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AbstractThis article investigates the evolution of print culture and commerce in Tehran during the first half of the 20th century. The first section examines technological changes that facilitated the commercialization of texts and then details the history of early print entrepreneurs in the Tehran bazaar. The second section examines the expansion of the book trade between the 1920s and 1940s, tracing the emergence of modern bookstores in a rapidly changing Tehran. I argue that patterns of change in print commerce between 1900 and 1950 contributed to the emergence of mass culture by midcentury. This new mass culture involved the social and political empowerment of a diversity of new reading publics in the city, and enabled the emergence of new forms of popular politics.

The Nigerian era sees the development of a set of original, corporatist professional organisations, framing professional groups defined by specialised competence and university level diploma, mobilised in support of the national development project. These 'professional unions' are sometimes seen as the heirs of Ottoman corporations. The purpose of this article is to question some theoretical interpretations that have been proposed, based on universal models, and to show the value of an approach inspired by socio-history and the work of Sewell, mindful of the persistence of idiomes through breaks in history. ; International audience The Nasser era saw the development of a number of professional organizations for occupational groups defined by specialized skills and university degrees, and mobilized for the national development project. A favorite object of study for political scientists, these "professional unions" are sometimes regarded as distant heirs of Ottoman guilds. The study focuses on the examination of theoretical interpretations, based on models with universalizing ambitions, and aims at demonstrating the value of an approach inspired by social history and Sewell's work, which takes into account the persistence of idioms through historical discontinuities. ; The Nigerian era sees the development of a set of original, corporatist professional organisations, framing professional groups defined by specialised competence and university level diploma, mobilised in support of the national development project. These 'professional unions' are sometimes seen as the heirs of Ottoman corporations. The purpose of this article is to question some theoretical interpretations that have been proposed, based on universal models, and to show the value of an approach inspired by socio-history and the work of Sewell, mindful of the persistence of idiomes through breaks in history. ; L'époque nassérienne voit le développement d'un ensemble d'organisations professionnelles originales, de type corporatiste, encadrant des ...

Modern chemistry, so alarming, so necessary, so ubiquitous, became a mature science in nineteenth-century Europe. As it developed, often from a lowly position in medicine or in industry, so chemists established themselves as professional men; but differently in different countries. In 1820 chemistry was an autonomous science of great prestige but chemists had no corporate identity. It was 1840 before national chemical societies were first formed; and many countries lagged fifty years behind. Chemists are the largest of scientific groups; and in this 1998 book we observe the social history of chemistry in fifteen countries, ranging from the British Isles to Lithuania and Greece. There are regularities and similarities; and by describing how national chemical professions emerged under particular economic and social circumstances, the book contributes significantly to European history of science.