Suchergebnisse

Not Available ; FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Dupalli-1 is located at North latitude 160 32' 55.784" and 160 31' 9.82" and East longitude 770 24' 37.573'' and 770 22' 5.889" covering an area of about 658.76 ha coming unde Duppalli and Chandapura Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Dupalli-1 micro watersheds of Ajalapur sub-watershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Dupalli-1 micro-watershed among households surveyed 13 (37.14%) were marginal, 12 (34.29%) were small, 2 (5.71 %) were semi medium and 2 (5.71 %) were medium farmers. 6 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 89 (60.54%) men and 58 (39.46 %) were women. The average population of landless was 3.8, marginal farmers were 4.2, small farmers were 4.6, semi medium farmers were 3.5 and medium farmers were 4.2.  Majority of the respondents (36.73%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 61.22 per cent illiterates, 2.04 percent were functional literates, 32.64 per cent pre university education and 5.44 per cent attained graduation.  About, 71.43 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 17.14 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 51.70 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 71.43 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 20.00 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 51.43 per cent possess TV, 8.57 per cent possess mixer grinder, 91.43 per cent possess mobile phones and 17.14 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 11.43 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent possess tractor, 5.71 per cent possess bullock cart and 5.71 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 22.86 per cent possess local cow and 2.86 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.43, women available in the micro watershed was 1.20, hired labour (men) available was 5.77 and hired labour (women) available was 5.77.  Further, 14.29 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season. 2  In the study area, about 1.36 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 1400.00 kms for about 12.00 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 69.79 per cent (38.92 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 25.78 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 6.00 live bore wells and 6.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 17.14 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Green gram and Paddy and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 80.00 percent possessed bank account and 57.14 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 57.14 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 5.00 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 10.00 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (33.33%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Green gram and Paddy was Rs.32519.84, 37121.71, 22099.58, 20642.46 and 38671.35 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.80, 1: 1.90, 1: 2.50, 1: 2.50 and 1:2.49 respectively.  Further, 17.14 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 8.57 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 94451.43 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 56480.00 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 2 horticulture trees and 72 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1257.14 for land development and Rs. 2857.14 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 11.43 per cent depends on own funds.  Regarding marketing channels, 40.00 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 37.14 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 65.71 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (62.86%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 80.00 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing. 3  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 62.86 per cent of the households and 37.14 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 94.29 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 51.43 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 91.43 per cent of the households possessed BPL card, 2.86 per cent of the household's possessed APL card and 5.71 per cent of the household's were not having ration cards.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (77.14%), pulses (80.00%) and oilseeds (57.14%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (74.29%) wild animal menace on farm field (68.57%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (74.29%), inadequacy of irrigation water (71.43%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (68.57%), high rate of interest on credit (68.57%), low price for the agricultural commodities (68.57%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (34.29%), inadequate extension services (51.43%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (68.57%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Le présent article se propose de réfléchir aux origines et aux configurations du féminisme arabe - « invisible » et « visible » (Margot Badran, 1995), à travers deux exemples qui, bien qu'ils soient historiquement et formellement éloignés, sont très représentatifs. Le premier, qui se situe dans la phase du féminisme invisible, est celui de May Ziadé (1886- 1941), considérée comme l'une des pionnières du féminisme dans le Monde arabe. Comment a-t-elle pu s'affirmer à une époque où l'on entendait peu ou pas du tout la voix des femmes ? En quoi consiste son engagement ? Quelles sont ses modalités et issues ? Ce sont des questions auxquelles nous essayerons de répondre en revenant sur son parcours et une sélection de ses publications (poèmes, articles de journaux, correspondance -principalement avec le poète Gibran Khalil Gibran). Un peu plus proche de nous, le second exemple -sis dans la période de la visibilité du féminisme- est celui de la réalisatrice, photographe et plasticienne franco-libanaise Jocelyne Saab (1948-2019). Nous nous concentrons sur quelques-unes de ses œuvres (une série de photographies et un film) pour comprendre au mieux, aussi bien son rôle dans la "démocratisation" de l'industrie du cinéma au Liban (et au Monde arabe) que son militantisme pour la cause des femmes. Il s'agit donc pour nous de découvrir un nouveau portait de la femme arabe- souvent cantonnée à une position de subordination, et de saisir par là même autant d'enjeux centraux pour le discours contemporain- qu'il s'agisse de l'interrogation sur la prise de parole subalterne qui commence timidement à se libérer essentiellement grâce aux réseaux sociaux, ou de la question de l'égalité entre les sexes, toujours d'actualité et ce, partout dans le monde. ; El presente artículo se propone reflexionar sobre los orígenes y las configuraciones del feminismo árabe - « invisible » y « visible » (Margot Badran, 1995), a través de dos ejemplos que, aunque históricamente y formalmente distantes, son muy representativos entre sí. El primero, que se sitúa en la fase del feminismo invisible, es el de May Ziadé (1886-1941), considerado una de las pioneras del feminismo en el mundo árabe. Cómo se pudo afirmar en una época en la que se oía poco o nada la voz de las mujeres ? En qué consiste su compromiso ? ¿Cuáles son sus modalidades y resultados ? Éstas son preguntas que trataremos de responder volviendo sobre su recorrido y una selección de sus publicaciones (poemas, artículos de periódicos, correspondencia, principalmente con el poeta Gibran Khalil Gibran). Un poco más cercano a nosotros, el segundo ejemplo -en el período de la visibilidad del feminismo- es el de la realizadora, fotógrafa y plástica franco-libanesa Jocelyne Saab (1948-2019). Nos concentramos en algunas de sus obras (una serie de fotografías y una película) para comprender mejor, tanto su papel en la « democratización » de la industria del cine en el Líbano (y en el mundo árabe) que su militancia por la causa de las mujeres. Se trata, pues, para nosotros de descubrir un nuevo retrato de la mujer árabe, a menudo confinada a una posición de subordinación, y de captar por ello tantos retos centrales para el discurso contemporáneo- ya se trate del interrogante sobre la toma de palabra subordinada que comienza tímidamente a liberarse esencialmente gracias a las redes sociales, o de la cuestión de la igualdad entre los sexos, siempre de actualidad y esto, en todo el mundo. ; O presente artigo ofertas reflectir sobre as origens e as configurações do feminismo árabe -» invisível » e « visível » (Margot Badran, 1995), através de dois exemplos que, embora historicamente e formalmente afastados, são muito representativos. O primeiro, que se situa na fase do feminismo invisível, é o de May Ziadé (1886-1941), considerada uma das pioneiras do feminismo no mundo árabe. Como pôde afirmar-se numa época em que se ouvia pouco ou nada a voz das mulheres ? Em que consiste o seu compromisso ? Quais são as modalidades e os resultados ? Estas são perguntas às quais tentaremos responder voltando ao seu percurso e a uma selecção das suas publicações (poemas, artigos de jornal, correspondência -principalmente com o poeta Gibran Khalil Gibran). Um pouco mais próximo de nós, o segundo exemplo -se no período da visibilidade do feminismo- é o da realizadora, fotógrafa e plástica franco-libanesa Jocelyn Saab (1948-2019). Nós nos concentramos em algumas de suas obras (uma série de fotografias e um filme) para entender o melhor, tanto o seu papel na « democratização » a indústria do cinema no Líbano (e no mundo árabe) como o seu ativismo pela causa das mulheres. Trata-se, portanto, para nós, de descobrir um novo porte da mulher árabe- muitas vezes confinada a uma posição de subordinação, e de agarrar por isso mesmo outros tantos desafios centrais para o discurso contemporâneo- quer se trate da interrogação sobre a tomada de palavras subalterna que começa timidamente a libertar-se essencialmente graças às redes sociais, quer da questão da igualdade entre os sexos, sempre actual, em todo o mundo. ; The purpose of this article is to reflect on the origins and configurations of Arab feminism -» invisible » and « visible » (Margot Badran, 1995), through two examples which, although historically and formally distant, are very representative. The first, in the phase of invisible feminism, is that of May Ziadé (1886-1941), considered one of the pioneers of feminism in the Arab world. How could it have asserted itself at a time when the voice of women was not heard at all? What is its commitment? What are its modalities and outcomes? These are questions that we will try to answer by going back over his career and a selection of his publications (poems, newspaper articles, correspondence - mainly with the poet Gibran Khalil Gibran). A little closer to us, the second example -in the period of the visibility of feminism- is that of the Franco-Lebanese director, photographer and visual artist Jocelyne Saab (1948-2019). We focus on some of his works (a series of photographs and a film) to better understand both his role in the "democratization" of the film industry in Lebanon (and the Arab World) that his activism for the cause of women. It is therefore for us to discover a new portrait of the Arab woman- often confined to a position of subordination, and thus to grasp as many central issues for contemporary discourse- whether it is the question of the subordinate speaker who is timidly starting to break free mainly through social networks, or the issue of gender equality, which is still on the agenda around the world.

Welcome to the third issue of volume 42 of the IASSIST Quarterly (IQ 42:3, 2018).
The IASSIST Quarterly presents in this issue three papers from geographically widespread countries. We call IASSIST 'International', so I am happy to present papers from three continents in this issue with papers from Zimbabwe, Italy and Canada.
The paper 'The State of Preparedness for Digital Curation and Preservation: A Case Study of a Developing Country Academic Library' is by Phillip Ndhlovu, who works as the institutional repository librarian and liaison librarian, and Thomas Matingwina, who is a lecturer at the Department of Library and Information Service at the National University of Science and Technology (NUST) in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Modern day libraries have vast amounts of digital content and the authors noted that because these collections require very different management than the traditional paper-based materials, the new materials' longevity is endangered. Their study assessed the state of preparedness of the NUST Library for digital curation and preservation, including the assessment of awareness, competencies, technology infrastructure, digital disaster preparedness, and challenges to digital curation and preservation. They found a lack of policies, lack of expertise by library staff, and lack of funding.
You might conclude that investigating your own organization and reaching the very well known conclusion that 'we need more money!' is not so surprising. However, you have to take note that the Jeff Rothenberg statement from 1995 that 'Digital information lasts forever – or five years, whichever comes first' has not yet sunk in with politicians and administrators, who will immediately associate the term 'digital' with 'saving money'. This study shows them why this is not a valid connotation. It is a study of a single institution, and as the authors note it cannot be generalized even to other academic libraries in Zimbabwe. However, other libraries - also outside Zimbabwe - have here a good guide for making their own assessment of the digital preparedness of their institution.
The second paper was - as was the paper above - presented at the IASSIST conference in 2018 and is also about the transition from media known for thousands of years to new media and digital forms. Peter Peller presented the paper 'From Paper Map to Geospatial Vector Layer: Demystifying the Process'. He is the Director of the Spatial and Numeric Data Services unit at Libraries and Cultural Resources at the University of Calgary in Canada.
The conversion of raster images of maps to vector data is analogous to OCR technologies extracting words from scanned print documents. Thereby the map information becomes more accessible, and usable in geographic information systems (GIS). An illustrative example is that historical geospatial information can be overlaid in Google Earth. The description of the entire process incorporates examples of the various techniques, including different types of editing. Furthermore, descriptions of the software used in selected studies are listed in the appendix. It is mentioned that 'paper texture and ink spread' can be responsible for introducing noise and errors, so remember to keep the old maps. This is because what is considered noise in one context might become the subject for interesting future research. In addition the software for extracting information will most certainly improve.
For once both the author and we at IASSIST Quarterly have been quite fast. The data for the third paper was collected in late 2017 and the results are presented here only a year later. In October 2017 a message appeared on the IASSIST mail list with the start of the sentence 'I would share the data but...' It quickly generated many ways of completing that sentence. Flavio Bonifacio - who works at Metis Ricerche srl in Torino, Italy - quickly launched a questionnaire sent to members of the mail list and to others from similar communities of interested individuals. The questionnaire was an extension of an earlier one concerning scientists' reuse and sharing of data. The paper includes many tabulations and models showing the background as well as the data sharing attitudes found in the survey. A respondent typology is developed based upon the level of propensity for sharing data and the level of experiencing problems in data sharing into a 2-by-2 table consisting of 'irreducible reluctant', 'reducible reluctant', 'problematic follower', and 'premium follower'.
In the Nordic countries we tend to have the impression that certain services are publicly available and for free. This impression is plainly superficial because we Nordic people also know very well that 'there is no such thing as a free lunch'! All services must be paid for in one way or another. If you have many services that carry no direct cost, it is probably because you - and others - paid for them beforehand through taxation. Because of cuts in the public economy one of the things Flavio Bonifacio wanted to investigate was the question 'Is there a market for selling data-sharing services?' The results imply that 'reducible reluctants' can be a target for services that reduce the problems of that group.
Submissions of papers for the IASSIST Quarterly are always very welcome. We welcome input from IASSIST conferences or other conferences and workshops, from local presentations or papers especially written for the IQ. When you are preparing such a presentation, give a thought to turning your one-time presentation into a lasting contribution. Doing that after the event also gives you the opportunity of improving your work after feedback. We encourage you to login or create an author login to https://www.iassistquarterly.com (our Open Journal System application). We permit authors 'deep links' into the IQ as well as deposition of the paper in your local repository. Chairing a conference session with the purpose of aggregating and integrating papers for a special issue IQ is also much appreciated as the information reaches many more people than the limited number of session participants and will be readily available on the IASSIST Quarterly website at https://www.iassistquarterly.com. Authors are very welcome to take a look at the instructions and layout:
https://www.iassistquarterly.com/index.php/iassist/about/submissions
Authors can also contact me directly via e-mail: kbr@sam.sdu.dk. Should you be interested in compiling a special issue for the IQ as guest editor(s) I will also be delighted to hear from you.
Karsten Boye Rasmussen - November 2018

At the beginning of the 1970s, in France, science fiction subculture engages in its countercultural moment. Contestations and claims of legitimacy come from different media: Laloux defends a national, artisanal and engaged conception of animation (La Planète sauvage, 1973), French "bande dessinée" shows new aesthetic and graphic ambitions in magazines referring to themselves as "adult" (Metal hurlant, 1975, with a special focus on Mœbius and Bilal), and literary science fiction becomes more and more politicised, confronted to the legacy of the British New Wave and to the ideology born with Mai 68 (Andrevon, Les Hommes-machines contre Gandahar, 1969). Thirty years later, the "multimedia revolution" implies a technical and cultural convergence between videogames, hyperrealistic special effects in cinema, and 3D computer generated animation movies. In this context, the novelizations of Pierre Bordage (Atlantis, 1998, adapted from an adventure video game by Cryo Interactive, and Kaena, 2003, from a European 3D digital animation movie) question the still rare interactions between literature and "new media" in French science fiction, at the turning point of the 2000s and as we move into the digital moment of existence of popular fictions. Considering this area and this period of time, this thesis examines intermediality in French science fiction as a historical and rhetorical construction, used by the actors to promote certain representations of the genre and to take position in conflicts about generic definition, especially regarding the relations with American productions, the industrial question, and the place of the author. I identify three moments of intermediality in French science fiction during that period of time (1973-2003). I consider the term moment in its temporal sense (a duration) and in its physical one (a synchronic measure of a dynamic phenomenon). This historical analysis of intermediality's forms and discourses shows how the French « macro-texte » (Bréan) evolves in regard to the global « mega-text » of the genre (Broderick). This leads to study secondly what I call the « SF-effect », in relation with that historical and cultural context, from a semiotic, cognitive and narrative point of view. I engage in clarifying semiotic modalities of the SF-effect by considering relations between novum (a strange diegetic reality) and estrangement (a strange formal device), both depending on media and generic architextual determinants. Discussing the famous theory of Suvin, I propose an intermedial analytical framework of the cultural poetics of science fiction. Visual SF-effect is specifically investigated, and then confronted to the verbal estrangement figures, leading to a narrative intersemiotic approach of science fiction "texts" (in a broad meaning) when they are produced by media using different systems of signs. Finally, I consider the problem of world building and how novums and estrangements intersect in productions from different media when these productions share the same fictional world. I discuss the concept of transfictionality forged by Saint-Gelais and the propositions of Besson and Letourneux about massively transmedial contemporary fictional worlds. I distinguish four intermedial "world-effects" (worlds to be built, worlds to be diversify, helical worlds, worlds to be played) in the specific French biotope of the genre, which may also offer helpful support to analyse other cultural and generic phenomena. ; Au début des années 1970, en France, la science-fiction constituée en subculture connaît son moment contre-culturel, à la croisée des médias et des revendications en légitimité, avec le long métrage d'animation de Laloux (La Planète sauvage, 1973), les revues de bandes dessinées « adultes » (Métal hurlant, 1975, notamment Mœbius et Bilal) et la politisation de l'écriture du genre qui se positionne par rapport à l'héritage des expériences formelles de la New Wave et à l'idéologie contestataire de Mai 68 (Andrevon, Les Hommes-machines contre Gandahar, 1969). Trente ans plus tard, dans le contexte de la révolution multimédia qui fait converger jeu vidéo, cinéma à effets spéciaux et animation de synthèse, les novellisations de Bordage tirées d'un jeu vidéo (Atlantis, 1998) et d'un dessin animé en 3D (Kaena, 2003) interrogent les rapports encore assez étanches entre littérature de science-fiction et nouveaux médias en France, à l'aube du régime numérique de consommation des fictions de masse. À partir de ce domaine et de cette période d'étude, cette thèse envisage l'intermédialité dans la science-fiction française comme construction historique et discursive produite par les acteurs, lieu de négociation des représentations du genre et de ses conflits de définition, par rapport au domaine américain, à la question industrielle et à la figure de l'auteur. Elle en identifie trois moments historiques, en comprenant le terme moment dans son sens temporel de « durée » comme dans son sens physique de « mesure d'une dynamique en synchronie ». Ce parcours historique des formes et des discours de l'intermédialité dégage les lignes évolutives du « macro-texte » français (Bréan), en montrant comment il se positionne par rapport aux logiques du « mega-text » (Broderick). Il conduit, dans un deuxième temps, à interroger comment les romans, les bandes dessinées, les dessins animés, les films et les jeux vidéo font science-fiction par rapport à cet ancrage culturel, du point de vue sémiotique, cognitif et narratif. Les modalités sémiotiques de l'effet-SF sont clarifiées par la distinction entre étrangetés de monde (novums) et étrangetés de forme (estrangement), toutes deux dépendantes de déterminations architextuelles médiatiques et génériques. La relecture des propositions de Suvin permet ainsi de construire une grille d'analyse intermédiatique de la poétique culturelle du genre. Le novum visuel fait l'objet d'une enquête spécifique, pour être ensuite confronté aux leviers verbaux de l'étrangeté et pour envisager une intersémiotique narrative du genre dans les médias plurisémiotiques (bande dessinée, cinéma, animation, jeu vidéo). Le troisième temps de la thèse fait passer au niveau des mondes, pour considérer l'articulation des étrangetés non plus dans une œuvre, mais entre des œuvres de médias différents ayant en partage une même fiction. En discutant notamment le concept de transfictionnalité (Saint-Gelais) et les travaux de Besson et de Letourneux sur les univers fictionnels contemporains massivement transmédiatiques, on distingue quatre dynamiques intermédiatiques de construction de monde (monde à bâtir, monde à varier, monde en hélice et monde à jouer). Il s'agit de cibler la spécificité du biotope français en matière d'« effet-monde » science-fictionnel, mais aussi de proposer des modèles utiles à l'analyse d'autres réalités culturelles.

The City of Jobs organizes a series of learning situations related to educational and vocational guidance for students of the establishment of Cadenazzo-Vira Gambarogno, a popular middle school in the Italian part of Switzerland. Throughout the four years of middle school, unique, as in France, pupils are invited to confront with personalities from the world of work, to visit companies and professional schools, to carry out a brief research in the computer room, to watch a feature film and to participate in a symposium on the evolution of work, or, to take an optional course in initiation into lexicon and economic language. Research studies this pedagogical project as a focal point, that is a center towards which converge a set of complex social processes, related to the building dynamics of the unique middle school. Carrying an effective social diversity, this one can merely be thought of in close relation with a changing world of work, in search of new balances. This work comes from a decennial social action, between 2003/2004 and 2013/2014, which became an ethnographic research carried out by one of the animators, around thirty semi-structured interviews, fully transcribed and translated into French, with middle school professionals, pupils' parents, invited personalities and students who animated the project. These data are supplemented by others, especially from available archival documents, assessment reports made by students after visits and articles published in a cultural weekly magazine, allowing the analysis of an experience through the construction of a case study. The first part of this study focuses on the relationship between collaboration and conflictuality in the elaboration process of the City of Jobs. A strategic analysis of the active minority highlights a structure of power relations centered around a triangular game between social actors, leading to a continuous oscillation between a dynamic of autonomous innovation, of heterogeneous innovation and reflexive slowdown. The second part analyzes the role of educational engineering in the efficiency of its daily progress. A desirability analysis of the implemented learning situations shows a differentiated responsible participation of students in learning, favouring the succession of the vocational sequence and the construction of a transitional competence, able to guide the transitions of life of these individualities under construction. The third part, finally, examines the repercussions on the identity form of the students. A structural analysis of the life stories of the most engaged students sketches an identity transformation which shows the appearance of a spirit of performance, with individualized variations, which reinforces the control of life transitions. This plural approach brings out the contours of a breach towards the realization of a truly unique middle school, because equitable, result of a fragile balance constantly renewed between freedom and equality, first of all at the level of the hidden curriculum. What makes awakened individuality arise, potential fruit of the emerging ideal-type of the democratic teacher. Simultaneously, these contours reveal the limits of this process of internal rejuvenation of the republican school, namely the weakness of the elaboration of a vision of the social world of the teaching staff, vector of this dynamic, and the unavoidable extension of the equity of the school universe to the world of work, within the framework of the emergence of an open society. ; La Cité des Métiers propose aux élèves de l'établissement de Cadenazzo-Vira Gambarogno, un collège populaire dans la partie italienne de la Suisse, une série de situations d'apprentissage liées à l'orientation scolaire et professionnelle. Tout au long des quatre années du collège, unique, comme en France, les élèves sont amenés à se confronter avec des personnalités issues du monde du travail, à visiter des entreprises et des écoles professionnelles, à réaliser une brève recherche en salle d'informatique, à regarder un long-métrage et à participer à un colloque sur le travail, ou encore, à suivre un cours facultatif d'initiation au lexique et au langage économiques. Cette recherche étudie ce projet pédagogique comme un point focal, au sens de centre vers lequel convergent un ensemble de complexes processus sociaux, reliés à la dynamique de construction du collège unique. Porteuse d'une effective mixité sociale, celle-ci ne peut se penser qu'en relation étroite avec un monde du travail en mutation, à la recherche de nouveaux équilibres. Ce travail est issu d'une action sociale décennale, entre 2003/2004 et 2013/2014, devenue ensuite une recherche ethnographique effectuée par l'un des animateurs, autour de trente entretiens semi-directifs, entièrement retranscrits et traduits en français, avec des professionnels du collège, des parents d'élèves, des personnalités invitées et des élèves ayant animé le projet. Ces données sont complétées par d'autres, issues en particulier de documents d'archives disponibles, de rapports de bilan réalisés par les élèves après des visites et d'articles publiés dans un hebdomadaire culturel, permettant d'analyser une expérience par la construction d'une étude de cas. La première partie de cette étude se focalise sur le rapport entre la collaboration et la conflictualité dans le processus d'élaboration de la Cité des Métiers. Une analyse stratégique de la minorité active, met en évidence une structure des relations de pouvoir centrée autour d'un jeu triangulaire entre acteurs sociaux, conduisant à une oscillation continue entre une dynamique d'innovation autonome, d'innovation hétéronome et de ralentissement réflexif. La deuxième partie analyse le rôle de l'ingénierie pédagogique dans l'efficacité de son déroulement quotidien. Une analyse de désirabilité des situations d'apprentissage mises en place, fait ressortir une participation responsable différenciée des élèves aux apprentissages, favorisant la succession de la séquence vocationnelle et la construction d'une compétence transitionnelle, en mesure de guider les transitions de vie de ces individus en devenir. La troisième partie, enfin, étudie les répercussions sur la forme identitaire des élèves. Une analyse structurale des récits de vie des élèves les plus engagés, esquisse une transformation identitaire vers l'apparition d'un esprit de performance, aux déclinaisons individualisées, qui renforce la maîtrise des transitions de vie. Cette démarche plurielle met en évidence les contours d'une brèche vers la réalisation d'un collège effectivement unique, puisque équitable, résultat d'un fragile équilibre sans cesse renouvelé entre la liberté et l'égalité, tout d'abord au niveau du curriculum caché. Ce qui fait surgir une individualité éveillée, fruit potentiel de l'idéal-type émergent de l'enseignant démocratique. Simultanément, ces contours font apparaître les limites de ce processus de rajeunissement interne de l'école républicaine, à savoir la faiblesse de l'élaboration d'une vision du monde social du corps enseignant, vecteur de cette dynamique, et de l'incontournable prolongement de l'équité de l'univers scolaire vers le monde du travail, dans le cadre de l'émergence d'une société ouverte.

Audiovisual media expose adolescents to the vision of sexual contents on the Internet. Within public debate, online availability of material "likely to harm" or "seriously harming" children generates forms of moral panic. A major concern derives from sexual risks, such as pornography, sexting and child-pornography. At the European political-institutional level, the measures implemented are based on auto-regulatory, co-regulatory and regulatory solutions. Among these initiatives, the most important ones have been the Safer Internet programme and two directives respectively focused on children protection with regards to Audiovisual Media Services (2010/13/UE) and on combating the sexual abuse and sexual exploitation of children and child pornography (2011/92/UE).Methodologically, the thesis analyzes 45 debates of the European Parliament which dealt with these issues between 2001 and 2016. This corpus has been examined through an original quali- quantitative protocol, with a content analysis and the Alceste method applied via the softwares ATLAS.ti and IRaMuTeQ. This work wishes to contribute to research on audiovisual media, online sexual contents, adolescents and children, by proposing an original point of view on European policy.The main hypothesis has been that European parliamentary debates are limited in terms of representativeness of national cultures ; starting from this premise, several aspects have been surveyed, either juridical, scientific, ethical and political issues. The main results respectively refer to different elements : 1. the variety of political-juridical interpretations of some concepts and the definitions of a few terms, besides the study of some juridical principles involved (fourth chapter) ; 2. the descriptions of online audiovisual sexual risks and the difficulties of European policy retrieved within parliamentary debates (fifth chapter) ; 3. the limits of European scientific knowledge in terms of representativeness of national culture, through the analysis of mentioned statistical data and studies (sixth chapter) ; 4. the multiplicity of ethical considerations, even based on different national cultures (seventh chapter) ; 5. the choice to favor self-regulatory measures (eight chapter). ; Les médias audiovisuels exposent les adolescents à la vision de contenus sexuels sur la Toile. Dans le débat public, la disponibilité en ligne de matériel « susceptible de nuire » ou « nuisant gravement » aux enfants suscite des formes de panique morale. Une préoccupation majeure dérive des risques de nature sexuelle, comme la pornographie, la texto-pornographie et la pornographie enfantine. Au niveau politico-institutionnel européen, les mesures mises en œuvre reposent sur des solutions d'autorégulation, de co-régulation et de régulation. Parmi ces initiatives, les plus importantes ont été le programme Safer Internet et deux directives respectivement axées sur la protection des mineurs par rapport aux Services de médias audiovisuels (2010/13/UE) et sur la lutte contre les abus sexuels et l'exploitation sexuelle des enfants, ainsi que la pédopornographie (2011/92/UE).Sur le plan méthodologique, la thèse est basée sur l'analyse de 45 débats au sein du Parlement européen qui ont traité de ces questions entre 2001 et 2016. Ce corpus a été examiné au moyen d'un protocole quali-quantitatif original, avec une analyse de contenu et la méthode Alceste appliquées à l'aide des logiciels ATLAS.ti et IRaMuTeQ. La thèse souhaite contribuer à la recherche sur les médias audiovisuels et les contenus sexuels en ligne face aux adolescents et aux enfants, en proposant un point de vue original sur les enjeux politiques européens.L'hypothèse principale était que les débats parlementaires européens sont limités en termes de représentativité des cultures nationales. À partir de ce présupposé, nous avons enquêté sur les différents niveaux impliqués : juridique, scientifique, éthique et politique. Les principaux résultats renvoient aux éléments suivants : 1. la variété des interprétations politico-juridiques de certains concepts et des définitions de quelques termes, outre l'étude des principes juridiques impliqués (quatrième chapitre) ; 2. les descriptions des contenus sexuels nuisibles pour les enfants en ligne et les difficultés de la politique européenne relevées dans les débats parlementaires (cinquième chapitre) ; 3. les limites du savoir scientifique européen en termes de représentativité des cultures nationales, par l'analyse des données statistiques et des études citées (sixième chapitre) ; 4. la multiplicité des considérations éthiques, notamment sur la base des différentes cultures nationales (septième chapitre) ; 5. le choix de privilégier des mesures auto-réglementaires (huitième chapitre). ; I media audiovisivi espongono gli adolescenti alla visione di contenuti sessuali sulla Rete. Nel dibattito pubblico, la disponibilità online di materiale « potenzialmente » o « gravemente nocivo » per i bambini suscita delle forme di panico morale. Una preoccupazione maggiore deriva dai rischi di natura sessuale, quali la pornografia, il sexting e la pedo-pornografia. Sul piano politico-istituzionale europeo, le misure implementate si basano su soluzioni di autoregolamentazione, co-regolamentazione e regolamentazione. Tra queste iniziative, le più importanti sono state il programma Safer Internet e le due direttive rispettivamente dedicate alla protezione dei minori rispetto ai Servizi dei media audiovisivi (2010/13/UE) e la lotta contro l'abuso e lo sfruttamento sessuale dei bambini, così come la pornografia minorile (2011/92/UE). Sul piano metodologico, la tesi è basata sull'analisi di 45 dibattiti del Parlamento europeo che hanno trattato queste questioni tra il 2001 e il 2016. Il corpus è stato esaminato mediante un protocollo quali-quantitativo originale, con un'analisi del contenuto e il metodo Alceste, applicati mediante i programmi ATLAS.ti e IRaMuTeQ.La tesi desidera contribuire alla ricerca sui media audiovisivi, i contenuti sessuali online, gli adolescenti e i bambini, proponendo un punto di vista originale sulle questioni politiche europee. L'ipotesi principale è stata che i dibattiti parlamentari europei siano limitati in termini di rappresentatività delle culture nazionali ; a partire da questo presupposto, abbiamo indagato diversi livelli implicati : giuridico, scientifico, etico e politico. I principali risultati si riferiscono rispettivamente a questi diversi elementi : 1. la varietà delle interpretazioni politico-giuridiche di alcuni concetti e delle definizioni di alcuni termini, oltre che lo studio dei principi giuridici implicati (quarto capitolo) ; 2. le descrizioni dei rischi audiovisivi sessuali online e le difficoltà della politica europea rilevati nei dibattiti parlamentari (quinto capitolo) ; 3. i limiti del sapere scientifico europeo in termini di rappresentatività delle culture nazionali, attraverso l'analisi dei dati statistici e degli studi citati (sesto capitolo) ; 4. la molteplicità delle considerazioni etiche, anche sulla base delle diverse culture nazionali degli oratori (settimo capitolo) ; 5. la scelta di privilegiare delle misure auto-regolamentarie (ottavo capitolo).

French universities have undergone recent transformations through reforms inspired by New Public Management. The deployment of a new national budgetary framework (" LOLF ") followed by the LRU law (" Liberté et Responsabilité des Universités ") in 2007 led to the transfer of new responsibilities to universities, including Human Resources Management (HRM): researchers and "professionals" ("BIATSS"). While research work has been devoted to the former, the latter has been studied much less frequently, particularly from the perspective of HRM policies and practices dedicated to them.This research, funded through a CIFRE agreement with Adoc Mètis, aims at understanding the reality of the autonomy of French universities in managing their BIATSS staff. Thus, it takes stock of the effects of the LRU law on this matter, ten years after its adoption. More generally, it can contribute to discussing the reality of public HRM transformations in France, in the light of the model promoted by the reformers: from national and statutory personnel administration practices, the aim is to develop local management based on skills.Conducted within two universities, our research relies on a study of the appraisal interviews conducted by BIATSS staff, at the heart of the desired transformations of public HRM. Our methodology therefore considers appraisal interviewing as a management tool that reveals several HRM processes, linked to the three objectives set out by law: assessment of objectives, management of staff skills and training, and decisions about promotion. Given these aims, we propose to understand the perception and uses of interviewing by staff, both at the local level (within four departments) and at the "central" level (Directorate of Human Resources and promoting committees).Our results first of all question the coherence of appraisal interviews, both internally (lack of consistency of the targets with the assessment methods) and externally (limited integration of the interview with the production of decisions for which specific tools already exist). The interview appears to be a universal clamp of public HRM, which helps explain its sometimes paradoxical and limited effects with regard to its theoretical functions.The analysis of the uses of appraisal interviews suggests that a distinction should be made between several levels, starting with a national level which remains a strong prescriber of university HRM, through its funding to universities and the rules it produces to organize the local management of agents, most of whom are national civil servants. This is the case, for example, with regard to the appraisal interview system itself: while national government intends to develop the autonomy of universities, it is generalizing a system for the appraisal of staff, embedded in procedures and processes for the management of staff stemming from national rules specific to civil servants' bodies.At the local level, both institutions have few specific HRM policies and practices, including the management of their contractual staff. This observation is the result of both internal political resistance and the complex ways in which decisions are produced within university organizations, where different logics confront each other. In so doing, the development of local management, co-produced with managers and based on the local appreciation of objectives and skills, comes up against the persistence of an historical conception of the public service. ; Les universités françaises ont fait l'objet de transformations récentes dans la continuité des réformes inspirées du New Public Management. Le déploiement d'un nouveau cadre budgétaire national (" LOLF ") puis la loi LRU (" Liberté et Responsabilité des Universités ") en 2007 ont notamment conduit à transférer aux universités de nouvelles compétences, dont la Gestion de leurs Ressources Humaines (GRH) : les enseignants-chercheurs et personnels " administratifs " (" BIATSS "). Si de nombreux travaux de recherche ont été consacrés aux premiers, les seconds ont été beaucoup plus rarement étudiés, notamment sous l'angle des politiques et pratiques de GRH qui les concernent.Réalisée dans le cadre d'une convention CIFRE avec la société Adoc Mètis, cette recherche propose d'appréhender la réalité de l'autonomie dont bénéficient les universités dans la gestion de leurs personnels BIATSS. Ce faisant, elle dresse un bilan des effets de la loi LRU en la matière, dix ans après son adoption. Plus généralement, elle peut contribuer à discuter de la réalité des transformations de la GRH publique en France, au regard du modèle promu par les réformateurs : de pratiques nationales et statutaires d'administration du personnel, il s'agit de développer une gestion locale fondée sur les métiers des agents.Menée au sein de deux universités, notre recherche s'appuie sur une étude des entretiens professionnels que passent les personnels BIATSS, au cœur des transformations voulues de la GRH publique. Aussi notre méthodologie appréhende-t-elle l'entretien professionnel comme un instrument de gestion révélateur de plusieurs processus de GRH, en lien avec les trois visées que lui confère la réglementation : appréciation d'objectifs, gestion des compétences et de la formation des agents, décisions relatives à l'avancement. Compte-tenu de telles visées, nous proposons de comprendre la perception et les utilisations de l'entretien par les personnels, à la fois à l'échelon local (au sein de quatre services) mais aussi au niveau " central " (Direction des Ressources Humaines et commissions paritaires).Nos résultats interrogent tout d'abord la cohérence de l'entretien professionnel, à la fois interne (déficit de cohérence des visées avec les modalités de l'appréciation) et externe (intégration limitée de l'entretien à la production de décisions pour lesquelles des outils spécifiques existent déjà). L'entretien apparaît comme une pince universelle de la GRH publique, ce qui contribue à expliquer ses effets parfois paradoxaux et limités vis-à-vis de ses fonctions théoriques.L'analyse des usages et utilisations de l'entretien invite à distinguer plusieurs niveaux, en commençant par un échelon national qui demeure un prescripteur fort de la GRH universitaire, par les moyens qu'il attribue aux universités et les règles qu'il produit pour organiser la gestion locale d'agents dont la plupart sont des fonctionnaires. C'est par exemple le cas s'agissant du dispositif de l'entretien professionnel en lui-même : alors que l'État entend développer l'autonomie des universités, il généralise un dispositif d'appréciation des agents, encastré dans des modalités et processus de gestion des personnels issus des règles nationales spécifiques aux corps de fonctionnaires.Au niveau local, les deux établissements développent peu de politiques et de pratiques spécifiques de GRH, y compris s'agissant de la gestion de leurs personnels contractuels. Ce constat résulte à la fois de résistances politiques internes, mais aussi des modalités complexes de production des décisions dans les organisations universitaires, où différentes logiques se confrontent quotidiennement. Ce faisant, le développement d'une gestion locale, coproduite avec les managers et fondée sur l'appréciation locale d'objectifs et de compétences, se heurte à la persistance d'une conception historique de la fonction publique.

The City of Jobs organizes a series of learning situations related to educational and vocational guidance for students of the establishment of Cadenazzo-Vira Gambarogno, a popular middle school in the Italian part of Switzerland. Throughout the four years of middle school, unique, as in France, pupils are invited to confront with personalities from the world of work, to visit companies and professional schools, to carry out a brief research in the computer room, to watch a feature film and to participate in a symposium on the evolution of work, or, to take an optional course in initiation into lexicon and economic language. Research studies this pedagogical project as a focal point, that is a center towards which converge a set of complex social processes, related to the building dynamics of the unique middle school. Carrying an effective social diversity, this one can merely be thought of in close relation with a changing world of work, in search of new balances. This work comes from a decennial social action, between 2003/2004 and 2013/2014, which became an ethnographic research carried out by one of the animators, around thirty semi-structured interviews, fully transcribed and translated into French, with middle school professionals, pupils' parents, invited personalities and students who animated the project. These data are supplemented by others, especially from available archival documents, assessment reports made by students after visits and articles published in a cultural weekly magazine, allowing the analysis of an experience through the construction of a case study. The first part of this study focuses on the relationship between collaboration and conflictuality in the elaboration process of the City of Jobs. A strategic analysis of the active minority highlights a structure of power relations centered around a triangular game between social actors, leading to a continuous oscillation between a dynamic of autonomous innovation, of heterogeneous innovation and reflexive slowdown. The second part analyzes the role of educational engineering in the efficiency of its daily progress. A desirability analysis of the implemented learning situations shows a differentiated responsible participation of students in learning, favouring the succession of the vocational sequence and the construction of a transitional competence, able to guide the transitions of life of these individualities under construction. The third part, finally, examines the repercussions on the identity form of the students. A structural analysis of the life stories of the most engaged students sketches an identity transformation which shows the appearance of a spirit of performance, with individualized variations, which reinforces the control of life transitions. This plural approach brings out the contours of a breach towards the realization of a truly unique middle school, because equitable, result of a fragile balance constantly renewed between freedom and equality, first of all at the level of the hidden curriculum. What makes awakened individuality arise, potential fruit of the emerging ideal-type of the democratic teacher. Simultaneously, these contours reveal the limits of this process of internal rejuvenation of the republican school, namely the weakness of the elaboration of a vision of the social world of the teaching staff, vector of this dynamic, and the unavoidable extension of the equity of the school universe to the world of work, within the framework of the emergence of an open society. ; La Cité des Métiers propose aux élèves de l'établissement de Cadenazzo-Vira Gambarogno, un collège populaire dans la partie italienne de la Suisse, une série de situations d'apprentissage liées à l'orientation scolaire et professionnelle. Tout au long des quatre années du collège, unique, comme en France, les élèves sont amenés à se confronter avec des personnalités issues du monde du travail, à visiter des entreprises et des écoles professionnelles, à réaliser une brève recherche en salle d'informatique, à regarder un long-métrage et à participer à un colloque sur le travail, ou encore, à suivre un cours facultatif d'initiation au lexique et au langage économiques. Cette recherche étudie ce projet pédagogique comme un point focal, au sens de centre vers lequel convergent un ensemble de complexes processus sociaux, reliés à la dynamique de construction du collège unique. Porteuse d'une effective mixité sociale, celle-ci ne peut se penser qu'en relation étroite avec un monde du travail en mutation, à la recherche de nouveaux équilibres. Ce travail est issu d'une action sociale décennale, entre 2003/2004 et 2013/2014, devenue ensuite une recherche ethnographique effectuée par l'un des animateurs, autour de trente entretiens semi-directifs, entièrement retranscrits et traduits en français, avec des professionnels du collège, des parents d'élèves, des personnalités invitées et des élèves ayant animé le projet. Ces données sont complétées par d'autres, issues en particulier de documents d'archives disponibles, de rapports de bilan réalisés par les élèves après des visites et d'articles publiés dans un hebdomadaire culturel, permettant d'analyser une expérience par la construction d'une étude de cas. La première partie de cette étude se focalise sur le rapport entre la collaboration et la conflictualité dans le processus d'élaboration de la Cité des Métiers. Une analyse stratégique de la minorité active, met en évidence une structure des relations de pouvoir centrée autour d'un jeu triangulaire entre acteurs sociaux, conduisant à une oscillation continue entre une dynamique d'innovation autonome, d'innovation hétéronome et de ralentissement réflexif. La deuxième partie analyse le rôle de l'ingénierie pédagogique dans l'efficacité de son déroulement quotidien. Une analyse de désirabilité des situations d'apprentissage mises en place, fait ressortir une participation responsable différenciée des élèves aux apprentissages, favorisant la succession de la séquence vocationnelle et la construction d'une compétence transitionnelle, en mesure de guider les transitions de vie de ces individus en devenir. La troisième partie, enfin, étudie les répercussions sur la forme identitaire des élèves. Une analyse structurale des récits de vie des élèves les plus engagés, esquisse une transformation identitaire vers l'apparition d'un esprit de performance, aux déclinaisons individualisées, qui renforce la maîtrise des transitions de vie. Cette démarche plurielle met en évidence les contours d'une brèche vers la réalisation d'un collège effectivement unique, puisque équitable, résultat d'un fragile équilibre sans cesse renouvelé entre la liberté et l'égalité, tout d'abord au niveau du curriculum caché. Ce qui fait surgir une individualité éveillée, fruit potentiel de l'idéal-type émergent de l'enseignant démocratique. Simultanément, ces contours font apparaître les limites de ce processus de rajeunissement interne de l'école républicaine, à savoir la faiblesse de l'élaboration d'une vision du monde social du corps enseignant, vecteur de cette dynamique, et de l'incontournable prolongement de l'équité de l'univers scolaire vers le monde du travail, dans le cadre de l'émergence d'une société ouverte.

Cooperative Intelligent Transport System (C-ITS) applications assume the availability of a reliable and accurate positioning system. Even if suitable to most Day-1 applications (e.g. route navigation), the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) accuracy, reliability and availability are clearly not sufficient for more demanding Day-2 applications (e.g., highly autonomous driving, advanced safety services including vulnerable road users warning, etc.), which would require a consistent sub-meter localization accuracy regardless of operating conditions. To bridge this gap, Cooperative Localization (CLoc) has been recently identified as a promising strategy. Accordingly, mobile nodes can help each other by exchanging location data (typically, their own position estimates or raw GNSS data), acquiring range-dependent metrics over their respective radio links and finally, fusing the various sources of information. However, conventional CLoc solutions may be partly unsuitable within the context of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), which comes along with unprecedented challenges such as specific mobility patterns, practical operating trade-offs with complexity and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication capabilities, or even fusion optimality when multiple measurement modalities are available at the vehicles. Thus, one central related research question is as follows: Can the Day-2 sub-meter localization accuracy be met through CLoc strategies between connected vehicles?"In this thesis, following a gradually complex approach, we aim at evaluating how and in which conditions position information from neighboring vehicles and/or associated V2V measurements may improve localization accuracy and resilience. We first develop a generic fusion-based CLoc framework, which can rely on various vehicle-to-everything (V2X) and embedded sensor technologies. We then apply this framework to the standard ITS-G5 Cooperative Awareness Messages (CAMs), and show that it is possible to benefit from neighboring position information and from received signal strength-based range estimates to enhance local accuracy. On this occasion, we also make concrete proposals to handle messages/data synchronism (through mobility-based predictions), as well as to reduce both complexity and V2V communication footprint (through links/neighbors selection, messages approximation and transmission control). Next, we extend this framework to integrate more accurate V2V measurements based on the impulse radio ultra-wide bandwidth (IR-UWB) technology, while dealing with fusion filter overconfidence and error propagation issues. Finally, under even more challenging conditions with GNSS depraved neighbors or in tunnel conditions, we considered the assistance of extra onboard sensors (inertial unit, wheel speed sensor, camera-based lane detector, etc.), as well as static roadside units (RSUs). The proposed framework and methodology show to typically improve the localization accuracy from 2 m to below 30 cm in 80% of the cases. The proposed framework has been tested analytically and through simplified simulations first, then on realistic mobility data, and finally on real data from a small-scale field test. ; Les applications des systèmes de transports intelligents coopératifs (C-ITS) impliquent la disponibilité d'un système de positionnement fiable et précis. Pour les applications C-ITS de deuxième génération plus exigeantes, telles que la conduite autonome ou les avertissements pour les usagers vulnérables de la route, la précision, la fiabilité et la disponibilité du système de positionnement par satellites (GNSS) ne sont pas suffisantes. Ces applications C-ITS de deuxième génération nécessitent une précision de localisation constante et stable à un niveau inférieur au mètre, quelles que soit les conditions d'opération. La Localisation Coopérative (CLOC) permet aux nœuds mobiles de palier à leurs propres faiblesses de localisation en s'entraidant par l'échange des données de localisation (à priori, leurs propres estimations de position ou données GNSS brutes), par l'acquisition d'estimation de distance par leurs liaisons radios respectives, et enfin par la fusion et la consolidation de ces données débouchant sur une estimation précise de leur localisation absolue. Considérant un contexte lié aux réseaux véhiculaires ad hoc (VANET), ce type d'approche (CLoc) n'est pas parfaitement adaptée, en particulier à cause de la mobilité véhiculaire très spécifique, d'une politique de transmission décentralisée et non-régulière de communication véhicules à véhicules (V2V), ainsi que de la complexité d'intégration des mesures principalement non Gaussienne dans un mécanisme de fusion. La question abordée dans cette thèse est donc : 'une précision de localisation à un niveau inférieur au mètre peut-elle être atteinte par des stratégies de localisation coopérative (Cloc) dans un environnement véhiculaire ?'Dans cette thèse, nous visons à évaluer comment et dans quelles conditions les informations de position des véhicules voisins et/ou les mesures V2V associées peuvent améliorer la précision et la stabilité de localisation. Notre approche suit une stratégie systématique et progressive et nous développons d'abord un schéma-cadre basé sur un mécanisme générique de fusion de données permettant de s'appuyer sur diverses technologies de communications inter-véhiculaires (V2X) ou de capteurs embarqués. Nous appliquons ensuite ce schéma-cadre à une approche V2V sur la technologie ITS-G5 et aux messages coopératifs normalisés de type 'CAM'. À travers cette première approche, nous montrons qu'il est possible d'améliorer la précision de positionnement à travers l'échange d'informations de position entre véhicules et d'une estimation de leur inter-distance en fonction de la puissance reçue du signal de communication ITS-G5. Afin d'atteindre ces résultats, nous proposons notamment des mécanismes innovants afin de gérer la synchronisation des messages / données (via des prédictions basées sur la mobilité), ainsi qu'afin de réduire la complexité et l'empreinte de communication inter-véhiculaire (p. ex. par sélection des liens / voisins, par une approximation des messages et un contrôle de transmission). Ensuite, nous étendons ce schéma-cadre de manière à intégrer des mesures V2V plus précises basées sur la technologie 'IR-UWB', tout en traitant la surestimation de fusion et des problèmes de propagation d'erreur typiques des systèmes de fusion. Enfin, dans des conditions difficiles impliquant des voisins dépourvus de système ou de signal GNSS (p. ex dans des tunnels), nous avons étendu notre schéma-cadre à l'assistance de capteurs embarqués, tels qu'une centrale inertielle, des capteurs de vitesse de roue, ou des détecteurs de voie, ainsi qu'à intégration d'unités de bord de route via des communications V2X. Le cadre et la méthodologie proposés montrent une augmentation systématique de la précision de localisation de 2 m à moins de 30 cm dans 80% des cas. Le schéma-cadre proposé a été testé analytiquement par des simulations simplifiées, puis sur des données de mobilité réalistes, et finalement sur des données réelles issues d'un test de terrain à faible échelle.

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Najopsežnije i sigurno najcitiranije djelo o povijesti »grada baroka«, epitet je kojim se nesumnjivo može opisati Povijest grada Varaždina renomiranog hrvatskog povjesničara Rudolfa Horvata (Koprivnica, 14. ožujka 1873. – Zagreb, 25. svibnja 1947.). Njegovim se tiskom namjeravalo dostojno obilježiti proslavu jubileja sedamstogodišnjice grada Varaždina (1909.) – ali nije; rukopis je tiskan 1993. godine. Godine 2017. navršilo se sedam desetljeća od piščeve smrti, a 2018. godine, 125 godina od njegova rođenja i četvrt stoljeća od tiskanja povjesnice. Na temelju podacima obilne arhivske građe u varaždinskom i zagrebačkom arhivu, upotpunjuje se slika o njezinom nastanku. Iz sačuvanih točaka sjednica gradske vlasti, dopisa gradonačelnika i Prosvjetnog odbora, korespondencije između gradske vlasti i Horvata iščitava se napor autora u provođenju opsežnog istraživanja povijesti grada Varaždina i obradi građe za sastavljanje buduće povjesnice, njegovoj viziji o njezinom sadržaju i ustrajnosti u isplati honorara koji je on neprestano smatrao primjerenim za svoj gotovo tridesetogodišnji rad. Također se iščitava napor njezinog naručitelja da primjerenu visinu honorara provjeri sa znanstvenim i nakladničkim institucijama, te je ugovori u skladu s tadašnjim lošim gospodarskim uvjetima. Naručitelj se o troškovima tiskanja buduće povjesnice raspitavao kod različitih tiskara unaprijed im poslavši predloške tiskanih historiografskih radova, pa tako i Horvatovog. U njezin nastanak uključivao je i mjerodavne osobe – zastupnike i ne-zastupnike grada Varaždina koji će na temelju svog stručnog iskustva i rada, putem triju višečlanih odbora donositi stručne zaključke o predanom rukopisu. Horvat je na njemu radio nepunih trideset godina. Zaključuje da je rukopis predao u dijelovima: u ožujku 1934., 1935., 1936., kolovozu 1938. i proljeće 1939. godine, izravno osobnim dolaskom u Varaždin ili posredstvom gradonačelnika Novakovića ili dragog mu prijatelja. Zaključuje se da je zamislio višedijelni sadržaj rukopisa: njegov I. dio, opća ili politička povijest tiskana je 1993. godine, a tematski II. dio sa zasebnim poglavljima ostao je neobjavljen; pod naslovom Dr. Rudolf Horvat: Kulturna povijest grada Varaždina, skupa s objavljenim prvim djelom, čuva se u Gradskom muzeju Varaždin. Želeći omogućiti Horvatu vrijeme za istraživanje i pisanje povjesnice, gradska vlast je uz pomoć tadašnjeg hrvatskog bana Pavla Raucha, piscu ishodila premještaj u tadašnji Zemaljski kraljevski arhiv u Zagrebu, kako bi tamo mogao istraživati sačuvanu arhivsku građu, a novčanom isplatom pripomogla njegova arhivska istraživanja u austrijskim i mađarskom arhivu i tisak studije Varaždin koncem 16. vijeka. U zagrebačkom arhivu Horvat je imao mogućnosti i vremena istraživati građu ne samo o povijesti Varaždina, nego i o povijesti drugih hrvatskih gradova, na temelju koje je također mogao raditi i na povjesnicama tih gradova. U tom se pogledu ističe i skroman doprinos varaždinskih gradskih zastupnika davne 1909. godine za hrvatsku historiografiju. U vezi s tim, s obzirom na to da je Horvat na rukopisu radio nepunih trideset godina i da ga je u dijelovima predao do 1939. godine, neminovno je uspoređivati rukopis i promatrati ga u kontekstu historiografskih radova nastalih tijekom 1930-ih godina. ; The most comprehensive and most cited work on the history of "the Baroque Town" is undoubtedly the best description of The History of the Town of Varaždin by the renowned Croatian historian Rudolf Horvat (Koprivnica, 14 March 1873 – Zagreb, 25 May 1947). The manuscript was meant to be printed on the 700th anniversary of the founding of the town of Varaždin (in 1909), but the plan failed; it was only printed in 1993. In 2017 it was seven decades since the author's death, and in 2018 we marked 125 years since his birth and a quarter of a century since the publishing of his historiographic work. With the help of rich and comprehensive archive material in State Archive in Varaždin and Croatian State Archives in Zagreb, we get the full picture about the making of his work. Reading the minutes from town assembly sessions, the letters by vice-mayor and Education board, and the correspondence between town officials and Horvat, we see how ardent the author was in conducting a comprehensive research of the history of Varaždin, in collecting the materials for the future historiographic work, in his vision regarding the work's content, and in his persistence in negotiating the fee he deemed reasonable for his 30-years effort. We can also see the commissioner's efforts to discuss the reasonable fee with scientific and publishing institutions, in order to agree a fee in accordance with the poor economic situation of that day and age; they negotiated the cost of printing of his future historiographic work with different printing offices having sent them similar examples of historiographic works, including Horvat's own. The commissioner was keen to involve other competent people in this process – representatives and non-representatives of the town assembly of Varaždin – who were supposed to use their professional and work experience and draw an expert conclusion about the manuscript by means of three multimembered committees. Horvat had worked on it for almost thirty years. He handed over his manuscript in parts in March 1934, 1935, 1936, August 1938 and in the Spring of 1939; he used to com to Varaždin in person or send the text via the mayor Novaković or one of his close friends. It is thought he planned to publish the manuscript in multiple volumes: the first part, general and political history, was published in 1993, whereas the topic-based, second part with separate chapters has never been published. This text titled Doctor Rudolf Horvat: The Cultural History of the Town of Varaždin, together with the published first part, is kept in the Varaždin City Museum. Wanting to give Horvat the time for research and writing of his historiographic work, the town authorities, with the help of the former governor of Croatia Ban Pavao Rauch, sent the author to the then Royal State Archive in Zagreb, where he studied archive materials, and helped him financially to continue his research in Austrian and Hungarian archives, as well as to publish the study Varaždin in the Late 16th Century. In the Royal State Archive in Zagreb (today's Croatian State Archives), Horvat had the time and opportunity to research not only the history of Varaždin, but also the history of other Croatian towns, which allowed him to write historiographic works about these towns as well. That way the representatives of the Varaždin town assembly from 1909 made a small contribution to the development of historiography in Croatia. Regarding that and keeping in mind that Horvat worked on the manuscript for almost thirty years up until 1939, it is necessary to compare this manuscript in the context of historiographic works from the 1930s.

Undertakings in difficulty, having exhausted all market options, may resort to State aid to rescue and/or restructure its operations in order to return to viability. the author looks closer into the opportunity for such undertakings to change within so as to abandon practices which may have represented at least one of the roots of the deficiencies leading them to difficulties. The stringent rules of rescue and restructuring of firms in difficulties provide a second chance to restore their business, account of debts, take stock of actions and potentially rise again. Yet, the overall restructuring given as a second chance by the State aid and the role of the state, should not present a carte blanche for old policies and approaches to be repeated with the taxpayers' money. The restructuring should also be a stock-taking opportunity, an internal scrutiny where the corporate culture and the governance of the undertaking changes as well. There should be room to (re)consider corporate governance and audit of corporate culture as elements of restructuring process as well as restructuring plans, to prevent the undertaking on the receiving end of State aid to lapse again. Being given a second chance, applying practices and exercising behaviour that (may) have lead the undertaking to its difficulties, is not a guarantee of successful restructuring and return to viability but may, indeed, represent an internal subjective peril to the objective restructuring goals to be achieved. Hence, the author explores whether non-tangible elements such as an enhanced corporate governance and change of corporate culture, should be introduced as mandatory in the course of undertaking restructuring. The author does not probe into corporate governance and corporate culture as such, but perceives them as welcoming factors to achieve the desired outcome of restructuring aid, namely a successful return to viability using restructuring aid. ; Poduzetnici u poteškoćama, nakon što su iscrpili sve tržišne opcije, mogu se podvrgnuti državnim potporama kako bi spasili odnosno restrukturirali svoje poslovanje u cilju vraćanja održivosti. U posezanju za ovom mogućnošću, autorica pobliže ispituje mogućnost takvog poduzetnika da provede promjene iznutra kako bi napustio onu praksu koja je možebitno bila jedan od korijena manjkova koji su doveli do poteškoća. Stroga pravila spašavanja i restrukturiranja poduzetnika u poteškoćama pružaju priliku za davanje druge šanse u obnovi svog poslovanja, sagledavanje dugovanja, analizu potrebnih koraka i potencijalni novi rast. No, cjelokupno restrukturiranje kao druga šansa koju daje državna potpora te uloga države, ne predstavljaju carte blanche za nastavak stare prakse i pristupa koji će se ponoviti s novcem poreznih obveznika. Restrukturiranje bi trebalo analizirati cjelinu, obuhvatiti internu analizu pri čemu se korporativna kultura i upravljanje također podvrgavaju promjenama. Autorica vjeruje da postoji prostor za razmišljanje o korporativnom upravljanju i analizi korporativne kulture kao elementima procesa restrukturiranja i planova restrukturiranja kako bi se spriječilo poduzetnika koji prima državnu potporu, da ponovno posrne. Dobivanje druge šanse, primjenom onih ponašanja koji su doveli poduzetnika u poteškoće, nije jamstvo uspješnog restrukturiranja i povratka održivosti već, uistinu, može predstavljati subjektivnu opasnost ostvarenju objektivno postavljenih ciljeva. Stoga, autorica istražuje ne bi li neopipljivi elementi poput korporativnog upravljanja i promjene korporativne kulture bili prepoznati kao obvezni elementi procesa restrukturiranja. Autorica ne zahvaća dubinski korporativno upravljanje i korporativnu kulturu već ih sagledava kao dobrodošle faktore doprinosa željenom cilju potpore za restrukturiranje – uspješan povratak održivosti korištenjem državne potpore. ; Unternehmen in Schwierigkeiten können nach Erschöpfung aller Marktmöglichkeiten auf staatliche Beihilfen zur Rettung und Umstrukturierung von Unternehmen in Schwierigkeiten zurückgreifen, um die Rentabilität wiederzuerlangen. In diesem Beitrag befasst man sich detaillierter mit der Möglichkeit der Veränderung innerhalb des Unternehmens, beispielsweise mit der Möglichkeit der Beseitigung von Verhaltensweisen, welche wenigstens eine der Wurzeln der Mängel darstellen, die diese Schwierigkeiten verursacht haben. Die strengen Regeln der Rettung und Umstrukturierung von Unternehmen in Schwierigkeiten geben ihnen eine zweite Chance, ihre Rentabilität wiederherzustellen, sich die Schulden anzuschauen und die notwendigen Maßnahmen sowie auch potentiellen Wachstum zu analysieren. Aber die ganze Umstrukturierung als die vom Staat gegebene zweite Chance und die Rolle des Staates stellen keine Carte blanche für die Fortsetzung mit der alten Praxis und dem Ansatz dar, welche sich auf das Geld der Steuerpflichtigen stützen werden. Die Umstrukturierung sollte die Ganzheit analysieren und eine interne Unternehmensanalyse darstellen, bei welcher sowohl die Unternehmenskultur als auch die Unternehmensführung verändert werden. In diesem Beitrag vertritt man die Ansicht, dass es Raum für Überlegungen gibt, die Unternehmensführung und die Analyse der Unternehmenskultur als Elemente des Umstrukturierungsprozesses und –planes anzusehen, um zu verhindern, dass das Beihilfe empfangende Unternehmen wieder stolpert. Falls das Unternehmen bei der zweiten Chance die Verhaltensweisen, dank welchen es in Schwierigkeiten geraten ist, wiederholt, kann erfolgreiche Umstrukturierung und Wiedererlangung der Rentabilität nicht gewährleistet werden, sondern eher eine subjektive Gefahr für die Erreichung objektiver Ziele darstellen. Deshalb wird in diesem Beitrag untersucht, ob immaterielle Elemente wie Unternehmensführung und Änderung der Unternehmenskultur als obligatorische Elemente des Umstrukturierungsprozesses anerkannt werden können. Dabei werden die Unternehmensführung und –kultur nicht detaillierter bearbeitet, sondern nur als willkommene Beiträge zur erfolgreichen Wiedererlangung der Rentabilität durch die staatliche Beihilfe, dem gewünschten Ziel der Umstrukturierungsbeihilfe, angesehen. ; Gli imprenditori in difficoltà, dopo avere esaurito tutte le opzioni del mercato, possono sottoporsi agli aiuti di stato al fine di salvare ovvero di ristrutturare la propria attività con l'intento di ripristinarne la sostenibilità. Nel cogliere tale possibilità, l'autrice indaga nel dettaglio circa la possibilità di tale imprenditore di portare a termine tale cambiamento dall'interno, al fine di abbandonare quella prassi che probabilmente rappresentava una delle radici delle lacune che hanno portato alle difficoltà. Le rigorose regole per il salvataggio e la ristrutturazione dell'imprenditore in difficoltà offrono l'opportunità per dare una seconda chance nel rinnovamento dell'attività, nella valutazione dei debiti, nell'analisi dei passi necessari e nella potenziale nuova crescita. Tuttavia, l'intera ristrutturazione quale seconda opportunità concessa dagli aiuti di stato, come anche il ruolo dello Stato, non danno carta bianca per il proseguimento della vecchia prassi ed approccio che si ripeterebbero con il denaro dei contribuenti. La ristrutturazione andrebbe analizzata nell'intero, ricomprendendo l'analisi interna e con ciò la cultura aziendale e la corporate governance andrebbero altresì soggette a cambiamenti. L'autrice crede che esista spazio per ripensare alla corporate governance e per l'analisi della cultura aziendale quali elementi del processo di ristrutturazione e dei piani di ristrutturazione al fine di evitare che l'imprenditore, che si avvalga degli aiuti di stato, vada nuovamente in crisi. Ricevere una seconda opportunità, mettendo in essere quei comportamenti che hanno trascinato l'imprenditore nelle difficoltà, non rappresenta la garanzia di una buona ristrutturazione e di recupero della sostenibilità, ma può rappresentare un pericolo soggettivo nella realizzazione dei fini postisi. Pertanto, l'autrice valuta se degli elementi impalpabili quali la corporate governance e la cultura aziendale non debbano divenire elementi obbligatori del processo di ristrutturazione. L'autrice non entra in profondità nella corporate governance e nella cultura aziendale, bensì li osserva quali fattori ben accetti nell'apporto al raggiungimento del fine del sostegno alla ristrutturazione – un ritorno di successo alla sostenibilità mediante l'uso degli aiuti di stato.

At the beginning of the 1970s, in France, science fiction subculture engages in its countercultural moment. Contestations and claims of legitimacy come from different media: Laloux defends a national, artisanal and engaged conception of animation (La Planète sauvage, 1973), French "bande dessinée" shows new aesthetic and graphic ambitions in magazines referring to themselves as "adult" (Metal hurlant, 1975, with a special focus on Mœbius and Bilal), and literary science fiction becomes more and more politicised, confronted to the legacy of the British New Wave and to the ideology born with Mai 68 (Andrevon, Les Hommes-machines contre Gandahar, 1969). Thirty years later, the "multimedia revolution" implies a technical and cultural convergence between videogames, hyperrealistic special effects in cinema, and 3D computer generated animation movies. In this context, the novelizations of Pierre Bordage (Atlantis, 1998, adapted from an adventure video game by Cryo Interactive, and Kaena, 2003, from a European 3D digital animation movie) question the still rare interactions between literature and "new media" in French science fiction, at the turning point of the 2000s and as we move into the digital moment of existence of popular fictions. Considering this area and this period of time, this thesis examines intermediality in French science fiction as a historical and rhetorical construction, used by the actors to promote certain representations of the genre and to take position in conflicts about generic definition, especially regarding the relations with American productions, the industrial question, and the place of the author. I identify three moments of intermediality in French science fiction during that period of time (1973-2003). I consider the term moment in its temporal sense (a duration) and in its physical one (a synchronic measure of a dynamic phenomenon). This historical analysis of intermediality's forms and discourses shows how the French « macro-texte » (Bréan) evolves in regard to the global « mega-text » of the genre (Broderick). This leads to study secondly what I call the « SF-effect », in relation with that historical and cultural context, from a semiotic, cognitive and narrative point of view. I engage in clarifying semiotic modalities of the SF-effect by considering relations between novum (a strange diegetic reality) and estrangement (a strange formal device), both depending on media and generic architextual determinants. Discussing the famous theory of Suvin, I propose an intermedial analytical framework of the cultural poetics of science fiction. Visual SF-effect is specifically investigated, and then confronted to the verbal estrangement figures, leading to a narrative intersemiotic approach of science fiction "texts" (in a broad meaning) when they are produced by media using different systems of signs. Finally, I consider the problem of world building and how novums and estrangements intersect in productions from different media when these productions share the same fictional world. I discuss the concept of transfictionality forged by Saint-Gelais and the propositions of Besson and Letourneux about massively transmedial contemporary fictional worlds. I distinguish four intermedial "world-effects" (worlds to be built, worlds to be diversify, helical worlds, worlds to be played) in the specific French biotope of the genre, which may also offer helpful support to analyse other cultural and generic phenomena. ; Au début des années 1970, en France, la science-fiction constituée en subculture connaît son moment contre-culturel, à la croisée des médias et des revendications en légitimité, avec le long métrage d'animation de Laloux (La Planète sauvage, 1973), les revues de bandes dessinées « adultes » (Métal hurlant, 1975, notamment Mœbius et Bilal) et la politisation de l'écriture du genre qui se positionne par rapport à l'héritage des expériences formelles de la New Wave et à l'idéologie contestataire de Mai 68 (Andrevon, Les Hommes-machines contre Gandahar, 1969). Trente ans plus tard, dans le contexte de la révolution multimédia qui fait converger jeu vidéo, cinéma à effets spéciaux et animation de synthèse, les novellisations de Bordage tirées d'un jeu vidéo (Atlantis, 1998) et d'un dessin animé en 3D (Kaena, 2003) interrogent les rapports encore assez étanches entre littérature de science-fiction et nouveaux médias en France, à l'aube du régime numérique de consommation des fictions de masse. À partir de ce domaine et de cette période d'étude, cette thèse envisage l'intermédialité dans la science-fiction française comme construction historique et discursive produite par les acteurs, lieu de négociation des représentations du genre et de ses conflits de définition, par rapport au domaine américain, à la question industrielle et à la figure de l'auteur. Elle en identifie trois moments historiques, en comprenant le terme moment dans son sens temporel de « durée » comme dans son sens physique de « mesure d'une dynamique en synchronie ». Ce parcours historique des formes et des discours de l'intermédialité dégage les lignes évolutives du « macro-texte » français (Bréan), en montrant comment il se positionne par rapport aux logiques du « mega-text » (Broderick). Il conduit, dans un deuxième temps, à interroger comment les romans, les bandes dessinées, les dessins animés, les films et les jeux vidéo font science-fiction par rapport à cet ancrage culturel, du point de vue sémiotique, cognitif et narratif. Les modalités sémiotiques de l'effet-SF sont clarifiées par la distinction entre étrangetés de monde (novums) et étrangetés de forme (estrangement), toutes deux dépendantes de déterminations architextuelles médiatiques et génériques. La relecture des propositions de Suvin permet ainsi de construire une grille d'analyse intermédiatique de la poétique culturelle du genre. Le novum visuel fait l'objet d'une enquête spécifique, pour être ensuite confronté aux leviers verbaux de l'étrangeté et pour envisager une intersémiotique narrative du genre dans les médias plurisémiotiques (bande dessinée, cinéma, animation, jeu vidéo). Le troisième temps de la thèse fait passer au niveau des mondes, pour considérer l'articulation des étrangetés non plus dans une œuvre, mais entre des œuvres de médias différents ayant en partage une même fiction. En discutant notamment le concept de transfictionnalité (Saint-Gelais) et les travaux de Besson et de Letourneux sur les univers fictionnels contemporains massivement transmédiatiques, on distingue quatre dynamiques intermédiatiques de construction de monde (monde à bâtir, monde à varier, monde en hélice et monde à jouer). Il s'agit de cibler la spécificité du biotope français en matière d'« effet-monde » science-fictionnel, mais aussi de proposer des modèles utiles à l'analyse d'autres réalités culturelles.

The City of Jobs organizes a series of learning situations related to educational and vocational guidance for students of the establishment of Cadenazzo-Vira Gambarogno, a popular middle school in the Italian part of Switzerland. Throughout the four years of middle school, unique, as in France, pupils are invited to confront with personalities from the world of work, to visit companies and professional schools, to carry out a brief research in the computer room, to watch a feature film andto participate in a symposium on the evolution of work, or, to take an optional course in initiation into lexicon and economic language.Research studies this pedagogical project as a focal point, that is a center towards which converge a set of complex social processes, related to the building dynamics of the unique middle school. Carrying an effective social diversity, this one can merely be thought of in close relation with a changing world of work, in search of new balances. This work comes from a decennial social action, between 2003/2004 and 2013/2014, which became an ethnographic research carried out by one of theanimators, around thirty semi-structured interviews, fully transcribed and translated into French, with middle school professionals, pupils' parents, invited personalities and students who animated the project. These data are supplemented by others, especially from available archival documents, assessment reports made by students after visits and articles published in a cultural weekly magazine, allowing the analysis of an experience through the construction of a case study.The first part of this study focuses on the relationship between collaboration and conflictuality in the elaboration process of the City of Jobs. A strategic analysis of the active minority highlights a structure of power relations centered around a triangular game between social actors, leading to a continuous oscillation between a dynamic of autonomous innovation, of heterogeneous innovation and reflexive slowdown. The second part analyzes the role of educational engineering in the efficiency of its daily progress. A desirability analysis of the implemented learning situations shows a differentiated responsible participation of students in learning, favouring the succession of the vocational sequence and the construction of a transitional competence, able to guide the transitions of life of these individualities under construction. The third part, finally, examines the repercussionson the identity form of the students. A structural analysis of the life stories of the most engaged students sketches an identity transformation which shows the appearance of a spirit of performance, with individualized variations, which reinforces the control of life transitions.This plural approach brings out the contours of a breach towards the realization of a truly unique middle school, because equitable, result of a fragile balance constantly renewed between freedom and equality, first of all at the level of the hidden curriculum. What makes awakened individuality arise, potential fruit of the emerging ideal-type of the democratic teacher. Simultaneously, these contours reveal the limits of this process of internal rejuvenation of the republican school, namely theweakness of the elaboration of a vision of the social world of the teaching staff, vector of this dynamic, and the unavoidable extension of the equity of the school universe to the world of work, within the framework of the emergence of an open society. ; La Cité des Métiers propose aux élèves de l'établissement de Cadenazzo-Vira Gambarogno, un collège populaire dans la partie italienne de la Suisse, une série de situations d'apprentissage liées à l'orientation scolaire et professionnelle. Tout au long des quatre années du collège, unique, comme en France, les élèves sont amenés à se confronter avec des personnalités issues du monde du travail, à visiter des entreprises et des écoles professionnelles, à réaliser une brève recherche en salle d'informatique, à regarder un long-métrage et à participer à un colloque sur le travail, ou encore, à suivre un cours facultatif d'initiation au lexique et au langage économiques.Cette recherche étudie ce projet pédagogique comme un point focal, au sens de centre vers lequel convergent un ensemble de complexes processus sociaux, reliés à la dynamique de construction du collège unique. Porteuse d'une effective mixité sociale, celle-ci ne peut se penser qu'en relation étroite avec un monde du travail en mutation, à la recherche de nouveaux équilibres. Ce travail est issu d'une action sociale décennale, entre 2003/2004 et 2013/2014, devenue ensuite une recherche ethnographique effectuée par l'un des animateurs, autour de trente entretiens semi-directifs, entièrement retranscrits et traduits en français, avec des professionnels du collège, des parents d'élèves, des personnalités invitées et des élèves ayant animé le projet. Ces données sont complétées par d'autres, issues en particulier de documents d'archives disponibles, de rapports de bilan réaliséspar les élèves après des visites et d'articles publiés dans un hebdomadaire culturel, permettant d'analyser une expérience par la construction d'une étude de cas.La première partie de cette étude se focalise sur le rapport entre la collaboration et la conflictualité dans le processus d'élaboration de la Cité des Métiers. Une analyse stratégique de la minorité active, met en évidence une structure des relations de pouvoir centrée autour d'un jeu triangulaire entre acteurs sociaux, conduisant à une oscillation continue entre une dynamique d'innovation autonome, d'innovation hétéronome et de ralentissement réflexif. La deuxième partie analyse le rôle del'ingénierie pédagogique dans l'efficacité de son déroulement quotidien. Une analyse de désirabilité des situations d'apprentissage mises en place, fait ressortir une participation responsable différenciée des élèves aux apprentissages, favorisant la succession de la séquence vocationnelle et la construction d'une compétence transitionnelle, en mesure de guider les transitions de vie de ces individus en devenir. La troisième partie, enfin, étudie les répercussions sur la forme identitaire des élèves. Une analyse structurale des récits de vie des élèves les plus engagés, esquisse une transformation identitaire vers l'apparition d'un esprit de performance, aux déclinaisons individualisées, qui renforce la maîtrise des transitions de vie.Cette démarche plurielle met en évidence les contours d'une brèche vers la réalisation d'un collège effectivement unique, puisque équitable, résultat d'un fragile équilibre sans cesse renouvelé entre la liberté et l'égalité, tout d'abord au niveau du curriculum caché. Ce qui fait surgir une individualité éveillée, fruit potentiel de l'idéal-type émergent de l'enseignant démocratique. Simultanément, ces contours font apparaître les limites de ce processus de rajeunissement interne de l'école républicaine, à savoir la faiblesse de l'élaboration d'une vision du monde social du corps enseignant, vecteur de cette dynamique, et de l'incontournable prolongement de l'équité de l'univers scolaire vers le monde du travail, dans le cadre de l'émergence d'une société ouverte.

Audiovisual media expose adolescents to the vision of sexual contents on the Internet. Within public debate, online availability of material "likely to harm" or "seriously harming" children generates forms of moral panic. A major concern derives from sexual risks, such as pornography, sexting and child-pornography. At the European political-institutional level, the measures implemented are based on auto-regulatory, co-regulatory and regulatory solutions. Among these initiatives, the most important ones have been the Safer Internet programme and two directives respectively focused on children protection with regards to Audiovisual Media Services (2010/13/UE) and on combating the sexual abuse and sexual exploitation of children and child pornography (2011/92/UE).Methodologically, the thesis analyzes 45 debates of the European Parliament which dealt with these issues between 2001 and 2016. This corpus has been examined through an original quali- quantitative protocol, with a content analysis and the Alceste method applied via the softwares ATLAS.ti and IRaMuTeQ. This work wishes to contribute to research on audiovisual media, online sexual contents, adolescents and children, by proposing an original point of view on European policy.The main hypothesis has been that European parliamentary debates are limited in terms of representativeness of national cultures ; starting from this premise, several aspects have been surveyed, either juridical, scientific, ethical and political issues. The main results respectively refer to different elements : 1. the variety of political-juridical interpretations of some concepts and the definitions of a few terms, besides the study of some juridical principles involved (fourth chapter) ; 2. the descriptions of online audiovisual sexual risks and the difficulties of European policy retrieved within parliamentary debates (fifth chapter) ; 3. the limits of European scientific knowledge in terms of representativeness of national culture, through the analysis of mentioned statistical data and studies (sixth chapter) ; 4. the multiplicity of ethical considerations, even based on different national cultures (seventh chapter) ; 5. the choice to favor self-regulatory measures (eight chapter). ; Les médias audiovisuels exposent les adolescents à la vision de contenus sexuels sur la Toile. Dans le débat public, la disponibilité en ligne de matériel « susceptible de nuire » ou « nuisant gravement » aux enfants suscite des formes de panique morale. Une préoccupation majeure dérive des risques de nature sexuelle, comme la pornographie, la texto-pornographie et la pornographie enfantine. Au niveau politico-institutionnel européen, les mesures mises en œuvre reposent sur des solutions d'autorégulation, de co-régulation et de régulation. Parmi ces initiatives, les plus importantes ont été le programme Safer Internet et deux directives respectivement axées sur la protection des mineurs par rapport aux Services de médias audiovisuels (2010/13/UE) et sur la lutte contre les abus sexuels et l'exploitation sexuelle des enfants, ainsi que la pédopornographie (2011/92/UE).Sur le plan méthodologique, la thèse est basée sur l'analyse de 45 débats au sein du Parlement européen qui ont traité de ces questions entre 2001 et 2016. Ce corpus a été examiné au moyen d'un protocole quali-quantitatif original, avec une analyse de contenu et la méthode Alceste appliquées à l'aide des logiciels ATLAS.ti et IRaMuTeQ. La thèse souhaite contribuer à la recherche sur les médias audiovisuels et les contenus sexuels en ligne face aux adolescents et aux enfants, en proposant un point de vue original sur les enjeux politiques européens.L'hypothèse principale était que les débats parlementaires européens sont limités en termes de représentativité des cultures nationales. À partir de ce présupposé, nous avons enquêté sur les différents niveaux impliqués : juridique, scientifique, éthique et politique. Les principaux résultats renvoient aux éléments suivants : 1. la variété des interprétations politico-juridiques de certains concepts et des définitions de quelques termes, outre l'étude des principes juridiques impliqués (quatrième chapitre) ; 2. les descriptions des contenus sexuels nuisibles pour les enfants en ligne et les difficultés de la politique européenne relevées dans les débats parlementaires (cinquième chapitre) ; 3. les limites du savoir scientifique européen en termes de représentativité des cultures nationales, par l'analyse des données statistiques et des études citées (sixième chapitre) ; 4. la multiplicité des considérations éthiques, notamment sur la base des différentes cultures nationales (septième chapitre) ; 5. le choix de privilégier des mesures auto-réglementaires (huitième chapitre). ; I media audiovisivi espongono gli adolescenti alla visione di contenuti sessuali sulla Rete. Nel dibattito pubblico, la disponibilità online di materiale « potenzialmente » o « gravemente nocivo » per i bambini suscita delle forme di panico morale. Una preoccupazione maggiore deriva dai rischi di natura sessuale, quali la pornografia, il sexting e la pedo-pornografia. Sul piano politico-istituzionale europeo, le misure implementate si basano su soluzioni di autoregolamentazione, co-regolamentazione e regolamentazione. Tra queste iniziative, le più importanti sono state il programma Safer Internet e le due direttive rispettivamente dedicate alla protezione dei minori rispetto ai Servizi dei media audiovisivi (2010/13/UE) e la lotta contro l'abuso e lo sfruttamento sessuale dei bambini, così come la pornografia minorile (2011/92/UE). Sul piano metodologico, la tesi è basata sull'analisi di 45 dibattiti del Parlamento europeo che hanno trattato queste questioni tra il 2001 e il 2016. Il corpus è stato esaminato mediante un protocollo quali-quantitativo originale, con un'analisi del contenuto e il metodo Alceste, applicati mediante i programmi ATLAS.ti e IRaMuTeQ.La tesi desidera contribuire alla ricerca sui media audiovisivi, i contenuti sessuali online, gli adolescenti e i bambini, proponendo un punto di vista originale sulle questioni politiche europee. L'ipotesi principale è stata che i dibattiti parlamentari europei siano limitati in termini di rappresentatività delle culture nazionali ; a partire da questo presupposto, abbiamo indagato diversi livelli implicati : giuridico, scientifico, etico e politico. I principali risultati si riferiscono rispettivamente a questi diversi elementi : 1. la varietà delle interpretazioni politico-giuridiche di alcuni concetti e delle definizioni di alcuni termini, oltre che lo studio dei principi giuridici implicati (quarto capitolo) ; 2. le descrizioni dei rischi audiovisivi sessuali online e le difficoltà della politica europea rilevati nei dibattiti parlamentari (quinto capitolo) ; 3. i limiti del sapere scientifico europeo in termini di rappresentatività delle culture nazionali, attraverso l'analisi dei dati statistici e degli studi citati (sesto capitolo) ; 4. la molteplicità delle considerazioni etiche, anche sulla base delle diverse culture nazionali degli oratori (settimo capitolo) ; 5. la scelta di privilegiare delle misure auto-regolamentarie (ottavo capitolo).