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The unexpected expansion of the new coronavirus or COVID-19, at the beginning of 2020, has caused alarming effects throughout the world, causing the suspension of various economic and social activities, including library services. Public libraries had to close their premises when the state of emergency was decreed in their countries and entered a period of confinement. This panorama has generated the extensive use of digital services in libraries to continue working, a fact that will be exposed in this work. In addition, some statements by specialists in the Latin American library sphere regarding the current situation are indicated. In the present study, an extended problem is obtained where it is indicated that the public libraries of Peru work "face-to-face" with limited resources, scarce specialized personnel, absence of digital services, and no visibility within their local governments. Despite this, some libraries have carried out various initiatives in the midst of this pandemic. Therefore, a series of services that Peruvian public libraries are providing in response to the COVID-19 crisis are shown, as well as some reflections from thelibrary sphere in the country and a series of challenges for the near future. ; La inesperada expansión del nuevo coronavirus o COVID-19, al inicio del 2020, ha causado efectos alarmantes en todo el mundo, provocando la suspensión de diversas actividades económicas y sociales, entre ellas, los servicios bibliotecarios. Las bibliotecas públicas tuvieron que cerrar sus locales al decretarse el estado de emergencia en sus países y entrar en un periodo de confinamiento. Este panorama ha generado el extensivo uso de los servicios digitales en las bibliotecas para continuar laborando, hecho que se expone en este trabajo. Además, se indican algunas posturas de especialistas del ámbito bibliotecario latinoamericano con respecto a la situación actual. En el presente estudio se obtiene como resultado una problemática extendida en la que se indica que las bibliotecas públicas del Perú trabajan de "modo presencial" con limitados recursos, escaso personal especializado, ausencia de servicios digitales y sin visibilidad dentro de sus gobiernos locales; a pesar de esto, algunas bibliotecas han desarrollado diversas iniciativas en medio de esta pandemia. Por tanto, se muestra una serie de servicios que están brindando las bibliotecas públicas peruanas en respuesta a la crisis de la COVID-19; también se indican algunas reflexiones del ámbito bibliotecario del país y una serie de desafíos para un futuro próximo.

The medicinal plants are considered plants that contain active substances, which are used by humans for therapeutic purposes. This study aims to determine the influence of quality on the competitiveness of medicinal plants in the markets of the province of Tacna. To evaluate the quality, surveys of type questionnaire they were applied forty merchants of medicinal plants of the markets of the province of Tacna. Tests of purity in terms of humidity, ashes and foreign materials were carried out on medicinal species through a checklist of 32 items based on the relevant legislation. The evaluations of the purity tests found in the medicinal plants in themarkets of the province of Tacna show low values within the checklist. In addition, the survey points out the low quality of the medicinal plants available in the markets of Tacna Province. Despite these low levels of quality and competitiveness, it can be noted that many companies in the sector have the economic and human resource capacity to achieve greater market share. It is necessary to disseminate among medicinal plant marketers the existence of organizations linked to the area ofquality so that the various specialists they have can train them. ; Las plantas medicinales son consideradas plantas que contienen sustancias activas, que son utilizadas por el ser humano con fines terapéuticos. Este estudio tienecomo objetivo determinar la influencia de la calidad en la competitividad de las plantas medicinales en los mercados de la provincia de Tacna. Para evaluar la calidad se aplicaron encuestas de tipo cuestionario a cuarenta comerciantes de plantas medicinales de los mercados de la provincia de Tacna. Se efectuaron pruebas de ensayo de pureza en cuanto a humedad, cenizas y materias extrañas a especies medicinales mediante una lista de verificación de 32 ítems basado en la legislación pertinente. Las evaluaciones de los ensayos de pureza encontradas en las plantas medicinales de los mercados de la provincia de Tacna arrojan bajos valores dentro de la lista de verificación. Aunado a ello, la encuesta señala la baja calidad de las plantas medicinales disponibles en los mercados de la provincia de Tacna. A pesar de estos bajos niveles de calidad y competitividad, se puede destacar que muchas empresas del sector tienen la capacidad económica y de recursos humanos para lograr una mayor participación del mercado. Es necesario difundir entre los comercializadores de plantas medicinales la existencia de organismos vinculados al área de calidad para que ellos puedan ser capacitados a través de los diversos especialistas con los que cuentan.

The process of building of the security and defense sector of Ukraine is accompanied by an integrated approach to strengthening the combat capability of military formations. The forms and methods of combat operations are changing, combat technology is becoming more and more complex, but a person remains the decisive part in performing military-combat tasks. At the same time, the critical importance in neutralizing and mitigating the impact of military threats on Ukraine's national security continues to depend on the high morale and psychological state of military personnel and the psychological readiness of the personnel of the security and defense sector of Ukraine to fulfill the tasks and their resilience to combat stress.For the successful accomplishment of the tasks, the forces of the security and defense sector of Ukraine should have a significant combat capability which includes the following main components: personnel, weapons, equipment, material resources. One of the most important is the servicemen, because only their successful activity ensures the reliable operation and use of weapons and military equipment. For qualitative performance of the set military and combat tasks, servicemen must have a set of necessary professional qualities, which in aggregate constitute a moral and psychological state.An analysis of modern legal and regulatory documents showed that there are different approaches to the content and structure of the concept of "moral and psychological state" of personnel and the difference in its evaluation and formation.The moral and psychological state of a serviceman is the current state of the human person's psyche, which is caused by the influence of the internal (professional qualities and individual psychological features of the person) and external (social, political, material and technical and natural) factors, which reflects his readiness to perform the service -battle tasks in the usual and extreme conditions, the components of which are the military-professional and psychological potentials of the serviceman.In our days, practical approaches to assessing the moral and psychological state as the most important component of the military potential of military formations are based on the use of appropriate methods, which are set out in the legal and regulatory documents of the forces of the security and defense sector of Ukraine. ; Проведено аналіз нормативно-правових документів, які регламентують порядок морально-психологічного забезпечення професійної діяльності сил сектору безпеки і оборони України. Визначено, що у документах є різні підходи до вибору категоріального апарату морально-психологічного стану особового складу і розбіжності у його оцінюванні, прогнозуванні та формуванні.

Este artículo explorará la relación entre el surgimiento de la protesta obrera y el desarrollo de nuevos recursos para su contención y neutralización durante la segunda mitad del régimen de Franco. Focalizará en el caso de Tarragona, una ciudad catalana de industrialización reciente que hasta finales del franquismo figuró entre las provincias menos movilizadas de España. La ausencia de tradición contestataria, la falta de experiencia en el trabajo industrial o la memoria de la violencia fundacional del franquismo, fueron algunos de los elementos que condicionaron la aparición del movimiento obrero antes de la década de 1970. Incluso tras el acelerado proceso de industrialización de los años sesenta, el orden laboral y político permaneció bajo control de las autoridades y el surgimiento de la protesta socio-laboral se encontró frente a unas autoridades poco avezadas a combatirlo. El debilitamiento de los mecanismos de disciplinación laboral por parte del movimiento obrero y la impericia de las fuerzas policiales par descabezar las organizaciones que sostenían la protesta, propició el desarrollo de nuevas y diversificadas respuestas patronales, del sindicalismo oficial y de los apoyos sociales de la dictadura, que tras el desborde de la movilización tomarían caminos divergentes ; This article will explore the relationship between the emergence of the workers' protest and the development of new resources for containment and neutralization during the second half of Franco's regime. It will focus on the case of Tarragona, a Catalan city of recent industrialization that until the end of Franco was among the least mobilized provinces in Spain. The absence of arebellioustradition, the lack of experience in industrial work or the memory of the foundational violence of Franco, were some of the elements that conditioned the emergence of the labor movement before the 1970s. Even after the accelerated industrialization process in the sixties, the labor and political order remained under the control of the authorities and the emergence of the socio-labor protest was faced with a few experienced authorities to fight it. The weakening of the mechanisms of labor discipline by the labor movement and the inability of the police forces to break up the organizations that supported the protest, led to the development of new and diversified employer responses, official unionism and social support of the dictatorship , that after the overflow of the mobilization would take divergent paths

Open Access Journal; Published online: 18 Feb 2020 ; Banana is an important crop in high altitude areas of Tanzania, grown widely both as a food staple and as the main source of income. However, its production is constrained by low soil fertility, a result of gradual nutrient mining by the crop. Currently, soil fertility management in banana-based farming systems in the country relies mainly on applications of animal manure. However, the amount of manure produced in most farms is not enough to replenish soil fertility due to the small number of animals kept by smallholder resource-poor farmers who are the major producers in the country. Field experiments were conducted at three sites with varying soil types and contrasting weather conditions along the altitudinal gradients on the slopes of the volcanic mountains of Kilimanjaro and Meru, northern Tanzania to (1) investigate the effect of mineral nitrogen (mineral N) fertilizer applications on the growth and yield of Mchare banana (Musa spp., AA, a traditional East African highland cooking banana sub-group), at the four levels of 0, 77, 153, and 230 kg N ha−1 year−1 as a starter strategy to improve the current soil fertility management strategies, and (2) evaluate the effect of the combined use of inorganic and organic N sources on growth and banana fruit production as an alternative strategy to manage soil fertility and minimize animal manure requirements. The treatment factors were trial sites (Tarakea, Lyamungo, and Tengeru) as the main factor and N fertilization strategies (as urea alone, sole cattle manure, and in combination with urea, sole common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) haulms as well as in combination with urea) as a sub factor. Bean haulms and cattle manure were applied each year for two years. Fertilization at 153 kg N ha−1 year−1 derived solely from urea significantly (p < 0.001) resulted in high yield increment of up to 42% relative to the control. However, the increase was highest (52%) with the same N dose derived from cattle manure in combination with urea at 50% substitution. Sole bean haulms resulted in a smaller yield increment, the same as the lowest N dose from the sole urea fertilization treatment. The study concludes that soil fertility management in smallholder banana-based farming systems should not solely rely on animal manure and mineral fertilizers. ; Government of Belgium ; Peer Review

Diese Masterarbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem Thema Recycling-Baustoffe in der Beton- und Asphaltproduktion. Die Ziele dieser Arbeit sind die gesetzlichen Voraussetzungen, welche aktuell an Recycling-Baustoffe in der Beton- und Asphaltproduktion gestellt werden, zusammenzufassen sowie mögliche Maßnahmen zu erläutern, welche zu einer Marktdurchdringung von Beton und Asphalt mit erhöhten Anteilen an Recycling-Baustoffen führen. Die Thematiken Nachhaltigkeit, Ressourcenschonung und Recycling nahmen branchenübergreifend in den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten einen immer größeren Stellenwert ein. Durch diverse politische Zielvorgaben, Rahmenstrategien und Aktionsplänen gab es auch in der Baubranche ein großes Umdenken. Um die europäischen sowie nationalen Zielvorgaben erreichen zu können wird die Verwendung von Recycling-Baustoffen in Zukunft immer mehr in den Mittelpunkt der Beton- und Asphaltproduzenten rücken. Im ersten Kapitel wird die Thematik des Urban Mining erläutert und die angefallenen Bau- und Abfallmengen in Österreich aus dem Jahr 2018 dargestellt. Das Kapitel zwei verschafft einen Überblick über die Vorschriften, welche aktuell bei einem Abbruch bzw. Rückbau zu beachten sind. Im Fokus des dritten Kapitels stehen die gesetzlichen Voraussetzungen, Eigenschaften und Anforderungen, welche allgemein an rezyklierte Gesteinskörnungen gestellt werden. Im vierten und fünften Kapitel werden detailliert die bautechnischen Voraussetzungen und Anforderungen, die rezyklierte Gesteinskörnungen bei Verwendung im Beton oder Asphaltmischgut aufweisen müssen, erläutert. Aufgrund der Experteninterviews, welche mit renommierten Mischanlagenherstellern sowie Beton- und Asphaltproduzenten durchgeführt wurden, bietet das Kapitel sechs einen Überblick über die aktuelle Marktsituation. Des Weiteren werden abhängig vom Baustoff die zu setzenden Maßnahmen beschrieben, welche für einer Marktdurchdringung der RC-Baustoffe in der Beton- und Asphaltproduktion sorgen. ; This master thesis deals with the topic of recycled construction materials in concrete and asphalt production. The objectives of this thesis are to summarize the legal requirements currently imposed on recycled construction materials in concrete and asphalt production and to explain possible measures leading to a market penetration of concrete and asphalt with increased proportions of recycled construction materials. The issues of sustainability, resource conservation and recycling have become increasingly important across all industries in the last two decades. Various political targets, framework strategies and action plans have also led to a major rethink in the construction industry. In order to achieve the European and national targets, the use of recycled construction materials will become more and more important for concrete and asphalt producers in the future. In the first chapter, the topic of urban mining is explained and the construction and waste volumes in Austria from 2018 are presented. Chapter two provides an overview of the regulations that currently have to be observed during demolition or dismantling. Chapter three describes the legal requirements, characteristics and demands that are generally placed on recycled aggregates. The fourth and fifth chapters explain in detail the constructional requirements and specifications that recycled aggregates must meet when used in concrete or asphalt mixes. Based on expert interviews conducted with renowned mixing plant manufacturers and concrete and asphalt producers, chapter six provides an overview of the current market situation. Furthermore, depending on the construction material, the measures to be taken are described, which ensure a market penetration of recycled construction materials in concrete and asphalt production. ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Masterarbeit Wien, FH Campus Wien 2020

Tulisan ini membahas bagaimana Spanyol merespon fenomena pandemi COVID-19. Fokus dimulai pada awal kemunculan virus yang mendorong pemerintah mengeluarkan kebijakan dengan empat lokus utama: (1) general confinement atau upaya pelarangan masyarakat keluar rumah; (2) penghentian beberapa kegiatan ekonomi; (3) penyediaan sumber daya kesehatan; dan (4) penyusunan kebijakan mitigasi lanjutan. Penulis melihat pola respon yang terjadi cenderung reaktif daripada antisipatif. Walaupun berbagai langkah strategis sudah dilakukan, hingga akhir Juni 2020, Spanyol gagal membendung kurva sehingga menjadi salah satu negara Eropa terburuk dengan total lebih dari 240.000 kasus. Penulis berargumen faktor kontributornya adalah adanya lacking climate atau iklim serba "kekurangan" di berbagai aspek, sehingga menyebabkan Spanyol menjadi episentrum virus. Kekurangan dapat dilihat secara empiris pada aspek manajemen politis yang asimetris antara pemerintah pusat dengan pemerintah lokal di tujuh belas komunitas otonom; aspek teknologi pengumpulan data yang paradoks; aspek pelayanan kesehatan yang bermasalah; hingga aspek organisasional di tataran Uni Eropa yang mengaburkan fokus Spanyol untuk seharusnya membenahi keadaan nasionalnya terlebih dahulu. Tulisan ini membuktikan bahwa koordinasi menjadi hal yang sangat krusial bagi Spanyol dalam menghadapi krisis kesehatan global, COVID-19.Kata kunci: Spanyol, pandemi, COVID-19, state of alarm, normalitas baru This paper discusses how Spain has responded to the COVID-19 outbreaks. The focus of discussion began when virus emergences which prompted the government to issue policies with four main focus: (1) general confinement or efforts to prohibit people from leaving the house; (2) cessation of some economic activities; (3) provision of health resources; and (4) preparation of advanced mitigation policies. The author sees that the response pattern tends to be reactive rather than anticipatory. Although various strategic steps have been taken, Spain failed to stem the curve until the end of June 2020. Therefore, it became one of the worst European countries, with more than 240.000 cases. The author argues that the contributing factor is "lacking climate" in various aspects, causing Spain to become the epicenter of the virus. The shortcomings can be seen empirically in the asymmetric characteristics of political management, between the central government and local government in seventeen autonomous communities; paradoxical aspects of data collection technology; problematic aspects of health services; to the organizational part at the level of the European Union which obscures the focus of Spain on what should first fix its national situation. This paper proves that coordination is very crucial for Spain in facing the global health crisis, COVID-19.Keywords: Spain, pandemic, COVID-19, state of alarm, a new normality

That a child as a Human Resources holder of the future of the nation, should get strong protection from exposure to radicalism that can interfere with growth and development. The greatness of the mindset and memory of a child in absorbing information as well as his ability to imitate everything that is shown, becomes a separate opportunity for the elements involved to spread the teachings of radicalism. There are several factors that cause a person, especially a child, to fall into Radicalism, such as internal factors, external factors, domestic factors, foreign factors and religious factors. The closeness between parents and children, as well as the closeness of children with their teachers, does not guarantee that a child will be free from the spread of radicalism. Children are being targeted as new recruits by extremist groups that spread radicalism as a goal of 'planting seeds' which then gives birth to new seeds to spread radicalism. The Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia and other statutory regulations have committed to continue to provide protection to children as the future of the nation. The commitment then gave birth to a mandate addressed to all levels of society, including but not limited to the government, related institutions, parents, and the child's closest relatives.Bahwa seorang anak sebagai Sumber Daya Manusia pemegang masa depan bangsa, sudah selayaknya mendapatkan perlindungan yang kuat dari paparan radikalisme yang dapat menganggu tumbuh kembangnya. Kehebatan pola pikir dan daya ingat seorang anak dalam menyerap informasi sekaligus kemampuannya dalam meniru segala hal yang ditunjukkan, menjadi kesempatan tersendiri bagi oknum-oknum terkait untuk menyebarkan ajaran radikalisme. Terdapat beberapa faktor yang menyebabkan seseorang, khususnya seorang anak terjerumus ke dalam Paham Radikalisme, seperti faktor internal, faktor eksternal, faktor domestik, faktor luar negeri dan faktor agama. Kedekatan antara orang tua dengan anak, begitupun kedekatan anak dengan gurunya, tidak menjamin bahwa seorang anak akan terbebas dari penyebaran paham Radikalisme. Anak dijadikan sebagai target perekrutan baru oleh kelompok ekstrimis penyebar paham radikalisme sebagai tujuan 'menanam benih' yang kemudian melahirkan bibit-bibit baru untuk menyebarkan paham radikalisme. Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia serta peraturan perundang-undangan lainnya telah berkomitmen untuk tetap memberikan Perlindungan kepada Anak sebagai masa depan bangsa. Komitmen tersebut kemudian melahirkan amanat yang ditujukan kepada seluruh lapisan masyarakat, termasuk namun tidak terbatas, kepada pemerintah, lembaga-lembaga terkait, orang tua, dan kerabat terdekat anak.

The scientific novelty of the research. The basic condition of modern democracy is the existence of the political opposition, which controls the actions of the current government. At this stage of establishment the democratic postulates especially acute question of legislative regulation of the political opposition in Ukraine. The current political opposition that exists in the country is not fulfilling its constructive function continuously. The opposition has not become an effective part of the political system yet. Therefore, the relevant question is theoretical outlines the main stages of its formation, development and activities constantly learn and adjust process of the opposition in the political system of Ukraine. The main objective is considered the main historical stages of the political opposition in Ukraine, analyzed the features of drafting legislation on the parliamentary opposition, identified the main one, outlined the main issues and vectors of the process of institutionalization of political opposition in Ukraine. Methodology. In this research the author used such scientific methods as observation, comparison, analysis, induction and deduction, simulation, systemic and structural-activities approach. Conclusion. The impetus for the formation of the opposition was the independence and start building a democratic and pluralistic state. Today the development of democracy in Ukraine faced a number of problems establishing political opposition. Among them – the lack of consensus in politics, the weakness of the opposition leadership, lack of human resource capacity of senior officials, the shortcomings of political reform uncertain business opposition, the lack of financial security parliamentary parties of the opposition, the lack of legal regulation of opposition activity and low level of democratic political culture. Results. According to the author, the practical importance have such ways to optimize the functioning of the opposition as a political institution and democratic state policy factors as: – Parliamentary minority status should be determined by a separate law, rather than changes to the Verkhovna Rada and other regulations; – Subjects should be the parliamentary opposition faction or their associations, rather than individual MPs, parties or blocs; – improving the balance of powers between the branches of government ; В статье проанализированы основные исторические этапы формирования политической оппозиции в Украине, рассмотрены особенности разработки законопроектов о парламентской оппозиции, определены главные из них, обозначены основные проблемы и векторы развития процесса институционализации политической оппозиции в Украине. ; У статті проаналізовано основні історичні етапи формування політичної опозиції в Україні, розглянуто особливості розробки законопроектів про парламентську опозицію, визначено головні з них, окреслено основні проблеми та вектори розвитку процесу інституціоналізації політичної опозиції в Україні.

We investigate how the foliage mass to wood area ratios depend on tree and stand characteristics of previously collected data from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Our analysis allowed a separation of the relationship between stem and branch cross-sectional areas and the relationship between the branch cross-sectional area and foliage mass. We studied how these relationships varied within and between stands. The lowest site fertility class had a higher foliage mass to stem area ratio than better sites. The relative height of a tree in the stand (Φ) was the major factor that determined the variation in the relationship between the branch cross-sectional area and the stem cross-sectional area. Models based on absolute height or tree diameter were usually weaker. Models based on Φ were simpler, since no other variables were able to explain between-stand variation in the presence of Φ. We were able to predict changes in the branchiness of the tree but not in the foliage mass supported per unit of branch area. ; Les auteurs examinent de quelle façon les rapports entre la biomasse foliaire et la surface de bois sont affectés par les caractéristiques des arbres et des peuplements à partir de données précédemment récoltées sur le pin sylvestre (Pinus sylvestrisL.). Leurs analyses ont permis de séparer la relation entre la surface radiale de la tige et desbranches de la relation entre la surface radiale des branches et la biomasse foliaire. Ils ont étudié de quelle façon ces relations varient à l'intérieur des peuplements et entre les peuplements. La plus faible classe de station était associée à un rapport de la biomasse foliaire sur la surface de la tige plus élevé que celui des stations plus riches. La hauteur relative d'un arbre dans le peuplement (Φ) constituait le principal facteur pour déterminer la variation de la relation entrela surface radiale des branches et celle de la tige. Les modèles basés sur la hauteur absolue ou sur le diamètre des arbres étaient généralement moins performants. Les modèles basés sur Φ étaient plus simples puisqu'une fois cette variable introduite dans le modèle, aucune autre variable ne pouvait expliquer la variation entre les peuplements. Ils ont pu prédire les changements dans la branchaison d'un arbre, mais pas dans la biomasse foliaire par unité de surface radiale des branches. ; Field data were collected with the support of the Academy of Finland, the Finnish Foundation for Research on Natural resources, the European Union (during the LTEEF project), and the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry.

The scientific novelty of the research. The basic condition of modern democracy is the existence of the political opposition, which controls the actions of the current government. At this stage of establishment the democratic postulates especially acute question of legislative regulation of the political opposition in Ukraine. The current political opposition that exists in the country is not fulfilling its constructive function continuously. The opposition has not become an effective part of the political system yet. Therefore, the relevant question is theoretical outlines the main stages of its formation, development and activities constantly learn and adjust process of the opposition in the political system of Ukraine. The main objective is considered the main historical stages of the political opposition in Ukraine, analyzed the features of drafting legislation on the parliamentary opposition, identified the main one, outlined the main issues and vectors of the process of institutionalization of political opposition in Ukraine. Methodology. In this research the author used such scientific methods as observation, comparison, analysis, induction and deduction, simulation, systemic and structural-activities approach. Conclusion. The impetus for the formation of the opposition was the independence and start building a democratic and pluralistic state. Today the development of democracy in Ukraine faced a number of problems establishing political opposition. Among them – the lack of consensus in politics, the weakness of the opposition leadership, lack of human resource capacity of senior officials, the shortcomings of political reform uncertain business opposition, the lack of financial security parliamentary parties of the opposition, the lack of legal regulation of opposition activity and low level of democratic political culture. Results. According to the author, the practical importance have such ways to optimize the functioning of the opposition as a political institution and democratic state policy factors as: – Parliamentary minority status should be determined by a separate law, rather than changes to the Verkhovna Rada and other regulations; – Subjects should be the parliamentary opposition faction or their associations, rather than individual MPs, parties or blocs; – improving the balance of powers between the branches of government ; В статье проанализированы основные исторические этапы формирования политической оппозиции в Украине, рассмотрены особенности разработки законопроектов о парламентской оппозиции, определены главные из них, обозначены основные проблемы и векторы развития процесса институционализации политической оппозиции в Украине. ; У статті проаналізовано основні історичні етапи формування політичної опозиції в Україні, розглянуто особливості розробки законопроектів про парламентську опозицію, визначено головні з них, окреслено основні проблеми та вектори розвитку процесу інституціоналізації політичної опозиції в Україні.

Узагальнено проблеми сучасного молодіжного дозвілля в Україні. Визначено роль людського чинника у формуванні і вирішенні проблеми сучасного молодіжного дозвілля. Розглянуто людський чинник крізь призму тріади: державні діячі (законотворці й управлінці) — фахівці (працівники сфери культури) — власне молодь з її світоглядом, ціннісними орієнтаціями, потребами й інтересами.Розроблено рекомендації та конкретні пропозиції щодо вирішення проблем молодіжного дозвілля за напрямами «державне управління», «інформація» та «фінансування». ; The aim of the article is to summarize the problems of youth leisure and to identify the ways of solving them at the state and regional levels.Research methodology. Methods of analysis, synthesis and modeling were used in the research process.Results. In the process of reviewing the issue, all problems are intelligently divided into three groups — global or state, local or regional and sectoral and individual. Global problems of youth leisure have been examined in the context of the imperfection of the communication process; the policy area in force in the current legislation of the sphere of culture and the financial support of cultural heritage. Local problems of youth leisure are directly dependent on regional and sectoral factors. Thus, the individual problems of leisure of the modern youth are formed under the influence of changes in value orientations, needs and interests. The basic individual problems of youth leisure recognized the inability to plan and rationally use free time and support the forms and manifestations of mass culture. The author develops the recommendations and concrete proposals for solving youth leisure problems in the areas of "public administration", "information" and "financing".Novelty. The problems of modern youth leisure in Ukraine are generalized. The role of the human factor in shaping and solving the problem of contemporary youth leisure has been determined. The human factor is considered in the context of the triad: state figures (lawmakers and managers) — specialists (cultural workers) — their own youth with their outlook, values, needs and interests.The concept of the Internet portal of information resources of cultural and leisure life of young people has been developed and described in detail, with the purpose of creating a single cultural and leisure information network.The practical significance. The main findings and conclusions of the study are the contribution to the development of applied cultural studies. It is possible to use the results of the research in the practical activities of cultural and leisure activities and management of issues of youth and culture.

International audience ; This ethnographic research, conducted in 2015, aimed at understanding how farmers in the Beqaa plain in Lebanon constructed their tenure of irrigation water in relation to land tenure, and what were the modalities of their appropriation of water and their use of it, as a function of the origin of the water (source, river or well) and of the ways it was distributed (gravity, pumps, or drip). The field research has been conducted in Qubb Elias, where the two sources of Qubb Elias and Kheyrazat flow, and in the village of Anjar, in the central Beqaa, in a comparative perspective in eight other locations across the world. We were inspired by the theory of critical political ecology which casts light on the way social and political factors structure the agents' understanding of their relationship with natural resources and of the options that are offered to them. Beyond the now classical statement that economic and geostrategic factors are responsible for leading farmers into changing the ways they access water and land, we have identified four typical cases which illustrate how economic, social and geographical factors interact to produce various modalities of dealing with technical means (pumps, wells or flood or drip irrigation). ; Cette enquête ethnographique conduite en 2015 vise à comprendre comment les agriculteurs de la Beqaa construisent leur tenure de l'eau d'irrigation en lien avec la tenure de la terre, et quelles sont les modalités d'appropriation et d'utilisation de cette eau en fonction de son origine (source, rivière, ou puits) et des moyens de sa distribution (gravité, pompes, goutte-à-goutte). Elle s'est déroulée dans le village de Qoubb Elias, où coulent les sources de Qoubb Elias et de Kherayzat, ainsi que dans le village d'Anjar, toutes localités situées au centre de la plaine de la Beqaa, et cela dans une perspective comparative avec huit autres terrains différents à travers le monde. Nous nous sommes inspirés de la théorie de la critical political ecologyqui éclaire la façon dont les facteurs sociaux et politiques structurent le rapport des acteurs aux ressources naturelles et orientent les options qui s'offrent à eux. Au-delà du constat désormais classique que les facteurs économiques et géostratégiques amènent les agriculteurs à modifier les modalités de leur accès à l'eau et à la terre, nous dégageons quatre cas de figure qui illustrent comment ces divers facteurs interagissent pour façonner différents usages des moyens techniques (pompes, puits, irrigation par immersion ou par goutte-à-goutte).

This paper analyzes some facts that occurred during the 2001 crisis in San Salvador de Jujuy. The contribution deals with the resistance around representations that took place during the bid for economic, social and political resources from December 18th to 21th, and the participation of political and union leaders with high visibility in the Jujuy media. From the hemerographic work and an interview with Carlos "El Perro" Santillán (1), we made an interpretative analysis from a Cultural Studies' perspective. The aim is to highlight the socio-political and economic aspects of the crisis at a province scale. In this way, our study chases operate with a view that valorates the local socio-historical conditions in contrast to the representations built in the central regions of the country. ; Este trabalho analisa alguns fatos ocorridos durante a crise do ano 2001 em San Salvador de Jujuy.Estudam-se as resistências em torno de representações que se deram durante a licitação pelos recursos econômicos, sociais e políticos de 18 a 21 de dezembro, e a participação de dirigentes políticos e sindicais com alta visibilidade nos meios gráficos jujeños.Do trabalho hemerográfico e uma entrevista realizada a Carlos "El Perro" Santillán (1), fizemos uma análise interpretativa desde uma perspectiva vinculada aos Estudos Culturais. O objetivo é visibilizar as formas que tomou a crise no âmbito provincial desde o aspecto sociopolítico e econômico.Desta forma, busca-se operar com um olhar que põe em valor as condições socio-históricas do lugar em contraste com as representações construídas nas regiões centrais do país. ; Este trabajo analiza algunos hechos ocurridos durante la crisis del año 2001 en San Salvador de Jujuy. Se estudian las resistencias en torno a representaciones que se dieron durante la puja por los recursos económicos, sociales y políticos del 18 al 21 de diciembre, y la participación de dirigentes políticos y sindicales con alta visibilidad en los medios gráficos jujeños. Del trabajo hemerográfico y una entrevista realizada a Carlos "El Perro" Santillán (1), hicimos un análisis interpretativo desde una perspectiva vinculada a los Estudios Culturales. El objetivo es visibilizar las formas que tomó la crisis en el ámbito provincial desde el aspecto sociopolítico y económico. De esta manera, se busca operar con una mirada que pone en valor las condiciones socio-históricas del lugar en contraste con las representaciones construidas en las regiones centrales del país.

Corruption is one of the challenges for Indonesia, not only the issue of law enforcement, but also the problem of the impact and influence of corruption itself on society. The rise of corrupt behavior even down to the lowest layers in society makes law enforcement against corruption more severely difficult. Moreover, with the many cases of corruption and law enforcement that are dominated by political influence generates distrust in the community. On the other hand, the development of the region after regional autonomy actually makes corruption spread to almost all regions in Indonesia. There are many cases of regional heads caught in corruption, even down to the district and village level. This article examines the patterns of criminal acts of corruption involving local government officials as well as the factors underlying the rampant corruption in the regions. This article uses a qualitative method with a sociological juridical approach. The facts in the form of cases that occur are analyzed based on laws and regulations and applicable legal theory. Law enforcement against corruption in the regions in general is influenced by three important factors, namely the substance of laws and regulations, the resources of law enforcement officials as well as the infrastructure and supra structure, and the culture of the community. Keywords: Corruption, Local Officials, Causes. ; Korupsi menjadi salah satu tantangan tersendiri bagi Indonesia, bukan hanya persoalan penegakan hukum, namun juga persoalan dampak dan pengaruh korupsi itu sendiri pada masyarakat. Maraknya perilaku koruptif bahkan hingga ke lapisan paling bawah di masyarakat menjadikan penegakan hukum terhadap korupsi semakin hari semakin berat. Terlebih lagi dengan banyaknya kasus-kasus korupsi dan penegakan hukumnya yang didominasi oleh pengaruh politik sehingga menimbulkan rasa ketidakpercayaan di masyarakat. Pada sisi lain,perkembangan daerah pasca otonomi daerah justru menjadikan korupsi merambat ke daerah hamper di seluruh Indonesia. Banyaknya kasus Kepala Daerah yang terjerat tindak pidana korupsi, bahkan hingga ke level kecamatan dan kepada desa. Artikel ini mengkaji pola-pola tindak pidana korupsi yang melibatkan pejabat pemerintah daerah serta faktor-faktor yang melatarbelakangi maraknya tindak pidana korupsi di daerah. Artikel ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan yuridis sosiologis. Fakta-fakta berupa kasus-kasus yang terjadi dianalisis berdasarkan peraturan perundang-undangan dan teori hukum yang berlaku. Penegakan hukum terhadap tindak pidana korupsi di daerah secara umum dipengaruhi oleh tiga faktor penting, yakni substansi peraturan perundang-undangan, sumber daya aparat penegak hukum beserta infra dan supra strukturnya, dan budaya masyarakat. Kata kunci: Korupsi, Pejabat Daerah, Faktor Penyebab.