Suchergebnisse

Since the end of the Cold War, developed countries have tried to increase their intake of highly educated immigrants. Simultaneously, there has been exponential growth in the number of foreign students who come to developed countries for university degrees. Many countries have linked these two phenomena through "talent retention strategies," which are policies that allow international students to apply for permanent immigration status. Though employers and universities in the United States have actively lobbied for such policies in the last two decades, they have consistently failed to come to fruition. Canada, on the other hand, is often regarded as a world leader in talent retention and a model for other countries to follow. Why did talent retention strategies succeed in Canada but fail in the United States? Using comparative-historical methods, I examine the development of immigration preferences for international students in the two countries. I find that they treated immigrants similarly in the 1800s and early 1900s. In the 1960s, they faced international and domestic pressures to remove racial discrimination from the immigration system, but came up with very different reforms in response. Canada prioritized highly educated migrants, used guestworker programs to address demand for low-skilled labor, and gave the federal executive branch and provincial governments leeway to experiment with immigrant selection. The United States prioritized family migrants, left low-skilled migration unaddressed, and centralized all immigration rule-making in the fractious federal legislature. These differences shaped the political opportunity structure in later decades. While conditions in Canada facilitated the introduction of talent retention strategies there in the 2000s, circumstances in the United States stymied similar proposals. This study contributes to the immigration policymaking literature by showing how historically-specific constellations of interests and institutions can obstruct the passage of immigration provisions that are broadly popular among key constituencies. This dissertation also challenges the reader to consider how immigrant selection policies may impact other policy areas, including higher education, science and innovation, and foreign relations.

Dans l'étude des relations internationales (RI), Raymond Aron a joué un rôle pionnier non mesuré à sa juste valeur en raison d'une réception lacunaire. Cet article interroge les raisons de ce paradoxe. Assimilé au réalisme classique américain, R. Aron s'en distingue par l'attention portée aux facteurs idéologiques et à la variable du régime politique. Passeur de théories, il élabore la sienne propre, dont il fixe la portée et les limites, entre humanités et sciences sociales. Il est enfin redécouvert à l'aune du dépassement des paradigmes. Sa lecture incite à un décentrement de la science politique : par rapport au présent afin de faire de l'histoire une ressource ; par rapport aux impératifs de l'action politique afin d'adopter le point de vue réflexif de la théorie politique.

This paper assesses the potential for and obstacles to engagement on drugs issues from a development perspective by the World Bank and other International Financial Institutions, based on a review of the World Bank's experience in Afghanistan as well as more general institutional aspects. Afghanistan demonstrates both the possibilities and benefits as well as the limitations of World Bank/IFI engagement on drugs and development. Prospects for duplicating, let alone exceeding, the level of Bank engagement on drugs seen in Afghanistan would not appear to be good. With pro-active encouragement and support by member countries of the World Bank/IFIs, however, there may be some entry points in major drug-producing countries and relating to global themes such as money-laundering or illicit-economic activities.

This study was supported by the Health Protection Agency, the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR-46-001; 45-005), and the Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria of the Instituto de Salud Carlos III of Spain (project FIS PI11/00808, cofunded by the European Regional Development Fund of the European Union: a Way of Making Europe). I.R. received a postdoctoral grant from Fundación Ramón Areces, Madrid, Spain.

Diffusion du document : INRA Station d'Economie et Sociologie rurales 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc 35042 Rennes Cedex (FRA) ; Une analyse des mécanismes économiques sur lesquels s'appuient les contrats agri-environnementaux est tout d'abord proposée. Le transfert implicite des droits de propriété sur l'environnement est discuté dans un contexte d'économie politique. Puis on insiste sur la jointure technologique entre biens privés et biens publics. La question de l'évaluation monétaire des externalités positives est alors discutée sous l'angle des méthodes (en particulier évaluation contingente) et de la nature des biens produits (en particulier le paysage).