of Moses' figure, from a historical and conceptual point of view, that allowed us to go back to the Middle Ages and advance until the postmodern age. Conceptual history, as a scientific methodology, allows us to reveal the specific categorymechanism of modern political philosophy, against those that the cosmos of the first modernity constitutes well, or of the medieval mental world. 3. Conclusions: -The modern political concepts cannot be understood, at least in their whole complexity, outside of the process of secularization. -The theoretical foundations of modern democracy are partly due to the secularization of Jewish messianism and the components that integrate it, that is: prophet, prophecy, messianic state and redemption, that are translated into revolutionary, political speech, democratic state and final destination of the people or achievement of the desired peace of the State. -The foundations of the modern state, as well as the creation of a subject in favour of democracy and against empire, cannot be understood outside of the heterodox Judeo-Kabbalistic-Hellenistic interpretations that were originating new ways to understand power throughout history, starting from the socio-political historical interpretation of the events that took place at Mount Sinai.

AbstractInterconnections at the microbial and societal scales: The response of hypersaline microbial communities to environmental perturbations and a situated exercise in the democratization of sciencebyKaren AndradeDoctor of Philosophy in Environmental Science, Policy, and ManagementUniversity of California, BerkeleyProfessor Jillian F. Banfield, Co-ChairProfessor Alastair T. Iles, Co-ChairRegardless of the scale at which it is defined, at the core of a community is the interdependence and connection of organisms. It is from the connections between organisms that a community emerges. This interdisciplinary dissertation is an investigation of, and an engagement with, both microbial and human communities from the point of view of several disciplines and methods. Microorganisms and humans both exist in and form close communities with each other. The methods and theoretical frameworks used in each chapter vary widely, providing different lenses through which to understand these communities and their networks of interactions. Furthermore, in all chapters the results of community-wide approaches highlight the phenomena that emerge from the interconnections within, and with the environmental context in which the community exists. The first part of this dissertation analyzes the ecology, function and response of the microbial community of a hypersaline lake. Lake Tyrell (NW, Victoria, Australia) is a thalassohaline lake whose microbial community we propose is a model for understanding the response of microbes and their communities to short time scale environmental perturbations. Cultivation-independent methods were used to study the dynamics and metabolic profile of the planktonic microbial community. Cultivation-independent methods allow the study of the whole community, including organisms that cannot be grown in the laboratory. In chapter 1 metagenomics, lipidomics and microscopy methods demonstrated the operation of a strong community-level diel (day-night) cycle, likely driven by the interconnection of nutrient fluxes, temperature, light abundance and oxygen concentrations. Lipidomic and statistical analyses demonstrated striking and significant shifts in the proportions of bacterial and archaeal lipids across the diel cycle in a 3-day and 2-night time series experiment. Bacterial lipids increase during the day and decrease during the night and archaeal lipids show the opposite trend. Metagenomic analysis revealed the day-night behavior of specific types of organisms and resolved community composition. The community includes two bacteria in the phylum Bacteroidetes, eight archaea members of the Halobacteriaceae family and six different nanohaloarchaeal types, three of which have not been identified previously. Metagenomic analyses support the finding of an overall preference in Archaea for nighttime, relative to Bacteria, which increase during the daytime. The nanohaloarchaea showed a particularly strong diel cycle, with a pronounced increase in relative abundance over the night periods The Nanohaloarchea are nano-sized archaea that were first identified at Lake Tyrrell by previous studies. They are part of a recently described group of archaea that tend to have small genomes (~1.2Mb) and cell size (~<500 nm in diameter). The combining of multi-'omic methods and microscopy allowed the detection of a diel cycle in relative abundances of bacteria and archaea, resolved the behavior of the Nanohaloarchaea, which opened a window into their ecology and possible associations with other organisms in the community.Chapter 2 further investigated the ecology of Lake Tyrrell's microbial community during the 3-day and 2-night time series experiment mentioned above. Metagenomic and metaproteomic methods allowed the study of how the community's function is impacted by evaporative concentration as it is modulated by variations in temperature and solar radiation during the diel cycle. An in-depth characterization of the physiological changes of Haloquadratum, the dominant organisms in the lake, showed increased expression of proteins involved in stress response, cell division, and the biosynthesis of vitamin B cofactors. The expression of proteins that biosynthesize vitamin B12 adds to recent findings that underlie the importance of B vitamins in natural environments. Metaproteomics showed that evaporative concentration was a major driver of shifts in the Haloquadratum proteome and that a physiological diel cycle might be suppressed as environmental stress increases. Analysis of nanohaloarchaeal genomes suggests that they are anaerobic fermenters that overall have limited metabolic capacity. Given that they lack many core biosynthetic pathways, they likely depend on abundant archaea such as Haloquadratum for many basic metabolic substrates, possibly including membrane lipids as well as nucleotides and amino acids. . Results provide new insight into the response of hypersaline microbial communities to the interrelated environmental factors that track the diel cycle, including evaporative concentration.Chapter 3 is an interdisciplinary essay that brings microbial ecology into conversation with Science and Technology studies. Partly ethnography of science, I discuss the recent technological changes that have taken place in the field of microbiology. Further I highlight their contribution to a shifting perception of microbes as individual threats to a view that emphasizes our co-dependence and collaboration with microbial communities. By shedding light on the complex and mutually affecting dynamics that characterize the relationship between human cells and their microbial counterparts, microbiology is pointing to a new vision of the human body; a hybrid entity that has been shaped by microbial relationships and co-evolutions. Yet, the epistemic culture of microbiology remains stable and dependent a disconnected and disembodied objectivity that reinforces the view of microbes as passive, mechanical objects primed for exploitation. Yet, "indigenous microbiology" practices, such as composting and artisanal cheese making, show how humans and microbes have built collaborative relationships outside of the body. Underscoring the communal nature of microbes and humans provides an opportunity for the epistemic culture of microbiology to shift by underscoring the communal nature of microbes and humans, and moving away from reductionism.Working at another scale and resulting from questions rising from my experience as a microbiologist, graduate student and academic scientist, Chapter 4 narrates the results of my efforts to establish a Science Shop at UC Berkeley. Science Shops are organizations that coordinate and execute community-engaged research projects. Community-engaged research has been shown to better the scientific enterprise by improving its methodological rigor as well as its public relevance and policy reach. By bringing together university researchers, students, and community organizations science shops facilitate scientific research that responds to the needs and interests of all stakeholders. It is imperative that universities explore and actualize models of knowledge production that empower the communities that support them. Inspired by the co-learning and co-productive relationships between learners and teachers and by the results of the European Science Shop movement, the UC Berkeley Science Shop was established in 2013 and was successfully funded and run for two years. Grounded in the theoretical frameworks of situated knowledge, local and generalized knowledges and epistemic injustice, I proposed that Science Shops have an important role in democratizing the practice of, and access to, scientific research and knowledge production. The UC Berkeley Science Shop itself, and the three pilot projects completed provide a precedent and a model for the creation of these types of organizations in American universities.

VANDA ARAMAVIČIŪTĖ – habilitated doctor of social sciences (education), professor at the Department of Education, Vilnius University. Research interests: general educology, education and spiritual development of a personality, methodology of educational research. Address: 9/1 Universiteto Str., LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: aramaviciute@gmail.comRŪTA BIKULČIŪTĖ – master of education. Research interests: education policy, education management, economics of education. Address: 9/1 Universiteto Str., LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: ruta.bikulciute@gmail.comAUDRA BALUNDĖ – master student of psychology, Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences. Research interests: psychology of creativity, organizational psychology. Address: Studentų Str. 39, LT-08106 Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: audra.balunde@stud.leu.ltJŪRATĖ ČESNAVIČIENĖ – doctor of social sciences (educational science), lecturer at the Department of Health and Physical Education, Faculty of Sports and Health Education, Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences. Research interests: health education. Address: StudentųStr. 39, LT-08106 Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: jurate.cesnaviciene@leu.ltLILIJA DUOBLIENĖ – doctor of social sciences (education), professor and Head of the Education Department, Vilnius University. Research interests: education philosophy, education policy, multicultural education. Address: 9/1 Universiteto Str., LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: lilija.duobliene@fsf.vu.ltRŪTA GIRDZIJAUSKIENĖ – doctor of social sciences, professor at the Music Theory and Education Department, Faculty of Art, Klaipeda University. Research interests: creativity development, music education, teacher training. Address: 4 K. Donelaičio Str.; e-mail address: ruta.girdzi@gmail.comSANDRA KAIRĖ – doctoral student of social science (education) at the Department of Education, Vilnius University, Lithuania. Research interests: intercultural education, learning through experience, non-formal education. Address: 9/1 Universiteto Str., LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania; E-mail address: sandra.kaire@fsf.vu.ltDAIVA GRAKAUSKAITĖ KARKOCKIENĖ – doctor of social science (psychology); associate professor at the Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences. Research interests: psychology of creativity, family psychology, psychological counseling. Address: 39-328 Studentų Str., LT-08106 Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: daiva.karkockiene@leu.ltVIDA GUDŽINSKIENĖ – doctor of social sciences (education), professor of the Institute of Educology and Social Work, Social Technology, Mykolas Romeris University. Research interests: health protection, promotion and (self-)education, modelling of educational process, (self-)development of life skills, expression of different student competences; development of social competences; social worker and teacher training. Address: 20 Ateities Str., LT-08303, Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: vida.gudzinskiene@mruni.euZITA NAUCKŪNAITĖ – doctor of social sciences (education), associate professor at the Department of Lithuanian Language and Literature Didactics, Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences. Research interests: argumentation theory, rhetoric, language didactics, assessment. Address: 31 Ševčenkos Str., LT-03111 Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: zita.nauckunaite@leu.ltSANDRA RIMKUTĖ JANKUVIENĖ – doctoral student (social sciences) of Klaipeda University, Lecturer at the Music Theory and Education Department, Faculty of Art, Klaipeda University. Research interests: musical creativity development, ICT and music education. Address: 4 K. Donelaicio Str., Klaipėda, Lithuania; e-mail address: sandra.rimkute.jankuviene@gmail.comIRENA STONKUVIENĖ – doctor of social sciences (education), associate professor at the Education Department, Vilnius University. Research interests: educational anthropology, history of education, cultural education, gender studies. Address: 9/1 Universiteto Str., LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: irena.stonkuvienė@fsf.vu.ltRIMANTAS ŽELVYS – habilitated doctor of social sciences (education), professor at the Department of Education, Vilnius University. Research interests: education policy, education management, higher education. Address: 9/1 Universiteto Str., LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania; e-mail address: rimantas.zelvys@leu.ltSNIEGUOLĖ VAIČEKAUSKIENĖ – doctoral student at the Education Science Faculty, Lithuanian University of Education; head of the External Evaluation of School Performance Quality Division, National Agency for School Evaluation. Research interests: moral education of younger teenagers, external evaluation of general education schools performance quality. Address: 82 Didlaukio Str., LT-08303 Vilnius, Lithuania; E-mail address: snieguole.vaicekauskiene@nmva.smm.lt ; VANDA ARAMAVIČIŪTĖ – socialinių mokslų (edukologijos) habilituota daktarė, Vilniaus universiteto Edukologijos katedros profesorė. Mokslinių interesų sritys: bendroji edukologija, ugdymas ir asmenybės dvasinis brendimas, ugdymo tyrimų metodologija. Adresas: Universiteto g. 9/1, LT-01513 Vilnius. El. paštas: aramaviciute@ gmail.comAUDRA BALUNDĖ – vystymosi psichologijos magistrantė, Lietuvos edukologijos universiteto Ugdymo mokslų fakulteto Psichologijos didaktikos katedra. Domėjimosi sritys: kūrybos psichologija, organizacijų psichologija. Adresas: Studentų g. 39, LT-08106 Vilnius. El. paštas: audra.balunde@stud.leu.ltRŪTA BIKULČIŪTĖ – edukologijos magistrė. Mokslinių interesų sritys: švietimo politika, švietimo vadyba, švietimo ekonomika. Adresas: Universiteto g. 9/1, LT-01513 Vilnius. El. paštas: ruta.bikulciute@gmail.comJŪRATĖ ČESNAVIČIENĖ – socialinių mokslų (edukologijos) daktarė, Lietuvos edukologijos universiteto Sporto ir sveikatos fakulteto Sveikatos ir fizinio ugdymo katedros lektorė. Mokslinių interesų sritis: sveikatos ugdymas. Adresas: Studentų g. 39, LT-08106 Vilnius. El. paštas: jurate.cesnaviciene@leu.ltLILIJA DUOBLIENĖ – socialinių mokslų (edukologijos) daktarė, Vilniaus universiteto Edukologijos katedros profesorė. Mokslinių interesų sritys: ugdymo filosofija, švietimo politika, tarpkultūrinis ugdymas, medijų raštingumo ugdymas. Adresas: Universiteto g. 9/1, LT-01513 Vilnius.El. paštas: lilija.duoblienė@fsf.vu.ltRŪTA GIRDZIJAUSKIENĖ – socialinių mokslų (edukologijos) daktarė, Klaipėdos universiteto Menų fakulteto Muzikos teorijos ir pedagogikos katedros profesorė. Mokslininkų interesų sritys: kūrybiškumo ugdymas, muzikinis ugdymas, mokytojų rengimas. Adresas: K. Donelaičio g. 4, tel. 8 (46) 39 87 34. El. paštas: ruta.girdzi@gmail.comDAIVA GRAKAUSKAITĖ-KARKOCKIENĖ – socialinių mokslų (psichologijos) daktarė, Lietuvos edukologijos universiteto Ugdymo mokslų fakulteto Psichologijos didaktikos katedros docentė. Mokslinių interesų sritys: kūrybos psichologija, šeimos psichologija, psichologinis konsultavimas. Adresas: Studentų g. 39-328, LT-08106 Vilnius. El. paštas: daiva.karkockiene@leu.ltVIDA GUDŽINSKIENĖ – socialinių mokslų (edukologijos) daktarė, Mykolo Romerio universiteto Socialinių technologijų fakulteto Edukologijos ir socialinio darbo instituto profesorė. Mokslinių interesų sritys: sveikatos saugojimas, stiprinimas ir ugdymas, gyvenimo įgūdžių ugdymas(is), ugdymo proceso modeliavimas, įvairių besimokančiųjų kompetencijų raiška, socialinių kompetencijų ugdymas, socialinių darbuotojų ir pedagogų rengimas. Adresas: Ateities g. 20, LT-08303 Vilnius. El. paštas: vida.gudzinskiene@mruni.euSANDRA KAIRĖ – Vilniaus universiteto Edukologijos katedros doktorantė. Mokslinių interesų sritys: tarpkultūrinis ugdymas, mokymasis per patyrimą, neformalus ugdymas. Adresas: Universiteto g. 9/1, LT-01513 Vilnius. El. paštas: sandra.kaire@fsf.vu.ltZITA NAUCKŪNAITĖ – socialinių mokslų (edukologijos) daktarė, Lietuvos edukologijos universiteto Lietuvių kalbos ir literatūros didaktikos katedros docentė. Mokslinių interesų sritys: argumentacijos teorija, retorika, kalbos ugdymo didaktika, vertinimas. Adresas: T. Ševčenkos g. 31, LT-03111 Vilnius. El. paštas: zita.nauckunaite@leu.ltSANDRA RIMKUTĖ-JANKUVIENĖ – Klaipėdos universiteto edukologijos krypties doktorantė, Menų fakulteto Muzikos teorijos ir pedagogikos katedros lektorė. Mokslinių interesų sritys: muzikinio kūrybiškumo ugdymas, IKT ir muzikinis ugdymas. Adresas: K. Donelaičio g. 4. El. paštas: sandra.rimkute.jankuviene@gmail.comIRENA STONKUVIENĖ – socialinių mokslų (edukologijos) daktarė, Vilniaus universiteto Edukologijos katedros docentė. Mokslinių interesų sritys: švietimo antropologija; pedagogikos istorija, kultūrinis ugdymas, lyčių studijos. Adresas: Universiteto g. 9/1, LT-01513 Vilnius. El. paštas: irena.stonkuvienė@fsf.vu.ltRIMANTAS ŽELVYS – socialinių mokslų (edukologijos) habilituotas daktaras, Vilniaus universiteto Edukologijos katedros profesorius. Mokslinių interesų sritys: švietimo politika, švietimo vadyba, švietimo reformos. Adresas: Universiteto g. 9/1, LT-01513, tel. (370) 5 266 76 26. El. paštas: rimantas.zelvys@f.vu.ltSNIEGUOLĖ VAIČEKAUSKIENĖ – Vilniaus edukologijos universiteto Ugdymo mokslų fakulteto Edukologijos katedros doktorantė, Nacionalinės mokyklų vertinimo agentūros Mokyklų veiklos kokybės išorinio vertinimo skyriaus vedėja. Mokslinių interesų sritys: jaunesniųjų paauglių dorovinis ugdymas(is), bendrojo ugdymo mokyklų veiklos kokybė. Adresas: Didlaukio g. 82, LT-08303 Vilnius. El. paštas: snieguole.vaicekauskiene@nmva.smm.lt

The article deals with the views of Ukrainian orthodox intellectuals of late XVI – early XVII ct. on the gist of the state, political rules, the role of the governor, the relations between the church and government authority. By the mid of XVII ct. these ideas had been clearly determined and wanted political realization. It resulted in closer relations of the Cossack and Orthodox Authorities and the interaction of their political concepts. The impact of the church elite on the evolution of the Cossack's idea of the Government in the period of the national-liberation revolution of 1648-1657 is under research. The Cossack's and the Church's common and distinctive ideas of an ideal government as well as the reasons of these distinctions and their impact on the course of the political events are analyzed. It is proved that the Cossack and the Orthodox Authorities had common views on the basic ideas of the political notion «Rus», of a political nation as an outclass ethnic-confessional community, who are voluntarily united to defend their faith and rights. It is supposed that these ideas were borrowed by Cossacks from the church, where they had been being developed since the end of XVI ct. At the same time, there was a strict distinction in the idea of the state governor and the relations between the state and the church authorities. In contrast to orthodox priests' understanding of an ideal governor as «tsar-philosopher» (the idea that had existed in European philosophy since Platoon and had dominated since Petro Mohyla), Bohdan Khmelnytsky's entourage evolved from a democratic idea of Cossack Hetman to autocratic idea of Hetman-Monarch. The priesthood and Cossacks had also differed in their vision of the relations between the church and the state authorities. The priesthood supported the supremacy of the church, while Cossacks stood up for the state government.Such a difference in their views resulted in great misunderstanding between hetman's adherents and orthodox hierarchy, especially in the period of formation of the Union with Moscow State in 1654. This difference must have been caused by different political influence on the Cossack Authority of both Kyiv orthodox hierarchy (whose aim was to strengthen Ukrainian sovereignty) and orthodox patriarchs in the east (aimed to liberate themselves from Moslem Government). Later on both Cossack and church ideas evolved under the impact of objective circumstances and influenced mutually in the process of formation of the national government. ; У статті аналізується розвиток поглядів на сутність держави, політичні права, роль правителя, взаємовідносини між духовною та світською владою, сформованих у середовищі українських православних інтелектуалів кінця XVI – початку XVII ст. На середину XVII ст. ця система понять була достатньо чітко сформована та потребувала політичної реалізації. Наслідком цього стало чергове зближення між козацькою старшиною та православними ієрархами і взаємовплив їхніх політичних концепцій. Досліджується внесок церковної еліти в еволюцію козацького ідеалу державності в часи національно-визвольної революції 1648-1657 рр. Аналізуються спільні та відмінні риси в уявленнях про ідеальну державу в козацькому та церковному середовищах, причини цих відмінностей та їх вплив на перебіг політичних подій. Відзначено, що уявлення козацької старшини та православного духовенства збігались у визначенні ідейного навантаження політичного поняття «Русь», у розумінні політичної нації як позастанової етнічно-конфесійної спільноти, об'єднаної на основі добровільного бажання обороняти рідну віру й власні права. Висловлюється припущення, що ці уявлення були запозичені козацтвом із церковного середовища, оскільки розроблялись у лоні церкви ще з кінця XVI ст. Водночас значно відрізнялись погляди на володаря держави та взаємостосунки між церковною та світською владою. Якщо в середовищі православного духовенства з часів Петра Могили панували уявлення про ідеального володаря як «царя-філософа», відомі в європейській філософії ще з часів Платона, то в старшинському оточенні Богдана Хмельницького поступово відбувалась еволюція від ідеї гетьмана як демократичного провідника козацтва до ідеї монарха-самодержця. Так само відмінними були у козаків та духовенства розуміння взаємостосунків між світською та духовною владою в державі. Духовенство наполягало на верховенстві духовної влади, козацтво – світської.Ці розбіжності в державницьких уявленнях призвели до багатьох непорозумінь між гетьманським оточенням та православною ієрархією, особливо під час оформлення союзу з Московською державою 1654 р. Вірогідно, причиною цих відмінностей були перш за все різні ідеологічні впливи на козацьку старшину, які здійснювались водночас київськими православними ієрархами, що ставили метою утверд­ження суверенітету українських земель, та східними православними патріархами, головною метою яких було звільнення від мусульманського панування. В подальшому як козацькі, так і церковні погляди на державу еволюціонували під впливом об'єктивних обставин та взаємно впливали, забезпечуючи участь обох станів у формуванні національної державності. ; У статті аналізується розвиток поглядів на сутність держави, політичні права, роль правителя, взаємовідносини між духовною та світською владою, сформованих у середовищі українських православних інтелектуалів кінця XVI – початку XVII ст. На середину XVII ст. ця система понять була достатньо чітко сформована та потребувала політичної реалізації. Наслідком цього стало чергове зближення між козацькою старшиною та православними ієрархами і взаємовплив їхніх політичних концепцій. Досліджується внесок церковної еліти в еволюцію козацького ідеалу державності в часи національно-визвольної революції 1648-1657 рр. Аналізуються спільні та відмінні риси в уявленнях про ідеальну державу в козацькому та церковному середовищах, причини цих відмінностей та їх вплив на перебіг політичних подій. Відзначено, що уявлення козацької старшини та православного духовенства збігались у визначенні ідейного навантаження політичного поняття «Русь», у розумінні політичної нації як позастанової етнічно-конфесійної спільноти, об'єднаної на основі добровільного бажання обороняти рідну віру й власні права. Висловлюється припущення, що ці уявлення були запозичені козацтвом із церковного середовища, оскільки розроблялись у лоні церкви ще з кінця XVI ст. Водночас значно відрізнялись погляди на володаря держави та взаємостосунки між церковною та світською владою. Якщо в середовищі православного духовенства з часів Петра Могили панували уявлення про ідеального володаря як «царя-філософа», відомі в європейській філософії ще з часів Платона, то в старшинському оточенні Богдана Хмельницького поступово відбувалась еволюція від ідеї гетьмана як демократичного провідника козацтва до ідеї монарха-самодержця. Так само відмінними були у козаків та духовенства розуміння взаємостосунків між світською та духовною владою в державі. Духовенство наполягало на верховенстві духовної влади, козацтво – світської.Ці розбіжності в державницьких уявленнях призвели до багатьох непорозумінь між гетьманським оточенням та православною ієрархією, особливо під час оформлення союзу з Московською державою 1654 р. Вірогідно, причиною цих відмінностей були перш за все різні ідеологічні впливи на козацьку старшину, які здійснювались водночас київськими православними ієрархами, що ставили метою утверд­ження суверенітету українських земель, та східними православними патріархами, головною метою яких було звільнення від мусульманського панування. В подальшому як козацькі, так і церковні погляди на державу еволюціонували під впливом об'єктивних обставин та взаємно впливали, забезпечуючи участь обох станів у формуванні національної державності.

Problem and Purpose The U.S. Army has changed radically in the 68 years since World War II ended, from uniforms to vehicles, from weaponry to organizational changes. While still the Army, its workforce has changed greatly in gender, ethnic, and age composition. John Bruce, Jr. saw many of these changes during his 69-year career as both soldier and executive. How this leader responded to the changes in the U.S. Army over nearly seven decades was the problem I explored. The purpose of the study was to describe how 94-year-old John Bruce, senior executive at the U.S. Army's Tank-automotive and Armaments Command Life Cycle Management Command (TACOM-LCMC), responded to change in the U.S. Army environment during his career. This exploration revealed how Mr. Bruce continued to function for the entire length of his career through his leadership, loyalty, and learning, and showed how these qualities influenced his work, his associates, and his extraordinary length of service. Research Method This was a single case study of one of the U.S. Army's longest-serving civilian leaders, Mr. John Bruce Jr. The methodology of this study design was five comprehensive interviews of peers of John Bruce, plus a similar interview of Mr. Bruce himself. The interviews were structured around questions designed to bring out the life, core beliefs, leadership style, and motivation of a man who served his nation for the length of time that would be considered the entire lifespan of another man. Interpreting John Bruce's evolving leadership vision, core beliefs, style, skills, adaptation to organizational and life changes, philosophy, and role within the organization, as well as his lifelong contributions and personal motivation through the revelations obtained in the interviews, were the particular challenges of this study. Findings Well into his 90s, John Bruce is a man of many talents, blessed with great health and a sharp mind. He came from a sound family background where he learned to love his family, his heritage, and his country. He was instilled with the principles of hard work, thrift, honesty, and integrity, all of which contributed to Mr. Bruce's long, productive career. He enlisted in the U.S. Army during World War II and afterwards, became a civilian employee of the Army, and was able to successfully respond to the Army's many changes by adapting to whatever the Army demanded of him. He made the transition from Accounting to Procurement, climbed the ladder of executive leadership, oversaw vast technological changes brought on by the computer and paperless contracting, and was a valued leader and role model to the changing workforce. He held deep loyalty to family, duty, the soldier, and his staff, and evolved with the Army as it became a 21st century organization. He oversaw the training and mentoring of his staff and kept himself motivated because of his strong desire to serve his country, and his drive for continual learning. He demanded the best of his workers as he demanded the same of himself, and proved throughout his career to be an exceptionally good steward of the public trust. Discussion The life of John Bruce Jr. aligns with several theories as frameworks to interpret his life. He progressed through the many levels of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: After attaining the basic needs of food and shelter (Level 1), he secured safety by fitting into society (Level 2). He found love and fulfillment in his family (Level 3). He achieved esteem and responsibility through his career (Level 4). His great success in his career helped him to achieve self-actualization (Level 5) as he put his personal leadership style on the day-to-day workings of TACOM-LCMC. John Bruce's life also aligns with elements of Erikson's Eight Stage Theory of Human Development. He developed trust in family and teachers early in life (Stage 1), developed autonomy as a young child (Stage 2), and took initiative in learning at school (Stage 3). Success in school provided competence (Stage 4), and as he gained independence (Stage 5), he chose advanced education in college. He took initiative by joining the Army, and developed an identity as a soldier in the Army, and, after his military service, as a civilian executive of the Army. He chose the intimacy in married life (Stage 6). He gained great success in his career as an executive and came to guide the careers of the next generation of leaders (Stage 7). He stayed life-affirming well into his 90s (Stage 8). John Bruce's career also aligns with the Herzberg Motivation-Hygiene Theory for job satisfaction, particularly through positive work experiences. He gained recognition as he advanced in his career, achieved many successes in program accomplishments, held a position of great responsibility, was promoted many times, attained an excellent salary, grew in competency along with his career promotions, and enjoyed his job, doing it well. John Bruce's development aligns with Kotter's 8-Step Process in Leading Change through his sense of urgency to accomplish the mission, developing a successful coalition of teammates and staff, developing a change vision that refined itself as he remained in his position, and communicating his vision to his staff and peers for buy-in. He brought about broad-based action in vehicle acquisition, achieved many short-term wins through incremental successes, never let up in his drive to succeed, and incorporated change into the culture. John Bruce's development aligns with Scharmer's U-Shaped Theory in that he achieved "presencing" through growth from a limiting institutional vision of leadership to a fuller connection with the world. Finally, John Bruce's career training was in line with accepted literature: He was a highly motivated learner who held a variety of assignments, acquired on-the-job training and a broad, big-picture perspective; cultivated an expanding skill set; and accepted a position and assignments that involved change and continuing education. His was a high-profile job with associated high job stress; and he willingly accepted the responsibility that came with it. Conclusions and Recommendations John Bruce Jr.'s long and exemplary career may never be repeated but we can take away a strong lesson from his life. A willingness to respond to the changes that life will inevitably bring and to work hard at the varied tasks that life throws our way, a great devotion to family, country, and fellow man, and a strong motivation to learn and to be successful, offers a blueprint for success. We can gain new leaders with the qualities of Mr. Bruce, just as he directed or mentored many in his leadership style, if we continue to create a sense of honor and loyalty towards family, country, and duty, while promoting selflessness. This needs to be promoted throughout the United States. We should permit leaders to gain the training and experience they need to discover for themselves that great leaders will need to respond to change many times along the path of their careers in order for them to remain motivated to serve. We should promote healthy living that will permit our best leaders to serve longer, and celebrate older workers for their positive contributions and their knowledge, wisdom, and experience. Finally, I recommend similar studies be undertaken on especially long-serving executives.

ENEIDDigital eternities. A gender perspective on post mortem digital identities and new memorial uses of the web.As a privileged site for individual identity building, the web and its uses have reorganized social relationships. The lasting of digital data, after the death of its users, raise nowadays several questions. What become of the identity data of web users after their death? Do they care about them when they are still alive? How do relatives deal with these data? How do major actors of the web, such as Facebook and Google, manage them? As any other digital and funeral practices, those post mortem digital practices are gendered. This project wants to shed a light on the gender dimension of these practices. How does the gender of the dead person and of those who pay tribute to him/her structure the memorial uses and the construction of post mortem identities? Such questions seem crucial when taking into account the multiplication of digital programs dedicated to memorial practices and the dramatic importance of social networks in relation to the aging of web users.For a few years, international research has explored the social issues raised by profiles of dead users, as well as the changes in the morning practices on the web, but has paid little attention to gender issues. In France, only a few research projects have been conducted on the thematic. Even more, if works articulate digital practices and death or question the gender dimension of mourning, none develop a specific gender perspective on digital practices related to death. The study of death enlightens social structure and raises individual and collective issues such as the historical conceptions of the body and self-representation. This research project aims at analysing the memorial uses of the web and the construction of digital post mortem identities, by using a gender perspective and by unravelling their social, economic, legal and symbolic implications. To deal with such interdisciplinary questions, this project relies on a theoretical framework made of gender studies, sociology, philosophy and computer sciences. It pays a particular attention to the development of innovative methods in visualisation.The implementation of this project consists in 6 different tasks. We expect a qualitative and quantitative analysis of memorial uses on the web in France (Task 1), an analysis of the transmedia circulation of tributes to celebrities (Task 2), and a semiotic analysis of the identity traces left on web memorials and of the post mortem identities they build (Task 3). These three tasks will be conducted all together during the two first years of the project. The results will be exploited during the third year in a multidisciplinary synthesis. The objective of this fourth task (Task 4) is to address the re-composition of gender and digital identities in the memorial uses of the web in France, in comparison with other geographic areas (China, USA). During the whole project (3 years), valorisation (Task 5) and coordination (Task 6) are conducted independently. The consortium assembles 2 partners. Partner 1 is the research centre CIM, at Paris 3 University, specialised in Media Studies and digital practices (Team Media, Culture and Digital Practices). The CIM is closely related to members from Labsic Center (Paris 13), specialised in uses and innovation. The two centres have developed collaboration through their commune inscription in the PRES Sorbonne Paris-Cité. Partner 2 is COSTECH, at the Technological University of Compiègne. This interdisciplinary research centre focuses on the role of technologies in society. The consortium has a common research project on social, political, economical, symbolic and philosophical issues related to technologies of information and communication. ; ENEIDÉternités numériques. Les identités numériques post mortem et les usages mémoriaux innovants du web au prisme du genre.L'usage du web comme cadre de présentation de l'identité des individus a réorganisé leur socialisation. La persistance des données numériques, après le décès des usagers, soulève aujourd'hui un certain nombre de questions. Que deviennent les données identitaires des usagers après leur décès ? S'en préoccupent-ils de leur vivant ? Comment sont-elles gérées par les proches ? Comment les acteurs du web, tels que Google ou Facebook, y font-ils face ? Compte tenu de la dimension genrée des pratiques numériques et des pratiques liées à la mort, nous souhaitons interroger la manière dont le genre structure ces phénomènes. Comment le genre du défunt et de ceux qui lui rendent hommage intervient dans les usages mémoriaux et dans la construction des identités post mortem ? La multiplication des applications numériques dédiées à la mémoire ainsi que l'usage massif des réseaux socionumériques – corrélés au vieillissement de la population utilisatrice du web –, laissent à penser que ces questions prendront une importance croissante ces prochaines années.Les problématiques sociétales soulevées par les profils des utilisateurs décédés, de même que les mutations des pratiques de deuil sur internet et les usages mémoriaux du web, retiennent de plus en plus l'attention de la recherche internationale ces dernières années ; la question du genre étant néanmoins peu explorée. En France, peu de travaux portent sur ce sujet. Plus encore, si les travaux croisent la question des pratiques numériques et de la mort ou abordent la dimension genrée du deuil, aucun n'articule les problématiques des pratiques numériques liées à la fois à question de la mort et du genre.L'étude de la mort éclaire les structures sociales et concerne les questions d'identité individuelle et collective tout comme l'histoire des corps et des représentations de soi. Cette recherche propose donc d'analyser les usages mémoriaux du web et la construction des identités numériques post mortem au prisme du genre et d'en dégager les enjeux sociaux, économiques, juridiques et symboliques. Ces questions soulevant des problématiques interdisciplinaires, nous prenons là appui sur la sémiotique, les études du genre, la sociologie, la philosophie et l'informatique. Une attention particulière est accordée au développement de méthodes innovantes de visualisation.La mise en œuvre du projet est répartie en six tâches. Nous proposons de conduire une enquête quantitative et qualitative sur les usages mémoriaux du web en France (Tâche T1), une analyse de la circulation médiatique des hommages aux célébrités (T2), et une analyse sémiotique des traces identitaires dans les sites mémoriaux et des identités post mortem qui s'y construisent (T3). Ces trois tâches, conduites conjointement les deux premières années, seront capitalisées la troisième année en une tâche de synthèse pluridisciplinaire des apports du projet aux questions de la recomposition des identités de genre et des identités numériques dans le cadre des usages mémoriaux du web, en comparaison avec d'autres zones géographiques (Chine, États-Unis) (T4). Tout au long du projet (3 ans), la valorisation (T5) et la coordination (T6) font l'objet de tâches indépendantes.Le consortium rassemble 2 partenaires. Le partenaire 1 est le CIM de l'Université Paris 3, spécialiste de l'analyse des médias et des pratiques numériques (Équipe Médias, Culture et Pratiques Numériques, MCPN), auquel s'associent des membres du LabSic (Paris 13), spécialistes des usages des innovations, ces deux laboratoires étant unis par des liens de collaboration renforcés par l'inscription commune dans le PRES Sorbonne Paris-Cité. Le partenaire 2 est COSTECH, de l'Université de Technologie de Compiègne, laboratoire interdisciplinaire qui réfléchit à la place de la technique dans la société. Le consortium a pour thème de recherche commun les enjeux sociaux, politiques, économiques, symboliques et philosophiques des technologies de l'information et de la communication.

ENEIDDigital eternities. A gender perspective on post mortem digital identities and new memorial uses of the web.As a privileged site for individual identity building, the web and its uses have reorganized social relationships. The lasting of digital data, after the death of its users, raise nowadays several questions. What become of the identity data of web users after their death? Do they care about them when they are still alive? How do relatives deal with these data? How do major actors of the web, such as Facebook and Google, manage them? As any other digital and funeral practices, those post mortem digital practices are gendered. This project wants to shed a light on the gender dimension of these practices. How does the gender of the dead person and of those who pay tribute to him/her structure the memorial uses and the construction of post mortem identities? Such questions seem crucial when taking into account the multiplication of digital programs dedicated to memorial practices and the dramatic importance of social networks in relation to the aging of web users.For a few years, international research has explored the social issues raised by profiles of dead users, as well as the changes in the morning practices on the web, but has paid little attention to gender issues. In France, only a few research projects have been conducted on the thematic. Even more, if works articulate digital practices and death or question the gender dimension of mourning, none develop a specific gender perspective on digital practices related to death. The study of death enlightens social structure and raises individual and collective issues such as the historical conceptions of the body and self-representation. This research project aims at analysing the memorial uses of the web and the construction of digital post mortem identities, by using a gender perspective and by unravelling their social, economic, legal and symbolic implications. To deal with such interdisciplinary questions, this project relies on a theoretical framework made of gender studies, sociology, philosophy and computer sciences. It pays a particular attention to the development of innovative methods in visualisation.The implementation of this project consists in 6 different tasks. We expect a qualitative and quantitative analysis of memorial uses on the web in France (Task 1), an analysis of the transmedia circulation of tributes to celebrities (Task 2), and a semiotic analysis of the identity traces left on web memorials and of the post mortem identities they build (Task 3). These three tasks will be conducted all together during the two first years of the project. The results will be exploited during the third year in a multidisciplinary synthesis. The objective of this fourth task (Task 4) is to address the re-composition of gender and digital identities in the memorial uses of the web in France, in comparison with other geographic areas (China, USA). During the whole project (3 years), valorisation (Task 5) and coordination (Task 6) are conducted independently. The consortium assembles 2 partners. Partner 1 is the research centre CIM, at Paris 3 University, specialised in Media Studies and digital practices (Team Media, Culture and Digital Practices). The CIM is closely related to members from Labsic Center (Paris 13), specialised in uses and innovation. The two centres have developed collaboration through their commune inscription in the PRES Sorbonne Paris-Cité. Partner 2 is COSTECH, at the Technological University of Compiègne. This interdisciplinary research centre focuses on the role of technologies in society. The consortium has a common research project on social, political, economical, symbolic and philosophical issues related to technologies of information and communication. ; ENEIDÉternités numériques. Les identités numériques post mortem et les usages mémoriaux innovants du web au prisme du genre.L'usage du web comme cadre de présentation de l'identité des individus a réorganisé leur socialisation. La persistance des données numériques, après le décès des usagers, soulève aujourd'hui un certain nombre de questions. Que deviennent les données identitaires des usagers après leur décès ? S'en préoccupent-ils de leur vivant ? Comment sont-elles gérées par les proches ? Comment les acteurs du web, tels que Google ou Facebook, y font-ils face ? Compte tenu de la dimension genrée des pratiques numériques et des pratiques liées à la mort, nous souhaitons interroger la manière dont le genre structure ces phénomènes. Comment le genre du défunt et de ceux qui lui rendent hommage intervient dans les usages mémoriaux et dans la construction des identités post mortem ? La multiplication des applications numériques dédiées à la mémoire ainsi que l'usage massif des réseaux socionumériques – corrélés au vieillissement de la population utilisatrice du web –, laissent à penser que ces questions prendront une importance croissante ces prochaines années.Les problématiques sociétales soulevées par les profils des utilisateurs décédés, de même que les mutations des pratiques de deuil sur internet et les usages mémoriaux du web, retiennent de plus en plus l'attention de la recherche internationale ces dernières années ; la question du genre étant néanmoins peu explorée. En France, peu de travaux portent sur ce sujet. Plus encore, si les travaux croisent la question des pratiques numériques et de la mort ou abordent la dimension genrée du deuil, aucun n'articule les problématiques des pratiques numériques liées à la fois à question de la mort et du genre.L'étude de la mort éclaire les structures sociales et concerne les questions d'identité individuelle et collective tout comme l'histoire des corps et des représentations de soi. Cette recherche propose donc d'analyser les usages mémoriaux du web et la construction des identités numériques post mortem au prisme du genre et d'en dégager les enjeux sociaux, économiques, juridiques et symboliques. Ces questions soulevant des problématiques interdisciplinaires, nous prenons là appui sur la sémiotique, les études du genre, la sociologie, la philosophie et l'informatique. Une attention particulière est accordée au développement de méthodes innovantes de visualisation.La mise en œuvre du projet est répartie en six tâches. Nous proposons de conduire une enquête quantitative et qualitative sur les usages mémoriaux du web en France (Tâche T1), une analyse de la circulation médiatique des hommages aux célébrités (T2), et une analyse sémiotique des traces identitaires dans les sites mémoriaux et des identités post mortem qui s'y construisent (T3). Ces trois tâches, conduites conjointement les deux premières années, seront capitalisées la troisième année en une tâche de synthèse pluridisciplinaire des apports du projet aux questions de la recomposition des identités de genre et des identités numériques dans le cadre des usages mémoriaux du web, en comparaison avec d'autres zones géographiques (Chine, États-Unis) (T4). Tout au long du projet (3 ans), la valorisation (T5) et la coordination (T6) font l'objet de tâches indépendantes.Le consortium rassemble 2 partenaires. Le partenaire 1 est le CIM de l'Université Paris 3, spécialiste de l'analyse des médias et des pratiques numériques (Équipe Médias, Culture et Pratiques Numériques, MCPN), auquel s'associent des membres du LabSic (Paris 13), spécialistes des usages des innovations, ces deux laboratoires étant unis par des liens de collaboration renforcés par l'inscription commune dans le PRES Sorbonne Paris-Cité. Le partenaire 2 est COSTECH, de l'Université de Technologie de Compiègne, laboratoire interdisciplinaire qui réfléchit à la place de la technique dans la société. Le consortium a pour thème de recherche commun les enjeux sociaux, politiques, économiques, symboliques et philosophiques des technologies de l'information et de la communication.

Inhaltsangabe:Introduction: Diversity represents the 'multitude of individual differences and similarities that exist between people' (Treven Treven, 2007, p.29). It came into play as an organizational concept three decades ago, in the 1980s in the US as an initiative to create a more positive business perspective and provide equal employment opportunities for various minority groups. The initiative that started as a mere political correctness and legal compliance issue later on evolved into a complex business-orientated strategy in the area of human resource management and development, organizational culture and leadership, named by Gilbert, Stead, and Ivancevich (1999) the new organizational paradigm. Changing demographics and recent societal changes like extensive immigration and consequent increase in international workforce alongside with current economic metatrends such as internationalisation and globalisation are causing more exposure to Diversity, both in daily and in business life. Managing Diversity is becoming a strategic focus area of management in organizations and a resource, which enables companies gain competitive advantage on the modern market through company's most important asset - its people (Richard, 2000). Literature reviews (Cox Blake, 1991) and numerous surveys (e.g. The Second European Diversity Survey, 2004; Survey on Diversity in Corporate Annual Reports of Stoxx 50 Companies, 2009) show that the topic of Diversity and, eminently, the issues of cultural diversity and ethnicity are currently gaining prominence amongst human resource (HR) professionals. Consequently, cultural diversity trainings (CDTs) are becoming salient, e.g. researchers report (Sweeney, 2002 as cited in Jackson, Joshi Erhardt, 2003) that 67% of employers carry out ethnicity-related diversity trainings (DT). However, scholars (King, Dawson, Kravitz, Gulick, 2010, p.1) point out that 'prevalence of DT has not been matched by empirical research on its effectiveness'. The trend toward diversity trainings in organizations poses the question of their efficiency (Pendry, Driscoll, Field, 2007; Roberson, Kulik, Pepper, 2001), which can be operationalized as organizational business and individual-level outcomes, i.e. in form of psychological variables, relevant in that regard for both parties - employees and organizations. On the structural level of organizations Diversity is viewed as an organizational human resource development tool Diversity Management (DM). This tool enables acknowledging the differences between employees and helps to use diversity's positive contributions for strategic purposes of the company. Diversity management focuses primarily on organizational practices of recruitment, training and promoting underrepresented groups and is broadly defined by Cox and Blake (1991, p.45): 'Managing diversity refers to a variety of management issues and activities related to hiring and effective utilization of personnel from different cultural backgrounds'. Based on the so-called business case for diversity human resource management (HRM) models generally assume that there's a certain alignment between organizational human resource strategies, organizational performance, and competitiveness. Despite of somewhat contradictory results of empirical studies of diversity in teams and workgroups (Williams O'Reilly, 1998), the general stand is that managed the right way diversity brings benefits and improvements such as attracting the best minority personnel, enhancing decision-making, increasing team cooperation, and problem solving (Egan, 2005; Elsass Graves, 1997), reducing opportunity costs by cutting down turnover, absenteeism rates, increasing job satisfaction, improved commitment, and organizational flexibility (Cox Blake, 1991). Based on various literature reviews (Jackson et al., 2003; Shore, Chung-Herrera, Dean, Ehrhart, Jung, Randel, Singh, 2009), three main structural levels can be differentiated within Diversity research in organizations: organizational, group and individual (see 2.4. Diversity Outcomes). Focus of group diversity research clearly lies in the area of group performance (e.g. Chatman O'Reilly, 2004; Watson, Kumar, Michaelson, 1993). Quantitatively less attention has been devoted to individual-level psychological variables, such as employee attitudes (Montei, Adams Eggers, 1996; Nakui, Paulus, Van der Zee, 2008) and, in particular, attitudes towards diversity (Van Oudenhoven-Van der Zee, Paulus, Vos, Parthasarathy, 2009). Research of organizational Diversity lies in the area of economic company performance (Hollowell, 2007), whereas again the impact of company's Diversity management strategy influencing individual-level psychological variables, such as employee affective organizational commitment (Magoshi Chang, 2009) has been far less researched. Therefore, a research gap seems to be particularly apparent within the area of psychological outcome variables of cultural diversity in organizations, with central variables being affective commitment and attitudes towards diversity (ATD). This fact is somewhat paradoxical in the twenty-first century's age of knowledge work, where concepts like commitment HR strategy are key and where 'learning organizations' target at 'mobilizing worker commitment and sustainable competitiveness" (Bratton Gold, 2007, p.59). As literature research shows group diversity research has been mostly focused on the performance aspect of workgroup diversity (Chatman O'Reilly, 2004). Far less researched, but nonetheless not less important, are employee's affective reactions (e.g. commitment) and attitudes towards diversity (Van Oudenhoven-Van der Zee et al., 2009). Existing studies (Chang, 2006; Huselid, 1995) examine the effects of HR commitment practices and, using the logic of the commitment management approach, prove (Magoshi Chang, 2009) that attitudes towards diversity change as a consequence of company's exercising of Diversity Management and have far-reaching consequences on employee's affective commitment (AC). In other words: HR commitment practices have a positive effect on employees' organizational commitment. With change of attitudes being a common goal of diversity trainings, another research line has taken up the study of attitudinal changes as a result of employee participation in DTs. Speaking of the outcomes, many researchers (van Knippenberg Haslam, 2003; Van Oudenhoven, Van der Zee, Paulus, Vos Parthasarathy, 2009) have suggested that positive attitudes towards diversity in workgroups affect feelings and general work attitudes of participants in a positive way. Thus, research has suggested a strong link between the attitudes and organizational commitment. Multiple associations of commitment with such variables as performance, productivity, retention, citizenship behaviour have been documented in the literature (Meyer Allen, 1990, 1991, 1997) and have left no doubt about the concept's importance. Based on empirical research of commitment practices (Bae Lawler, 2000; Huselid, 1995), it has been suggested that Diversity Management Practices (DMP) can be seen as a reflection of commitment management philosophy. According to Magoshi and Chang (2009) commitment management approach foregrounds the reciprocity between the company and the employees (Kossek Block, 2000), views the relationship between them as exchanges of commitment (March Simon, 1958), and inherently implies devotion of the company practicing DM to the employees and their needs. In line with the abovementioned theory, company's adherence to Diversity Management Practices (e.g. in form of carrying out HR development initiatives like cultural diversity trainings) triggers positive effects on employees' organizational commitment and should, therefore, be treated as an important outcome, which implicates positive consequences for overall organizational performance. Research on both: commitment (Magoshi Chang, 2009) and attitudes towards diversity (Riordan, 2000; Strauss, 2007) indicates that the abovementioned effects vary for groups with different ethnic composition as well as for people with majority and minority backgrounds. This fact offers interesting basis for scientific debate and will be further on discussed in this thesis.

Elektroniskā versija nesatur pielikumus ; ANOTĀCIJA Starptautiskā sabiedrība ir atzinusi būtisku līdzekļu trūkumu ilgtspējīgas attīstības mērķu sasniegšanā un ekonomikas stabilitātes atjaunošanā pēc smagākās ekonomiskās krīzes kopš 1930.gada, jo ne publiskajam, ne arī privātajam sektoram katram atsevišķi vairs nepietiek resursu, lai patstāvīgi un neatkarīgi no citiem pārvarētu kompleksas globalizētās pasaules problēmas. Tādēļ pēdējās desmitgadēs ir izveidojusies īpaša publiskā un privātā sektora sadarbības forma, kuru parasti apzīmē ar terminu "publiskās un privātās partnerības" (PPP). Šī tendence ir publiskā un privātā sektora praktisko vajadzību izpausme, XXI gs. sākuma dominējošā ideja un jauna filozofija, kas tieši ietekmē starptautisko un Eiropas tiesību attīstību. Starptautiskajās un Eiropas tiesībās PPP galvenais uzdevums tiek saskatīts visas sabiedrības vajadzību apmierināšanā, pielietojot šo mehānismu gan globālā, gan reģionālā līmenī. Ja Apvienoto Nāciju Organizācija (ANO) īsteno partnerību programmas universālu Tūkstošgades deklarācijā formulēto mērķu īstenošanā, tad Eiropā publiskā un privātā sektora sadarbības mērķis ir infrastruktūras modernizēšana un stratēģisko sabiedrisko pakalpojumu nodrošināšana. To kopējā iezīme ir publiskās varas ilgtermiņa institucionāla un organizatoriska sadarbība ar biznesa aprindām uz abpusēji izdevīgiem nosacījumiem, izmantojot riska sadali un privātā sektora īpašās zināšanas. Disertācijas "Publiskā un privātā sektora partnerību veidošanas starptautiski tiesiskie aspekti ilgtermiņa strukturālo pārmaiņu procesā" galvenais mērķis ir partnerību institūta ietekmes izvērtējums uz starptautiskajām tiesībām. Tādēļ autors veicis pētījumus dažādās tiesību nozarēs, kas nosaka disertācijas starpnozaru raksturu. Atbilstoši formulētajam mērķim, autors uzstādījis 4 uzdevumus. Pirmais no tiem ir PPP veidošanas teorētisko aspektu analīze starptautiskajās tiesībās, kura ietvaros aplūkoti PPP attīstības jautājumi, sniegts pārskats par starptautiskās integrācijas strukturālo pārmaiņu ietekmi, definēti galvenie starptautisko partnerattiecību subjekti, kā arī PPP starptautiski tiesiskie standarti. Īpaša uzmanība veltīta PPP klasifikācijai starptautiskajās tiesībās, par ko juridiskajā literatūrā nepastāv vienots viedoklis. Otrais uzdevums ir PPP mehānisma nozīmes noskaidrošana ANO reformas kontekstā, kura risinājumā autors par būtisku uzskatījis ANO partnerību programmu, kategoriju un sadarbības ar pilsonisko sabiedrību aspektu noskaidrošanu, kā arī konkrētu piemēru analīzi. Trešais uzdevums veltīts partnerību īpatnībām Eiropas Savienības tiesībās un praksē, noskaidrojot PPP attīstības priekšnosacījumu un šķēršļus Eiropas tiesībās, kā arī konkrētas turpmākās Eiropas Savienības institūciju iniciatīvas šajā jomā. Partnerību mehānisma ieviešanas tiesību problēmjautājumi Latvijā analizēti ceturtā uzdevuma ietvaros, kritiski izvērtējot Latvijas juridiskajā literatūrā paustās atziņas par partnerību tiesiskajiem un PPP līgumu doktrinārajiem aspektiem Latvijas tiesību sistēmā. Disertācijā analizēti 315 literatūras avoti, izmantojot Latvijas bibliotēkās un Hāgas Miera pils bibliotēkā (Nīderlandē) pieejamos resursus, kā arī interneta materiālus. Darba nobeigumā autors secinājis, ka mūsdienu PPP pamatā ir izmaiņas starptautiskajās investīciju tiesībās, sasaistot diagonālo līgumu jaunās koncepcijas ar ekonomikas attīstības funkciju un papildus finansējuma iespējām. Autora ieskatā tas sekmēja PPP potenciāla "jaunatklāšanu" XX gs. 80.gados ASV enerģētikas jomā un privātās finanšu iniciatīvas attīstību Lielbritānijā 90.gados, turpmāk ieviešot principiālas novitātes atbildības un risku sadalīšanā, finansēšanas mehānismā un juridiskajos instrumentos, Eiropas tiesībās radot plašu PPP līgumisko modeļu klāstu, kas aizvien turpina attīstīties. Autors īpaši vēlējies uzsvērt, ka PPP īstenojamas visas sabiedrības labuma iegūšanai publiskā sektora pārvaldes funkciju jomā, kas nosaka PPP līgumu publiski tiesisko dabu arī Latvijas tiesību sistēmā, kā arī publiskā sek ; ANNOTATION The international community has noted current estimates of dramatic shortfalls in resources required to achieve the sustainable development goals and restoring economic stability and returning public finances to a sustainable path after the worst economic crisis since the 1930s: because neither the public nor the private sector, each individually, has enough resources to overcome complex problems of the globalized world without assistance and independently. Therefore, a special form of public-private cooperation has been created in recent decades, usually defined by the term "Public-Private Partnerships" (Partnerships or PPPs). This trend has been described as one of the dominating organizational ideas circulating at the beginning of the 21st century and a new philosophy directly affecting the development of international and European law. The main task of the PPPs in the context of international and European Law should be considered to meet the needs of society as a whole by using this mechanism at the global and regional levels. That is why in recent years the United Nations has been engaged in continuous Partnerships programmes in business. An important component of this process is implementing the universal goals formulated in the Millennium Declaration. In its turn, the objectives of cooperation between public authorities and private sector in the European Union are to modernize infrastructure and to provide strategic public services. A common feature of these initiatives is long term mutually beneficial institutional and organizational cooperation between public authorities and business sector through risk sharing and harnessing private sector expertise. The main aim of the dissertation "International legal aspects of the development of public and private sector partnerships in the process of long term structural changes" is to explore legal issues concerning the reasons for developing and operating Partnerships at the international level and ascertain the development of PPPs in the context of impact upon international law. Therefore, the author has conducted an extensive research in various fields of law that determine an interdisciplinary nature of the dissertation. According to the stated aim the author has formulated four tasks. The first task is to analyse the theoretical aspects of the formation of public-private partnerships (PPPs) in international law, within the framework of which development issues of PPPs have been dealt with, an overview on the influence of structural changes of international integration has been presented, the main international partnership entities, as well as international legal standards for PPPs have been defined. The emphasis is given to understanding and classification of PPPs in international law for which there is no consensus in the legal literature. The second task is to ascertain the potential of PPPs as a tool for institutional change and reform of the United Nations. The second task is to clarify the importance of the mechanism of PPPs in the context of United Nations reform, where the author pays great attention to the clarification of the United Nations partnership programs, categories and the aspects of cooperation with civil society, as well as the specific case studies. The third task deals with pecularities of Partnerships in law and practice of the European Union. Therefore the author has clarified the preconditions and obstacles of PPPs development in European law and the initiatives of European Union institutions in this area. The development of PPPs in Latvia and legal challenges in this field are described within the framework of the fourth task. The author has critically evaluated the findings of legal literature and doctrinal aspects of the PPPs agreements in the legal system of Latvia. The dissertation is based on an extensive literature search (315 sources) from the Peace Palace Library (Netherlands), Latvian libraries and on-line data bases, as we