The objectives of the Workshop were: to review the regional countries' state of research and breeding activities, biotechnology research capacity, trade in agricultural biological products, formal and informal seed sectors and national IPR relevant for agriculture and PGR; to assess implications for the implementation of TRIPS, particularly Art 27.2(b), for the SADC region; to review the draft sui generis legislative frameworks developed by IPGRI on PGR, and that in Zimbabwe; to get feedback on their possible usefulness as a basis for further developments of similar national legislation; to stimulate discussion among regional stakeholders in the implementing of Art. 27.3(b) of TRIPS, WTO and related IPR regimes; and to identify common regional interests and possible synergies for implementation
Cet ouvrage est consacré à l'examen de questions touchant à la pénétration du droit international et européen des droits de l'homme dans l'ordre juridique belge et au statut « formel » que le juge national entend lui reconnaître. Ces questions, regroupées par thèmes et sous-thèmes, sont pour certaines d'entre elles très classiques. Elles tiennent notamment : à l'effet direct reconnu, ou non, à tel ou tel instrument de protection des droits de l'homme ; au rang qui est le sien dans la hiérarchie des normes et à la qualité d' « ordre public » qui lui est éventuellement associée
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"The crisis that nearly brought the world's financial house down in 2008 demonstrated clearly and powerfully that the global economy cannot work well where there is widespread deception based in deep-seated corruption and lack of accountability. Corruption and lack of accountability are also key reasons why international development assistance so often fails to deliver on its promise. With a unique focus on corruption among those giving rather than receiving development advice, this book analyzes the problem, considers how major donor organizations approach it, and offers a series of helpful strategies for working toward solutions--in aid delivery and beyond"--
Zusammenfassung Vorliegender integrativer Review gibt einen systematischen Überblick über den internationalen Forschungsstand zum Thema "Health professionals' beliefs" unter Einbezug quantitativer und qualitativer Studien. Er untersucht die Glaubensüberzeugungen von Fachpersonen aus dem Gesundheitswesen, ihren Einfluss auf die berufliche Praxis und das Verständnis des Zusammenhanges von Glauben und Gesundheit. Eine systematische Literaturrecherche in den Datenbanken Google Scholar, PubMed und PsycINFO, ergab 32 Studien, die die Einschlusskriterien erfüllten und die spezifischen Fragestellungen aufgriffen. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen die Relevanz von Glaubensüberzeugungen bei Gesundheitsfachpersonen und ihren Einfluss auf die berufliche Praxis. Die konkrete Umsetzung im beruflichen Alltag ist aber unterschiedlich ausgeprägt und bedarf eines weiteren Diskurses. Dabei müssen die institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen in den Gesundheitseinrichtungen wie auch geeignete Aus-, Weiter- und Fortbildungsangebote thematisiert werden.
The outburst of the Polish insurrection and its evolution attracted the attention of the European Powers, due to the international political context in which it started, that of the liberal-bourgeois revolutions in France, Belgium, Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal, and of the implications that were expected to occur due to power balance on the continent and in the Eastern Question. Russia's position in the political systems mentioned above depended on how the Polish Question would be solved. By subordinating all the Kingdom of Poland, whose political individuality, in the Russian political and institutional system, in which the decisions of the "Final Act" of the Peace Congress in Vienna (June 9th 1815) placed it, was about to be abolished by the Tsar, opened to the Russian Empire the path towards the consolidation of its positions in the Baltic region, strategically, political an economical, thus upsetting the other Powers in the European political system, on one hand. And secondly, because it would have relieved it of the necessity to divide its forces to oversee the evolution of the embarrassing Polish Question and would have been capable to focus its attention on a solution to the other problem, the Eastern one. This perspective was likely to happen, especially in the conditions of the peace Treaty that Russia had imposed to Turkey, at Adrianople, on September 14th 1829, which ensured the latter's "passivity" towards the Oriental policy of its victor. These perspectives affected, in particular, Great Britain and France, the secular rivals of Russia in that area, so they tried, using only diplomatic means because of the very complicated international situation at the beginning of the fourth decade of the nineteenth century, to determine Russia to adopt a more conciliatory attitude towards the Polish insurgents. The rivalries that aggravated the Franco-British relations, especially in Western Europe, prevented the two Powers to adopt a unitary position towards Russia, a fact that allowed the latter to dictate the law in the Kingdom of Poland. A position, in some way singular, towards the Polish Question was adopted by another state, with direct interests in the Baltic sea area and with more specific ones in the Eastern Question. It is the United Kingdom of Sweden and Norway, created in the letter and the spirit of the Swedish-Norwegian Convention from Moss, on August 14th 1814. Sweden's internal and external political circumstances in which, in 1810, the famous marshal of Napoleon I, Jean Baptiste Sebastien Bernadotte, prince of Pontecorvo, was proclaimed crown prince under the name Karl Johan, King Karl XIV Johan, from 1818, as the creation of the Swedish-Norwegian personal Union, determined the Swedish-Norwegian diplomacy favor the Russian interests in the Polish Question as well as in the Eastern Question. In the Polish Question, the one under our analysis, this was also because the insurrection of November 1830 started in the international conditions mentioned above and due to the fact that the liberal internal opposition to the conservative and absolutist monarchical policy of King Karl XIV Johan was becoming more active and could have constituted a reason for the Norwegians to evade the personal Union, which they did not favor and against which they fought, first through arms then by institutional means. The forms in which Great Britain, France and Sweden took position in regard to the reprisal of the Polish insurrection of November 1830, very well documented by the diplomatic reports of the British diplomats in St. Petersburg and of the Swedish ones, accredited in Petersburg and in London, which we had the opportunity to consult in the funds of manuscripts of British Library, in London, and those of the National Archives of Sweden, in Stockholm, constitute, in our opinion, a contribution to the knowledge of the history of European diplomacy, on one hand, and to the research of the international relations in the first half of the nineteenth century, on another. This is the reason why we intend to approach them in this study. All the documents selected from Sveriges Riksarkivet, in Stockholm and cited in these pages are included in the volume X, part I, of the Collection "Europe and the Porte", which is still in manuscript, for this reason we indicated the archive quotations.
The Third International and Interdisciplinary Conference about the Tungus "Social Interactions, Languages, Landscapes in Siberia and China (Evenki, Evens, Orochons and Other Groups)" was organized by the Amur Region State University (Blagoveshchensk, Russia) and other coorganizers on June 14–16, 2019. The conference was devoted to the study of Tungus peoples from different standpoints and scientific/theoretical approaches. It demonstrated the vivid interest of researchers from many countries all over the world to the discussed topics. One of the main distinctions of this particular event was the resourceful and multifaceted intercommunication between scholars, indigenous people, and local authorities.
This article provides new evidence on salaries and living standards of low‐skilled workers in Lima in 1825–73. During this period, low‐skilled workers in Lima could cover their basic needs. Real salaries increased in the early‐1830s, but declined in the following decades. Real salaries declined during the Guano Era in spite of the commercial bonanza. An international comparison shows that Lima had lower living standards than Northern Europe and Australia, but higher than Asia. In most of the nineteenth century, Peru and other Latin American economies had higher welfare ratios than China, India, and Japan.
Education is a powerful soft power instrument. By studying the educational programmes Erasmus, CIS Network University and SCO University, International educational programs in the EU and post-Soviet space: present and future enables a better understanding of the role of academic mobility in supporting political cooperation in the European and Eurasian region. Furthermore, this book is the first comparative study of the Erasmus programme with CIS Network University and SCO University, two educational programmes inspired to Erasmus Mundus, aimed at strengthening the academic mobility of Russia with former Soviet countries and China.r
Since the Second World War, renewable natural raw materials, including cotton, jute, wool, sisal and rubber, have lost international markets to synthetic substitutes. In the competition between natural law materials and synthetic products, relatively clean products of the South have lost market shares to relatively dirty products of the North. The author examines the competition between jute and polypropylene, jute's main synthetic substitute. After tracing the competition between jute and polypropylene in the past three decades, he looks at the available evidence on the environmental impacts of these two products and discusses their economic costs. (DÜI-Sen)
