Suchergebnisse

In the last ten years, international organizations have defined more clearly the role & the tasks of humanitarian aid in contemporary international relations. The case of Bosnia & Herzegovina is a good illustration of the advantages but also of the disadvantages of today's humanitarian operations. The peacekeeping operation in Bosnia & Herzegovina is the largest operation of this kind that has been set in motion by the international community. In its humanitarian aspect it is complex & multilayered. Humanitarian campaigns today are more philanthropically, than organizationally, driven, but it is the latter aspect that makes them fail or succeed. It is not enough to provide humanitarian aid, but its distribution to the recipients who need it must be organized. That process involves several essential factors: international & inter-state organizations governmental organizations as well as nongovernmental (international & focal) organizations & associations. The example of Bosnia & Herzegovina shows to what extent the mentioned factors contribute to the success of a humanitarian operation, but also the problems that stem from their undefined role & tasks. Adapted from the source document.

Traces the changing thematic orientations, protest types, action forms, & motivational structures that have led to shifts in the degree of mobilization of the German peace movement, & assesses its future. A brief history of the different mobilization cycles & institutional changes since the 1950s is given. The end of the East-West conflict is described as a watershed in the movements' history, leading to a shift in emphasis from questions of disarmament to developing models of peaceful coexistence & civil forms of conflict resolution. This is seen in the "Federal Republic without Army" campaign of the early 1990s & discussions of the (im)possibility of humanitarian military intervention in the former Yugoslavia, which bundled common efforts toward establishing an international peace order & more democracy. It is concluded that, while highly professionalized, the peace movement is unsuccessful in mobilizing its basis, & must simultaneously create acceptance for peaceful coexistence & civil conflict resolution while questioning the legitimacy of the military, possibly countering the tendency toward Western Europe becoming a new military superpower. 19 References. Adapted from the source document.

THIS ARTICLE ASSESSES THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL'S INCREASING RELIANCE ON INDIVIDUAL UN MEMBER STATES AND REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS TO TAKE THE LEAD IN PEACEKEEPING AND PEACE ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS. EFFORTS TO DEVELOP SAFEGUARDS AND OVERSIGHT MECHANISMS ARE REVIEWED AND FOUND LACKING. IT CONCLUDES THAT WHILE IT IS DIFFICULT TO DETERMINE WHEN THE SECURITY COUNCIL SHOULD DELEGATE ITS MANDATED RESPONSIBILITIES, A WILLINGNESS AND ABILITY TO ASSUME THE BURDEN SHOULD NOT BE THE ONLY CRITERIA EMPLOYED.

Reports on rise of private military companies in the 1990s; use by governments and international business enterprises, and potential role as peacekeeping forces. Whether private-sector military personnel are mercenaries, soldiers of fortune, or "dogs of war", role of companies including Executive Outcomes (EO) of South Africa, Sandline International and Defence Systems Limited of Great Britain, and Military Professional Resources Incorporated (MPRI) of the US.

Analyzes effectiveness of international interventions through their impact on foreign exchange rates; examples of UN peacekeeping in Lebanon and economic sanctions in South Africa.

THE FAILURE OF THE TWO PEACEKEEPING INTERVENTIONS UNDERTAKEN BY THE ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY IN THE CHADIAN CIVIL WAR BETWEEN 1980 AND 1982 HAS COLORED THE APPROACH OF THAT ORGANIZATION TO CONFLICT RESOLUTION. THE ATTEMPT TO DEVELOP A ROBUST RESPONSE TO THE GROWING MENACE OF INTRA-STATE CONFLICT FOUNDERED THROUGH A MIXTURE OF INEXPERIENCE AND LACK OF SALIENCE. WHILE THE INTERVENTIONS CHALLENGED THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF NON-INTERVENTION IN THE INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF OAU MEMBER STATES, INSTITUTIONAL SHORTCOMING AND INTERFERENCE FROM EXTRA-CONTINENTAL ACTORS UNDERMINED THE PROJECT FROM THE OUTSET.

Describes efforts of Germany and Japan to play a more active role in UN affairs during the 1990s; participation in peacekeeping operations, in economic and social programs to aid developing countries, and in attempts to restructure the UN Security Council and UN system in general. Summary in English p. 425.

The new European security structure is being created & has been emerging in the changed circumstances, marked by three developments: the weakening of Russia's power & influence of the bigger political, foreign policy, the strategic ambitions of the EU, & the US desire to confirm itself in the new Europe in its role of world leader. The sway of each of these factors on that process will depend on their relations, & their economic, political, & military power. The war in the former Yugoslavia & the American efforts to stop the war have confirmed the US geostrategic interests & its readiness to define a common security policy in the post-cold war Europe together with its European allies. The US defined the peacekeeping policy of the international community, mediated in hammering out the peace accord, & with its political clout & military forces took over the leadership in the peacekeeping operation in Bosnia & Herzegovina. In this pragmatic way, they have tried to fortify the transatlantic alliance & their presence in Europe. However, among the partners in that alliance there are different, even contradictory approaches, which makes the process of the creation of the European security system quite uncertain. The war on the territory of the former Yugoslavia was the best illustration of the disagreements among the Euro-Atlantic allies. Adapted from the source document.