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International audience ; Humanity will soon define a new era for nature—one that seeks to transform decades of underwhelming responses to the global biodiversity crisis. Area-based conservation efforts, which include both protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures, are likely to extend and diversify. However, persistent shortfalls in ecological representation and management effectiveness diminish the potential role of area-based conservation in stemming biodiversity loss. Here we show how the expansion of protected areas by national governments since 2010 has had limited success in increasing the coverage across different elements of biodiversity (ecoregions, 12,056 threatened species, 'Key Biodiversity Areas' and wilderness areas) and ecosystem services (productive fisheries, and carbon services on land and sea). To be more successful after 2020, area-based conservation must contribute more effectively to meeting global biodiversity goals—ranging from preventing extinctions to retaining the most-intact ecosystems—and must better collaborate with the many Indigenous peoples, community groups and private initiatives that are central to the successful conservation of biodiversity. The long-term success of area-based conservation requires parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity to secure adequate financing, plan for climate change and make biodiversity conservation a far stronger part of land, water and sea management policies.

International audience ; Humanity will soon define a new era for nature—one that seeks to transform decades of underwhelming responses to the global biodiversity crisis. Area-based conservation efforts, which include both protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures, are likely to extend and diversify. However, persistent shortfalls in ecological representation and management effectiveness diminish the potential role of area-based conservation in stemming biodiversity loss. Here we show how the expansion of protected areas by national governments since 2010 has had limited success in increasing the coverage across different elements of biodiversity (ecoregions, 12,056 threatened species, 'Key Biodiversity Areas' and wilderness areas) and ecosystem services (productive fisheries, and carbon services on land and sea). To be more successful after 2020, area-based conservation must contribute more effectively to meeting global biodiversity goals—ranging from preventing extinctions to retaining the most-intact ecosystems—and must better collaborate with the many Indigenous peoples, community groups and private initiatives that are central to the successful conservation of biodiversity. The long-term success of area-based conservation requires parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity to secure adequate financing, plan for climate change and make biodiversity conservation a far stronger part of land, water and sea management policies.

Chapter 1. Phenology of photosynthesis in a deciduous broadleaf forest: implications for the carbon cycle in a changing environment -- Chapter 2. Ecological significance of throughfall and stemflow to the carbon cycle in forest ecosystems -- Chapter 3.Forest carbon sequestration in mountainous region in Japan under ongoing climate change: implication for future research -- Chapter 4. Woody biomass change monitoring in temperate montane forests by airborne LiDAR analysis -- Chapter 5. Semi-natural grasslands maintained by controlled burning in Japan - Air and soil temperature and plant diversity -- Chapter 6. Detection and Identification of Phytophthora Pathogens That are Threatening Forest Ecosystems Worldwide -- Chapter 7. Water quality safety and security - from evaluation to control -- Chapter 8. Energy Recovery from Wastewater -- Chapter 9. Management of on-site household wastewater treatment systems (Johkasou) in Japan -- Chapter 10. Predicting fine sediment deposition rate in low-land river channel: Comparison of two adjacent rivers -- Chapter 11. Relationship between forest stand condition and water balance in a forested basin -- Chapter 12. Plant pathogenic oomycetes inhabiting river water are a potential source of infestation in agricultural areas -- Chapter 13. Soil contamination and conservation -- Chapter 14. Evaporation in arid regions -- Chapter 15. Feature Extraction and Analysis of Earthquake Motion -- Chapter 16. Involving the community to manage natural disasters: A study of Japanese disaster risk reduction practices.

Japan aims to be carbon-neutral by 2050 by targeting various sectors including agriculture. One of the main strategies in this sector to mitigate climate change effects is environmental conservation agriculture (ECA); however, ECA utilization remains low in most of Japan's prefectures to this date. To address this problem and to know what factors influence ECA adoption, we collected data from Fujioka city, Gunma prefecture, which has low ECA utilization but has high biodiversity conservation efforts. Using factor analysis and binary logistic regression, two major themes emerged by which ECA continuation can be increased, namely: farmers' intent to improve their local/global environment and to enhance their production. The study highlighted the importance of ECA information dissemination as evidenced by the presence of a knowledge gap on how ECA translates into climate change advocacies. The promotion of farmer-consumer market channels and extension of ECA products in local industries by government and non-government institutions are also recommended to strengthen rural-urban linkages in the area. Increasing the ECA uptake of farmers would also have a positive impact on the ongoing preservation of endangered yaritanago fish species in Fujioka. Lastly, the results from this study highlight the heterogeneity of factors that affect any given farming community with respect to the strategies that can effectively drive ECA adoption.

Because the Anthropocene by definition is an epoch during which environmental change is largely anthropogenic and driven by social, economic, psychological and political forces, environmental social scientists can effectively analyse human behaviour and knowledge systems in this context. In this subject review, we summarize key ways in which the environmental social sciences can better inform fisheries management policy and practice and marine conservation in the Anthropocene. We argue that environmental social scientists are particularly well positioned to synergize research to fill the gaps between: (1) local behaviours/needs/worldviews and marine resource management and biological conservation concerns; and (2) large-scale drivers of planetary environmental change (globalization, affluence, technological change, etc.) and local cognitive, socioeconomic, cultural and historical processes that shape human behaviour in the marine environment. To illustrate this, we synthesize the roles of various environmental social science disciplines in better understanding the interaction between humans and tropical marine ecosystems in developing nations where issues arising from human-coastal interactions are particularly pronounced. We focus on: (1) the application of the environmental social sciences in marine resource management and conservation; (2) the development of 'new' socially equitable marine conservation; (3) repopulating the seascape; (4) incorporating multi-scale dynamics of marine social-ecological systems; and (5) envisioning the future of marine resource management and conservation for producing policies and projects for comprehensive and successful resource management and conservation in the Anthropocene.

Transboundary conservation has an important, yet often undervalued, role in the international conservation regime. When applied to the legally ambiguous and interconnected marine environment this is magnified. The lack of clear guidance for transboundary marine conservation from the international conservation community exacerbates this problem, leaving individual initiatives to develop their own governance arrangements. Yet, well-managed transboundary marine protected areas (MPAs) have the potential to contribute significantly to global conservation aims. Conversely, in a period where there is increasing interest in marine resources and space from all sectors, the designation of MPAs can create or amplify a regional conflict. In some instances, states have used MPAs to extend rights over disputed marine resources, restrict the freedom of others and establish sovereignty over maritime space. Six case studies were taken from Europe, North Africa and the Middle East to illustrate how states have interpreted and utilized different legislative mechanisms to either come together or diverge over the governance of marine resources or maritime space. Each of the case studies illustrates how different actors have used the same legislative tools, but with different interpretations and applications, to justify their claims. It is clear that the role of science combined with a deeper engagement with stakeholders can play a critical role in tempering conflict between states. Where states are willing to cooperate, the absence of clear guidelines at the global level means that often ad hoc measures are put into place, with the international frameworks then playing catch up. Balancing different jurisdictional claims with the conservation of the marine environment, whilst considering the increasing special economic interests will become increasingly difficult. Developing a transboundary conservation tool, such as the simple conservation caveats found in the Barcelona Convention and Antarctic Convention, which allow for the establishment of intergovernmental cooperation without prejudicing any outstanding jurisdictional issue, would provide a framework for the development of individual transboundary MPAs.

Media coverage of trophy hunting highlights the potential for misinformation to enter public and political debates on conservation issues.

Although constituting more than 100,000 described species, protists are virtually ignored within the arena of biodiversity conservation. One reason is the widespread belief that the majority of protists have cosmopolitan distributions, in contrast to the highly hetereogenous biogeography of the "mega-Metazoa". However, modern research reveals that about one third of the known protists have restricted distributions, which endorses their conservation, at least in special cases. Here, we report what probably ranks as the first successful conservation intervention focused directly on known protist diversity. It is justified by unique species, type localities, and landscape maintenance as evidence for legislation. The protected habitat comprises an ephemeral pond, which is now a "Natural Monument" for ciliated protozoa. This wetland occupies a natural depression on the Krauthügel ("cabbage hill") south of the fortress of Salzburg City. When filled, the claviform pond has a size of 30 15 m and a depth rarely surpassing 30 cm. Water is present only for some days or weeks, depending on heavy and/or prolonged rain. The pond occupied an agricultural field where root and leafy vegetables were cultivated for possibly more than 200 years. In the 1960s, this area became a grassland utilized as an autumn pasture, but was abandoned in the 1990s. Repeated sampling between 1982 and 2012 recovered a total of at least 150 ciliate taxa, of which 121 were identified to species level. Eight species were new to science, and an additional 10 poorly known species were reinvestigated and neotypified with populations from the Krauthügel pond. Both endemism and type localities justify the argument that the "integrative approach" in biodiversity and conservation issues should include protists and micro-metazoans. We argue that Krauthügel holds a unique reference node for biodiversity inventories to obtain the baseline knowledgewhich is the prerequisite to monitor ecosystem integrityand detect and evaluate impacts of natural and anthropogenic disturbances. ; (VLID)2173502

International audience ; Wealth and miseries of the oceans: Conservation, Resources and BordersThe protection of the marine environment is the objective of the law of the ocean, in its international, regional and national dimensions. It ensures the coherence of a complex right. It is at the heart of offshore gas and oil exploitation and environmental liabilities. The European Union has developed a maritime safety policy, safeguarding human life at sea. The protection of human rights is essential for the new coastguard and border guard agency. Human Sea – "It's necessary to make the Sea more human". The development of human activities at sea - "What legal framework?". The European research programme, ERC Advanced Grant No. 340770 in 2013, directed by professor Patrick CHAUMETTE, University of Nantes, deals with technological developments and their consequences on maritime activities, on the Law of the Sea and Maritime Law. ; Richesses et misères des océans : Conservation, Ressources et FrontièresLa protection de l'environnement marin est l'objectif du droit de l'océan, dans ses dimensions internationales, régionales et nationales. Elle assure la cohérence d'un droit complexe. Elle est au cœur de l'exploitation du gaz et du pétrole offshore et des responsabilités environnementales. L'Union européenne a développé une politique de sécurité maritime, de sauvegarde de la vie humaine en mer. La protection des Droits de l'Homme s'impose à la nouvelle agence garde-côtes et garde-frontières.Human Sea – «Il faut rendre la mer humaine». Le développement des activités humaines en mer – «Quelles évolutions juridiques?». Ce programme européen de recherche, ERC Advanced Grant 2013 n°340770, animé par le professeur Patrick CHAUMETTE, de l'université de Nantes, s'intéresse aux répercussions des évolutions technologiques sur les activités maritimes, sur leurs impacts sur le droit de la mer et le droit maritime.

International audience ; Wealth and miseries of the oceans: Conservation, Resources and BordersThe protection of the marine environment is the objective of the law of the ocean, in its international, regional and national dimensions. It ensures the coherence of a complex right. It is at the heart of offshore gas and oil exploitation and environmental liabilities. The European Union has developed a maritime safety policy, safeguarding human life at sea. The protection of human rights is essential for the new coastguard and border guard agency. Human Sea – "It's necessary to make the Sea more human". The development of human activities at sea - "What legal framework?". The European research programme, ERC Advanced Grant No. 340770 in 2013, directed by professor Patrick CHAUMETTE, University of Nantes, deals with technological developments and their consequences on maritime activities, on the Law of the Sea and Maritime Law. ; Richesses et misères des océans : Conservation, Ressources et FrontièresLa protection de l'environnement marin est l'objectif du droit de l'océan, dans ses dimensions internationales, régionales et nationales. Elle assure la cohérence d'un droit complexe. Elle est au cœur de l'exploitation du gaz et du pétrole offshore et des responsabilités environnementales. L'Union européenne a développé une politique de sécurité maritime, de sauvegarde de la vie humaine en mer. La protection des Droits de l'Homme s'impose à la nouvelle agence garde-côtes et garde-frontières.Human Sea – «Il faut rendre la mer humaine». Le développement des activités humaines en mer – «Quelles évolutions juridiques?». Ce programme européen de recherche, ERC Advanced Grant 2013 n°340770, animé par le professeur Patrick CHAUMETTE, de l'université de Nantes, s'intéresse aux répercussions des évolutions technologiques sur les activités maritimes, sur leurs impacts sur le droit de la mer et le droit maritime.

International audience ; Wealth and miseries of the oceans: Conservation, Resources and BordersThe protection of the marine environment is the objective of the law of the ocean, in its international, regional and national dimensions. It ensures the coherence of a complex right. It is at the heart of offshore gas and oil exploitation and environmental liabilities. The European Union has developed a maritime safety policy, safeguarding human life at sea. The protection of human rights is essential for the new coastguard and border guard agency. Human Sea – "It's necessary to make the Sea more human". The development of human activities at sea - "What legal framework?". The European research programme, ERC Advanced Grant No. 340770 in 2013, directed by professor Patrick CHAUMETTE, University of Nantes, deals with technological developments and their consequences on maritime activities, on the Law of the Sea and Maritime Law. ; Richesses et misères des océans : Conservation, Ressources et FrontièresLa protection de l'environnement marin est l'objectif du droit de l'océan, dans ses dimensions internationales, régionales et nationales. Elle assure la cohérence d'un droit complexe. Elle est au cœur de l'exploitation du gaz et du pétrole offshore et des responsabilités environnementales. L'Union européenne a développé une politique de sécurité maritime, de sauvegarde de la vie humaine en mer. La protection des Droits de l'Homme s'impose à la nouvelle agence garde-côtes et garde-frontières.Human Sea – «Il faut rendre la mer humaine». Le développement des activités humaines en mer – «Quelles évolutions juridiques?». Ce programme européen de recherche, ERC Advanced Grant 2013 n°340770, animé par le professeur Patrick CHAUMETTE, de l'université de Nantes, s'intéresse aux répercussions des évolutions technologiques sur les activités maritimes, sur leurs impacts sur le droit de la mer et le droit maritime.