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Abstract. Diaspora members are migrants also inhabitants who contribute to the society in which they live in. It's like a process that implies transforming the relationship between home countries and host countries. Diaspora members always try to establish a potential relationship between countries through their multiple networks, identities and share things of belonging. Though the knowledge about diaspora is still limited they play a crucial role in economic perspective. It's really necessary to understand not only their motivations but also the modalities of the diaspora to facilitate the development is one of the most important matters. There is a strong connection between the diaspora and the financial market in developing and emerging economies. Sometimes it's difficult to attract foreign investors due to perceptions of high risk, volatile currencies, also for asymmetric information. In a border sense, diaspora may help to overcome this situation because of various perceptions of risk, informational advantages, and a bias toward home country capitalization. In economic perspective diaspora bonds, deposit account, remittance flows, transitional loans play a vital role in every sphere of development. A deposit account is conquered both in home and host countries. Another and most important part of a diaspora is the securitization of remittance flows. It allows banks to leverage remittance revenues for greater lending. Diaspora bonds permit the government to derive long term funds. There is also one kind of investment as a diaspora fund which assembles pools of individual investors for co-operative investments. Contributions of the diaspora to the home country beyond the standard monetary assistance. Ethnic and national identity make a difference between host countries and home countries.

"The police of Gustav III in a European perspective"In 1776 a new police establishment ("politiinrättning") opened in Stockholm – the first step towards a modern police system. The reform was typical of its time. 17th century Europe entailed a successive development of organizations and authorities that increasingly came to resemble what we today understand as "police". Paris 1667 is often identified as a starting point, and the Paris police was a common reference during the reformation of the institutions maintaining order in the European cities. In its time, as Foucault have noted, the Paris police was seen as the ultimate expression of the monarchy, where the power and control of the king were extended to individual details of daily life in the capital. In the light of this historical development, this article inquires into how the Swedish "Kungliga poliskammaren" (royal police chamber) related to a contemporary police discourse. What were the features of the police chambers organization and field of activities, and what were the similarities and differences compared to the French police? What kind of critique was articulated towards it? The study is based on mainly three types of Swedish material: statements from the initiators of the police reform; letters from the police commissioner to his superiors; critique towards the police commissioner expressed in political writings and memoirs. The comparative aspects of the article will take much of its stand on Alan Williams comprehensive study of the French police system, The Police of Paris 1718−1789 (1979), as well as on research on the police on the British Islands, by, amongst others, David G. Barrie, Clive Emsley och Philip Rawlings.

Proof of identity is vital in modern society. Individuals need identity documents to participate in many aspects of civil, political, and economic life. These include obtaining a job in the formal sector, opening a bank account, borrowing from a financial institution, and owning a property or a business in addition to traveling, voting, and gaining access to health and social welfare services. For women and girls, legal identity is a stepping stone to empowerment, agency, and freedom of movement. Hence, it is a vital enabler of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG). Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls. However, many women and girls do not have access to legal identity. Globally, it is estimated that 1 billion people are unable to prove their identity, and millions more have forms of identification that cannot be reliably verified or authenticated (World Bank 2015). This paper explores how gender-based legal differences and nationality laws limit women's ability to obtain identification for themselves, their children, and, in the case of nationality laws, their spouses too. It brings together data and analysis produced by agencies working on legal barriers that pertain to their mandates, for example, the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) on birth registration, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) on statelessness, and the evidence produced by the World Bank Group's Women, Business and the Law and other legal sources. Its aim is to provide a comprehensive overview of the extent of gender-based legal barriers against women to ID and what is known about their impact on women, children, and excluded groups.

The birth of cinema marks a story of fascination and optical illusions, and its history portrays multi-layered perspectives and, in some cases, an individual gaze towards the Levinasian other. The case of Spanish cinema is especially interesting to analyse. While Franco's dictatorship relegated women to unmovable roles as submissive wives and devoted mothers, Spanish cinema was at the time and in the first years after the transition to democracy (with very few exceptions such as Pilar Miró) in the hands of male directors, producers, music composers, technicians etc and manufactured a rigid discourse on women's identities. On the other hand, more recent Spanish cinema also illustrates how Spain has moved from an obviously patriarchal society where women were forced to depend completely on their fathers and husbands, to a modern, liberal society, where women have gained equal rights, but are still —like in most developed countries— underrepresented and discriminated. Since the early 90s onwards, female directors have been changing the cinema landscape in Spain. They succeed in offering intimate narratives, attention to emotion and multi-layered readings of female characters and psychology. They illustrate women's experiences and their negotiation of gender differences. Some of these female directors have become quite visible, precisely because of their powerful female protagonists, but also because of the numerous awards they have collected. In this paper I would like to examine how some of them (Icíar Bollaín, Isabel Coixet and Carla Simón) question traditional gender roles and expectations through their female characters — women who rebel against patriarchy and its negative consequences. ; Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech.

13 pages, 9 figures, 2 tables.-- Open Access CC BY-NC-ND ; Cephalopod populations exhibit high variability in life history characteristics, such as longevity and size-atage. The aim of this study was to understand how characteristics of a newly described 'superbull' male morph in Doryteuthis gahi populations (Patagonian Shelf) arise and whether there is a selective advantage. At the population level, it is speculated that superbulls provide temporal and spatial connectivity, but individual benefit is less obvious. Age structure and reproductive potential of males was investigated to determine whether superbulls could provide connectivity. Environmental variables affecting size-at-age were explored to ascertain whether morphological differences were primarily phenotypically driven. Superbulls from the autumn spawning cohort were significantly older than the residual population, with added longevity potentially leading to spawning with the following cohort. A reduction in relative testis weight was apparent in superbulls, but spermatophore production remained high. Generalised additive mixed models indicated temperature, location and hatch year had significant effects on size-at-age. Weak correlations between warm El Nin˜o–Southern Oscillation phases and superbull abundance were found. The results suggest that superbulls provide temporal connectivity and arise through phenotypic plasticity, likely providing connectivity as a side effect of body shape and size rather than a genetically selected advantage ; This work was funded by the Falkland Islands Government. Thanks are due to FCT/MCTES for financial support to CESAM (UID/AMB/50017/2019) through national funds and ERDF co-financing, under the Partnership Agreement for the PT2020 and Compete 2020 programs ; Peer reviewed

This paper addresses the problem of learning in greenhouse gas (GHG) emission inventories understood as reductions in uncertainty, i.e., inaccuracy and/or imprecision, over time. We analyze the National Inventory Reports (NIRs) submitted annually to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Each NIR contains data on the GHG emissions in a given country for a given year as well as revisions of past years' estimates. We arrange the revisions, i.e., estimates of historical emissions published in consecutive NIRs into a table, so that each column contains revised estimates of emissions for the same year, reflecting different realizations of uncertainty. We propose two variants of a two-step procedure to investigate the changes of uncertainty over time. In step 1, we assess changes in inaccuracy, which we consider constant within each revision, by either detrending the revisions using the smoothing spline fitted to the most recent revision (method 1) or by taking differences between the most recent revision and the previous ones (method 2). Step 2 estimates the imprecision by analyzing the columns of the data table. We assess learning by detecting and modeling a decreasing trend in inaccuracy and/or imprecision. We analyze carbon dioxide (CO2) emission inventories for the European Union (EU-15) as a whole and its individual member countries. Our findings indicate that although there is still room for improvement, continued efforts to improve accounting methodology lead to a reduction of uncertainty of emission estimates reported in NIRs, which is of key importance for monitoring the realization of countries' emission reduction commitments.

This paper addresses the problem of learning in greenhouse gas (GHG) emission inventories understood as reductions in uncertainty, i.e., inaccuracy and/or imprecision, over time. We analyze the National Inventory Reports (NIRs) submitted annually to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Each NIR contains data on the GHG emissions in a given country for a given year as well as revisions of past years' estimates. We arrange the revisions, i.e., estimates of historical emissions published in consecutive NIRs into a table, so that each column contains revised estimates of emissions for the same year, reflecting different realizations of uncertainty. We propose two variants of a two-step procedure to investigate the changes of uncertainty over time. In step 1, we assess changes in inaccuracy, which we consider constant within each revision, by either detrending the revisions using the smoothing spline fitted to the most recent revision (method 1) or by taking differences between the most recent revision and the previous ones (method 2). Step 2 estimates the imprecision by analyzing the columns of the data table. We assess learning by detecting and modeling a decreasing trend in inaccuracy and/or imprecision. We analyze carbon dioxide (CO2) emission inventories for the European Union (EU-15) as a whole and its individual member countries. Our findings indicate that although there is still room for improvement, continued efforts to improve accounting methodology lead to a reduction of uncertainty of emission estimates reported in NIRs, which is of key importance for monitoring the realization of countries' emission reduction commitments.

Melville's fictional narrative The Encantadas (1854) and his letter to his brother Gansevoort, a democratic politician who passionately supported U.S expansionism, will allow us to explore Melville's politics of action; i.e., his critique of the Mexican war and his doubts about Manifest Destiny. Simone De Beauvoir, French writer and feminist, insists that we are ethically compelled to do all we can to change oppressive institutions. De Beauvoir demonstrates the need to take sides, acting politically and with an ethical vision. Her action illustrates the links she sees between the embodied individual consciousness and political action. For her the alternative is simple and clear-cut. Either you align yourself with the "contemporary butchers rather than their victims" (1962: 20) or reject their atrocities and stand against them through active fights. The idea of narrative secrecy - Hunilla's rape - is gradually revealed to the reader through Melville's narrative omission revealing the female character as a practitioner of narrative secrecy as her right. This paper explores the female character's twofold otherness, the native and female as distinguished from the civilized and male, which designates her as the living embodiment of these dualities, the binary oppositions upon which Western Civilization rests. Her 'double otherness' is expressed in the figure in which race and gender emblematically intersect. The racial and sexual differences are equated to dramatize the power relationship between the native and the colonizer where the white male colonizer has both racial and sexual superiority. Hunilla's otherness is most fully articulated by textual interruptions. The denunciation of rape through a narrative strategy – elision - mediates Melville's politics as action.

Population researchers have contributed to the debate on minority group distribution and disadvantage and social cohesion by providing objective analysis. A plethora of new distribution measurement techniques have been presented in recent years, but they have not provided sufficient explanatory power of underlying trajectories to inform ongoing political debate. Indeed, a focus on trying to summarise complex situations with readily understood measures may be misplaced. This paper takes an alternative approach and asks whether a more detailed analysis of individual and environmental characteristics is necessary if researchers are to continue to provide worthwhile input to policy development. Using England and Wales as a test bed, it looks at four small sub-populations (circa 250,000 at the turn of the century) – two based on ethnic grouping: Bangladeshi and Chinese; and two based on an under-researched area of cultural background, religion: Jews and Sikhs. Despite major differences in longevity of presence in the UK, age profile, socio-economic progress, and levels of inter-marriage, there are, at a national level, parallels in the distribution patterns and trajectories for three of the groups. However, heterogeneity between and within the groups mean that at a local level, these similarities are confounded. The paper concludes that complex interactions between natural change and migration, and between suburbanisation and a desire for group congregation, mean that explanations for the trajectory of distribution require examination of data at a detailed level, beyond the scope of index-based methods. Such analyses are necessary if researchers are to effectively contribute to future policy development.

The aim of such a study is to understand some of the various issues regarding our national identity; particularly the identity politics that can fully submerge a colonized individual under its gigantic confusion. The author's humble hope out of such a study is to have an idea of insight into Amitav Ghosh's stance on national identity. Amitav Ghosh protests against the manmade boundaries of nation, cast, creed, and identity in his novel. The Shadow Lines (1988) negates the concept of national, social and cultural identities. In the novel, Ghosh gives the message to cast aside cultural, regional, territorial, religious and physical differences aside and join the hands through the bond of humanity. The characters like Tridib, Prince form a true relationship with one another bringing west and east together. This paper seeks to shed light on the formation of cultural identity crises in a transnational space in Amitav Ghosh's novel which chronicles the lives of characters who, after many upheavals, where cross-cultural caste, class, gender, and national collaborations blur all sorts of boundaries and enable the formation of new alliances. The paper tries to unravel how the novel presents the emergence of reconstituted families within contexts of domination and resistance. In The Shadow Lines, Ghosh deals with the issues of identity vs. nationhood, the representation of history and ultimately concludes that all borders are imaginary constraints. He dismantles history, the frontiers of nationality, culture, and language. It is a historical novel that focuses mostly on nationalism, identity and the meaninglessness of partition and the 1964 communal riots which occurred in Calcutta, Dhaka, and Khulna.

Initially, many would consider Machiavelli to be a cold realist and Plato, a starry eyed idealist. In The Prince, Machiavelli describes the expectations for the ideal ruler in ways that have typically been considered cunning and even ruthless. In the simplest of terms, Machiavellian theory can be described as advocating for "whatever means necessary to maintain political power." Realism is deeply rooted within Machiavellian prose, at least on a superficial level. In stark contrast to the cynical, self-interested teachings within The Prince, in The Republic, Plato promotes an idealist interpretation of political theory which focuses on how society ought to be. Plato presents definitive explanations for justice, the ideal society and the 'just' individual. Plato's high expectations for the human spirit and society is easily considered idealistic, even fanciful. The crux of Plato's Republic involves Socrates describing his "ideal city state" which is a utopian society that is ruled by the philosophers of the community. Plato's critics find his argument are whimsical, bordering on absurd. While Plato's idealism is everywhere in evidence, his 'realist' observations about human nature are pertinent to his political theory. In my research paper, I will argue that both political theorists are more complicated and, consequently, more similar than many commentators acknowledge. By analyzing Plato's The Republic and Machiavelli's The Prince and The Discourses, I hope to show how Machiavelli and Plato share some similarities despite their major differences. I will be arguing that Machiavelli is more idealistic and Plato more realistic than frequently regarded, and indeed the two political theorists are more similar than commonly believed.

BACKGROUND: The relationship of coronary artery calcium (CAC) with adverse cardiac remodeling is not well established. To study the association of CAC in middle age and change in CAC from early adulthood to middle age with left ventricular (LV) function. METHODS: CAC score was measured by computed tomography at CARDIA study year-15 (Y15) and at Y25 examinations in 3,043 and 3,189 participants, respectively. CAC score was assessed as a continuous variable and log-transformed to account for nonlinearity. Change in CAC from Y15 to Y25 was evaluated as the absolute difference of log-transformed CAC from Y15 to Y25. LV structure and function were evaluated by echocardiography at Y25. RESULTS: At Y25, mean age was 50.1±3.6 yr, 56.6% women, 52.4% black. In the multivariable analysis at Y25, higher CAC was related to higher LV mass (β=1.218, adjusted-p=0.007), higher LV end-diastolic volume (β=0.811, adjusted-p=0.007), higher LV end-systolic volume (β=0.350, adjusted-p=0.048), higher LA volume (β=0.214, adjusted-p=0.009), and higher E/e' ratio (β=0.059, adjusted-p= 0.014). CAC was measured at both Y15 and Y25 in 2,449 individuals. Higher change in CAC score during follow-up was independently related to higher LV mass index in blacks (β=4.789, adjusted-p<0.001), but not in whites (β=1.051, adjusted-p=0.283). CONCLUSIONS: Higher CAC in middle age is associated to higher LV mass and volumes, and worse LV diastolic function. Being free of CAC from young adulthood to middle age correlates to better LV function at middle age. Higher change in CAC score during follow-up is independently related to higher LV mass index in blacks.

OBJECTIVES: Our overall aim was to evaluate the Western Australian Intellectual Disability Exploring Answers (IDEA) surveillance system. The primary objective was to evaluate the attributes of the system. The secondary objective was to provide recommendations to data custodians and stakeholders to strengthen the system. METHOD: The IDEA system was evaluated using process observation, interviews and secondary data analysis of system attributes: usefulness, simplicity, data quality, acceptability, representativeness, timeliness and stability. 2001 US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines were used. RESULTS: We found that the IDEA system was useful, simple, flexible, acceptable, representative, timely and stable. We compared individuals from the IDEA system (n=10 593) with those with cerebral palsy and intellectual disability (ID) (n=582) from another surveillance system. Of the 582 with cerebral palsy and ID, 501 (86.1%) were in the IDEA system and 81 (13.9%) were not. In total, 0.7% of cases (81/10674) with ID were not identified in the IDEA system. There were little differences in cases that were not identified in the IDEA system between Indigenous status, sex and place of residence. CONCLUSIONS: The strengths of the IDEA system include having a high data quality resource contributing to national and international data on ID, strong government support and a dedicated management team. Output from studies linking to IDEA data have had major contributions to the international literature about ID. However, limited resources have prevented it from realising its full potential in relation to translational activities. The IDEA system is a valuable resource to address the needs of people living with ID.

INTRODUCTION: In the EASEL study of patients with type 2 diabetes and high cardiovascular risk, initiation of sodium glucose co‐transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) was associated with lower risk of cardiovascular events and mortality and higher risk of below‐knee lower extremity (BKLE) amputation versus non‐SGLT2i therapies. This analysis further examined risk of cardiovascular events, cardiovascular and noncardiovascular death and BKLE amputation with the SGLT2i canagliflozin versus non‐SGLT2i. METHODS: New user cohorts were constructed from Department of Defense Military Health System patients initiating canagliflozin or non‐SGLT2i (4/1/2013‐12/31/2016). Propensity score matching (1:1) controlled for imbalances in baseline covariates. Incidence rates, hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for time to first composite outcome of all‐cause mortality (ACM) and hospitalization for heart failure (HHF), composite major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and individual components were evaluated using conditional Cox models. The National Death Index was used to differentiate cardiovascular from noncardiovascular death. The exploratory safety end‐point was BKLE amputation. RESULTS: After propensity matching, 15 394 patients with well‐balanced baseline covariates were followed for a median of 2.03 years (intent‐to‐treat). Canagliflozin showed significant benefit for ACM and HHF (P < .0001), MACE (P = .0001), cardiovascular death (P < .0001) and noncardiovascular death (P = .0018). No significant difference in risk of BKLE amputation was observed (P = .20), though few events were observed. Results were generally consistent in on‐treatment analyses. CONCLUSIONS: In this high cardiovascular risk cohort studied in routine clinical practice, canagliflozin was associated with lower risk of cardiovascular events, cardiovascular death and all‐cause mortality with no significant increase in BKLE amputation risk versus non‐SGLT2i.

BACKGROUND: The amygdala is a subcortical structure involved in socioemotional and associative fear learning processes relevant for understanding the mechanisms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Research in animals indicates that the amygdala is a heterogeneous structure in which the basolateral and centromedial divisions are susceptible to stress. While the amygdala complex is implicated in the pathophysiology of PTSD, little is known about the specific contributions of the individual nuclei that constitute the amygdala complex. METHODS: Military veterans (n = 355), including military veterans with PTSD (n = 149) and trauma-exposed control subjects without PTSD (n = 206), underwent high-resolution T1-weighted anatomical scans. Automated FreeSurfer segmentation of the amygdala yielded 9 structures: basal, lateral, accessory basal, anterior amygdaloid, and central, medial, cortical, and paralaminar nuclei, along with the corticoamygdaloid transition zone. Subregional volumes were compared between groups using ordinary-least-squares regression with relevant demographic and clinical regressors followed by 3-dimensional shape analysis of whole amygdala. RESULTS: PTSD was associated with smaller left and right lateral and paralaminar nuclei, but with larger left and right central, medial, and cortical nuclei (p < .05, false discovery rate corrected). Shape analyses revealed lower radial distance in anterior bilateral amygdala and lower Jacobian determinant in posterior bilateral amygdala in PTSD compared with control subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Alterations in select amygdala subnuclear volumes and regional shape distortions are associated with PTSD in military veterans. Volume differences of the lateral nucleus and the centromedial complex associated with PTSD demonstrate a subregion-specific pattern that is consistent with their functional roles in fear learning and fear expression behaviors.