Suchergebnisse

The April number of the Journal has an editorial note by Professor J. W. Garner in which he reviews the status of " freedom of the seas and states that " since the World War a new conception of neutrality has become widespread." He concludes that " the present chaotic state of the law is regrettable, if not an actual danger to the peace of the world," and thinks that the subject requires " preliminary study by jurists and naval experts."

AbstractThis article intervenes in the ongoing discussion of Everyday international relations (IR). It draws on the discourse of epistemic injustice to explore the discussions of emerging research on everyday childhood. The article draws on a series of research visits, between 2017 and 2019, along the so-called Balkan Route attending to the emerging influence of children in the Greek Reception and Identification Centre, on the island of Samos. The article references the emerging discourses of "field" research within the discipline of IR, noting the dynamic nature of such ventures and the role of a reflexive practice therein. Using open-ended interviews, research diaries, and author observations, the article provides a detailed description of the role that education nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) on the island play in supporting child refugees, while opening up spaces of education, solidarity, and community building. It argues for the inclusion of children, as agents, within the discussions of Everyday IR to redress the erasure of children's lived experience within everyday IR. The potential role of adults in this process is acknowledged and the article puts forward an alternative understanding of the adult/child relationship paying attention to the dynamics of power, the need for reflexive and critical listening, to hear the stories and ideas of children and young people, on their own terms aware that the article itself falls prey to some of the articulated challenges. It hopes to ignite a conversation beyond the (potential) central role for children in Everyday IR imagining their role within knowledge production.

Abstract
Despite frequent reference in both academic and activist contexts, the concept of structural violence still poses a challenge for many ontological, epistemological, and political perspectives. While the ethical stakes of physical violence are generally accessible, conceptual barriers limit the ability to explore the important ethical dimensions of structural violence. Inspired by recent interventions into "quantum international relations," I argue that the difficulty of understanding structural violence is because conventional social science abides a Newtonian physical imaginary. Drawing on Karen Barad's philosophical methodology of "diffractive reading," I re-read Johan Galtung's landmark article Violence, Peace, and Peace Research through a critical quantum social–theoretic lens. Identifying key quantum-like elements of Galtung's theory of structural violence allows for a process of "quantizing by translation," where quantum-like concepts are freed from the constraints of Newtonian social science. By approaching structural violence as a quantum-like social phenomenon, homologous to the concept of destructive interference, we gain an important conceptual model. In instances of structural violence, entangled social wavefunctions of social structures interfere destructively with constituent individuals and groups by limiting the spectrum of future potentialities. Conversely, structural privilege describes the constructive interference of those same social structures extending the spectrum of future potentialities for other constituent individuals and groups. To account for multiple and intersecting elements of identity and social standing, intersectional accounts of structural violence recognize the complex interaction of constructive and destructive interferences at play in delimiting spectra of future potentialities.

<b><i>Purpose:</i></b> The study explores international trends in law on compulsory commitment to care of substance misusers (CCC), and two subtypes – civil CCC and CCC within criminal justice legislation – as well as maximum length and amount of applications of such care. <b><i>Method:</i></b> The time period covers more than 25 years, and a total of 104 countries and territories. The study is based on available data in three times of observation (1986, 1999 and 2009). Applications of CCC in number of cases are studied on European level for the years 2002–2006. Trends are analyzed using nonparametric tests and general linear models for repeated measures. Findings are discussed from contextual analysis. <b><i>Result:</i></b> There is a trend towards decrease in the number of countries worldwide having civil CCC legislation after the millennium, while CCC under criminal law has increased since the mid-1980s, resulting in some total net decrease. The shift results in longer mean duration of CCC and an increase in the number of cases sentenced. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> There is a risk that the shift from civil CCC to penal CCC implies more focus on young out-acting males in compulsory treatment and that the societal responsibility for more vulnerable persons might be neglected.

The support provided to people in protracted displacement by development actors needs to be based on a thorough understanding of their existing livelihood strategies since these are an expression of their agency and encompass capabilities, (socio-cultural) preferences and networks as well as the needs and obstacles they face. These, together with the skills and expertise of members of the target group, need to be carefully documented and analysed through participatory methods before the start of any project or programme. People in protracted displacement pursue their livelihood strategies in and through complex social interactions, which are a crucial formative condition of their livelihood options. The delicate balance of social relations, especially in displacement contexts, can easily be off-set by external factors including development projects, for example if these are perceived to benefit some people more than others. Development interventions should, therefore, consider the social but also the generally relevant context to achieve a lasting effect and to prevent unintended harmful effects. Participation and ownership by well-trusted local partners as well as participation by the target groups are both vital to ensure a sustainable impact of the project. Not only state actors (both on national and sub-national levels), but also civilian non-state actors should be considered as implementing partners. Training, capacity-building and inclusion, i.e. consulting or employing people and institutions that will take over the work started by the project should be prioritised from the very beginning.

Innovation is a process that faces several market failure situations. For this reason and for being considered one of the main drivers of economic growth, a large number of governmental and supranational policies are designed to foster technological progress. Along with these policies, there is an increasing concern with their continuous evaluation aiming at providing valuable feedback for these program?s adaptation and adequacy to the firm?s needs. The paper develops an evaluation of the influence of innovation-focused programs in firm¿s innovation and economic performance by means of a comparative analysis of the results obtained by Spanish firms that have participated in R&D national programmes and those achieved by Spanish firms participating in EUREKA international program. Findings show that the programmes were effective in achieving their objective of promoting technological innovation but, as regards the economic effects, the results were less conclusive since some differences were observed depending on the programme. The EUREKA companies displayed better behaviour, with positive differences in their returns on assets and labour productivity. The results also confirm the importance of designing more detailed and rigorous evaluation processes, taking into account the risk variable, in order to draw a more realistic picture of the impact of national and international programmes.

Lit.

Crime prevention is crucial to social life which necessitates the need for conducting criminology studies to identify the causes of the crime. In this paper, we focus on money laundering crime. First we discuss about money laundering crime in Iran's penal system, and after presenting its criminological characteristics (transnational, organized and victimless), we review Iran's legal system and the international conventions about this crime. Then, since major situational prevention measures against money laundering are related to the banks and financial institutions, we proposed some measures for financial institutions such as staff training, adjusting banking secrecy laws, monitoring money transfer, reporting large cash transactions, and reporting suspicious transactions. Results showed that Iran's anti money laundering laws are in accordance with Merida convention, for example, in terms of identification, record-keeping and the reporting, but do not obligate the identification of customer when there is criminal evidence.