Suchergebnisse

In den letzten Jahren hat die Diskussion um den Erhalt und die Nutzung von kulturellem Erbe aufgrund des Potenzials für Tourismus, Planung und Bildung sowie der Bedeutung für die Entwicklung in der Informationsgesellschaft verstärkt politisches und gesellschaftliches Interesse auf sich gezogen. Die rasanten informationstechnologischen Entwicklungen im Kulturerbe-Sektor führen zu einer Neubewertung der gesellschaftlichen Rolle von öffentlichen Einrichtungen. Die Beteiligten stellen erhöhte Anforderungen an das Management von Sammlungen, die wissenschaftliche Forschung über die Erhaltung von Materialien sowie die Verfügbarkeit und den innovativen, umfassenden und dynamischen Zugang zu kulturellen Beständen durch Wissenschaftler, Fachkräfte und interessierte Bürger. Mit dem Einsatz der Internettechnologie sowie neueren Entwicklungen der Datenbanktechnologie in Standard-Computeranwendungen oder Spezialsystemen können Informationen zum kulturellen Erbe einer großen Anzahl von Nutzern verfügbar gemacht werden. Seit Anfang der 90er Jahre werden Geoinformationssysteme (GIS) zunehmend auch in Disziplinen außerhalb der Geodäsie und Geografie eingesetzt. Unter anderem beschäftigen sich aktuell die Archäologie, die Geologie und die Denkmalpflege mit der digitalen Datenverarbeitung von kulturell und historisch interessanten Objekten in GIS. Insbesondere zur Bearbeitung von raumbezogenen Problemstellungen stehen in allen gängigen GIS zahlreiche Methoden zur Erfassung, Speicherung, Analyse und Visualisierung zur Verfügung. Der zeitlichen Komponente dagegen, die gerade für historische Entwicklungen oder dynamische Prozesse eine große Rolle spielt, wurde sehr viel weniger Bedeutung beigemessen. Sie wird aber neben der nach wie vor sehr wichtigen dritten Dimension in Anwendungen für das kulturelle Erbe zunehmend geschätzt. Objektorientierte Sprachen und Methoden sind als Softwareentwicklungs-Technologie in der Geoinformatik und ihren Anwendungsgebieten unverzichtbar geworden. Zielsetzung dieser Arbeit ist es daher, durch die Nutzung der Vorteile der Objektorientierung bzw. eines objektrelationalen Datenbanksystems einen durchgängigen objektorientierten Ansatz zur Erfassung und Verwaltung von Geoobjekten in einem temporalen GIS (TGIS) für kulturelles Erbes aufzuzeigen. Die Vorgehensweise beinhaltet die objektorientierte konzeptionelle Modellierung eines temporalen Datenmodells für kulturelles Erbe unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von temporalen Anforderungen der Anwendung mittels der Bildung von Objekten mit räumlichen, zeitlichen und thematischen Eigenschaften sowie der Implementierung in eine objektorientierte Software-Umgebung. Es wird auf punktuelle Aspekte des temporalen Umfelds in GIS für kulturelles Erbe eingegangen und diese werden anhand von Anwendungsbeispielen beschrieben. Bei der Modellierung des Informationssystems wurde ein UML-Klassendiagramm eingesetzt und dieses in ein objektrelationales Datenbanksystem abgebildet. Die Grundlage der vorliegenden Arbeit bildete eine Zusammenarbeit der Technischen Universität München mit Gemeinden des Achentals und Verwaltungen in Lehrveranstaltungen und Projekten in Bereichen der Erfassung, Dokumentation und Analyse von kulturellem Erbe in einem GIS. Der eigentliche Wert von kulturellem Erbe, so wurde von den Beteiligten in einem Workshop im Jahr 2001 festgestellt, liegt für die ländlichen Gemeinden nicht in rein kommerzieller Natur, sondern besteht in der Förderung intellektueller Aktivitäten und der Bewusstmachung, dass kulturelles und historisches Wissen die Wurzel regionaler und lokaler Identität bildet. Durch die Kombination neuer Medien, GIS und Internet können neue Anwendergruppen für eine nachhaltige Nutzung, beispielsweise im Heimat- oder Geschichtsunterricht, hinzu gewonnen werden. Zusätzliche oder neue Einnahmequellen entstehen dann in anderen, mit dem Kultursektor verbundenen wirtschaftlichen Sektoren, wie z. B. der regionalen Entwicklung, dem Tourismus oder der Medienindustrie. ; In recent years, there has been a growing social and political debate about the preservation and use of cultural heritage resources. Attention was drawn to the potential of cultural heritage for tourism, planning and education as well as to its significance for the formation of the information society in general. The rapid development of information technologies in the field of cultural heritage leads to a revaluation of the social role of public facilities. The parties hereto make great demands on the management of collections, scientific research on the preservation of materials as well as the availability and innovative, comprehensive and dynamic access to cultural assets through scientists, specialists and interested citizens. By employing Internet technologies and recent developments in database technologies in standard computer applications or expert systems, information about cultural heritage can be made accessible to a large group of users. From the early nineties, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have increasingly been used outside disciplines such as geodesy and geography. Amongst others, archaeologists, geologists and people concerned with the preservation of monuments and historic buildings work with digital representations of cultural and historical objects in GIS. Particularly with regard to the processing of spatial problems, state-of-the-art GIS provide numerous methods for acquisition, storage, analysis and visualisation. In contrast, the temporal component that plays an important role for historical developments and dynamic processes has received far less attention. However, in addition to the still very important third dimension, the temporal dimension is increasingly being valued in cultural heritage applications. Object-oriented languages and methods have become indispensable software development technologies in geoinformatics and its fields of applications. It is therefore a goal of this work to present an integrated object-oriented approach for the acquisition and management of geo-objects in a temporal GIS (TGIS) for cultural heritage. This is achieved through utilising the advantages provided by object-oriented concepts and object-oriented database management systems respectively. The approach comprises the object-oriented conceptual modelling of a temporal data model for cultural heritage. Special consideration is given to the temporal requirements of applications by modelling objects with spatial, temporal and thematic properties as well as by implementing the solution within an object-oriented software environment. Selected aspects of the temporal environment for cultural heritage in GIS are addressed and further explained on the basis of use case scenarios. An UML class diagram is used for the modelling process which is transformed into an object-relational database management system. The basis of the present work is a co-operation between the Technical University of Munich, local authorities of the "Achental" valley and regional authority in university courses and projects concerned with the acquisition, documentation and analysis of cultural heritage in a GIS. According to the results of a workshop held in 2001, the real value of cultural heritage for rural communities is not merely financial in nature, but lies in an encouragement of intellectual activities and in increasing the awareness that cultural and historical knowledge forms the roots for regional and local identity. Combining new media, GIS and Internet, new user groups for a sustainable utilisation, for example, in social and history lessons, can be found and inspired. Additional or new sources of revenue will then emerge from other economic sectors that are connected to the cultural sector. Examples here are regional development, tourism or the media industry.

This paper is intended to provide a brief overview of the different SEZ experiences in China and Africa, the key lessons that Africa can learn from China, as well as the recent Chinese zones in Africa. For this purpose, the paper is structured in the following way: section 1 starts with definition of SEZs, then followed with the Chinese experiences (section 2), African experiences (section 3), the lessons that Africa can learn from China (section 4), Chinese zones in Africa (section 5), and then concludes.

This study quantifies the relationship between Tanzanian and external maize markets while also accounting for domestic influences. It concludes that external influences on domestic prices originate from regional, rather than global, markets. It also shows that, compared to external factors, domestic factors exert a greater influence on Tanzanian maize markets. Further, the mechanisms through which trade policies influence maize markets involve interactions with both external market shocks and domestic weather shocks. Overall, it provides evidence that the intermittent imposition of export bans in Tanzania has had adverse impacts on its maize markets, and consequently, on the development of its agrarian economy.

PENGARUH PICTORIAL HEALTH WARNING TERHADAP EVOKED FEAR DAN INTENSITAS BERHENTI MEROKOK BERDASARKAN TIPE PEROKOK RINGAN, SEDANG, DAN BERAT DI KOTA PONTIANAK ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji dan menganalisis pengaruh Pictorial Health Warning terhadap Evoked Fear dan Intensitas Berhenti Merokok bagi perokok ringan, sedang, dan berat di Kota Pontianak. Responden dalam penelitian ini adalah masyarakat yang berdomisili di Kota Pontianak dari berbagai profesi. Sampel dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 150 responden tarbagi dalam tiga kelompok sampel, yaitu perokok ringan 50 responden, perokok sedang 50 responden, perokok berat 50 responden dengan teknik non probability sampling dan model analisis data yang digunakan adalah uji beda dan analisis jalur (path analysis). Pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini dilakukan dengan membagikan kuesioner secara online. 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The tonal trailing-edge noise generated by transitional airfoils is a topic of interest because of its wide area of applications. One of them is the Unmanned Air Vehicles operated at low Reynolds numbers which are widely used in our everyday life and have a lot of perspectives in future. The tonal noise reduction will increase the survivability and effectiveness of the devices in military field. Moreover it will enlarge the range of civil use and minimize noise pollution. The effective noise reduction is needed and therefore the complete understanding of the tonal noise generation process is necessary. Despite the fact that investigation of the trailing-edge noise was started since the seventies there are still a lot of details which should be explained. The present work is dedicated to the experimental and analytical investigation of the tonal noise and is a part of the collaboration project between Ecole Centrale de Lyon and Embry-Riddle Aerospace University. The aim is to conduct an exhaustive experimental characterization of the acoustic and aerodynamic parameters of the trailing-edge noise and to produce a data base which can be used for further numerical simulations conducted at Embry-Riddle Aerospace University. A symmetric NACA-0012 airfoil and a slightly cambered SD7003 airfoil at moderate angles of attack (varied from -10° à 10°) were tested in an open-jet anechoic wind tunnel of Ecole Centrale de Lyon at moderate Reynolds numbers (0.6x105 < Rec < 2.6x105). Measurements of the wall pressure and far-field acoustic pressure in different configurations allowed to observe the ladder-type structure of the noise signature, to determine which side produced tones and to distinguish the role of the acoustic feedback loop. Additional post-processing techniques such as time-frequency analysis showed the existence of several regimes (switching regime between two tones, one-tone regime and multiple-tones regime) of noise emission. The bicoherence analysis showed that there are non-linear relationships between tones. The investigation of the role of the separation area by hot-wire anemometry and flow visualization techniques showed that the separation bubble is a necessary but not a suficient condition for the noise generation. Moreover the location of the bubble is also important and should be close enough to the trailing edge. Furthermore the linear stability analysis of accompanying numerical simulation results showed that the Tollmien-Schlichting waves transform to the Kelvin-Helmholtz waves at the separation area. An analytical prediction of the tone levels in the far-field was done using Amiet's model based on the assumption of perfectly correlated sources along the span. The wall-pressure measurements close to the trailing edge were used as an input data. The comparisons of the predicted levels and measured ones showed a good agreement. After analysis of all results the following description of the tonal noise mechanism is proposed. At some initial point of the airfoil the Tollmien-Schlichting instabilities start. They are traveling downstream and continued to Kelvin-Helmholtz waves along the shear-layer of the separation bubble. These waves reach the trailing edge, scatter from it as acoustic waves, which move upstream. The acoustic waves amplify the boundary layer instabilities at some frequencies for which the phases of both motions match and creates the feedback loop needed to sustain the process. ; Le bruit tonal rayonné au bord de fuite des profils à faible nombre de Reynolds est un phénomène observé sur les ailes de drones ou micro-drones qui sont utilisés partout dans la vie quotidienne. La diminution de ce bruit va augmenter la survivabilité et l'efficacité des appareils dans le domaine militaire. De plus, cela va augmenter le champ des applications civiles et minimiser la pollution par le bruit. La réduction efficace du bruit est indispensable et, par conséquent, une compréhension complète du processus de rayonnement du bruit tonal du profil est nécessaire. Malgré le fait que des essais dédiés aient été réalisés depuis les années 70, il reste beaucoup de détails à expliquer. Le travail présenté est dédié à une étude expérimentale et analytique du bruit tonal. C'est une partie de collaboration entre l'Ecole Centrale de Lyon et Embry- Riddle Aeronautical University. Le but est de réaliser une caractérisation exhaustive des paramètres acoustiques et aérodynamiques du bruit tonal de bord de fuite d'un profil et de produire une base de données qui pourra être utilisée pour valider les simulations numériques réalisées dans le futur. Le profil symétrique NACA-0012 ainsi que le profil asymétrique SD7003 ont été testés pour une série d'angles d'incidence (de -10° à 10°) dans la soufflerie anéchoïque à jet ouvert de l'Ecole Centrale de Lyon pour des nombres de Reynolds modérés (0.6x105 < Rec < 2.6x105). Les mesures de pression aux parois et de pression acoustique en champ lointain pour différentes configurations ont permis d'observer une structure en escalier de la signature du bruit, de déterminer quelle face du profil a produit le bruit et de distinguer le rôle de la boucle de rétroaction. Des techniques supplémentaires de post-traitement comme l'analyse temps-fréquence ont montré l'existence de plusieurs régimes (un régime de commutation entre deux états, un régime d'une seul fréquence et un régime à plusieurs fréquences) de l'émission de bruit. L'analyse de bi-cohérence a montré qu'il y a des couplages nonlinéaires entre les fréquences. Une étude par l'anémométrie à fil chaud et par des techniques de visualisation de l'écoulement a montré que la formation d'une bulle de décollement est une condition nécessaire mais pas suffisante pour la génération du bruit. De plus, la localisation de la bulle est aussi importante et elle doit être suffisamment proche du bord de fuite. En outre, l'analyse de stabilité linéaire des résultats de simulations numériques a montré que des ondes de Tollmien-Schlichting sont transformées en ondes de Kelvin-Helmholtz dans la zone du décollement. Une prédiction analytique de l'amplitude des fréquences pures émises dans le champ lointain a été effectuée sur la base du modèle d'Amiet en supposant que le champ de pression pariétal est bidimensionnel. Les mesures de pression proches du bord de fuite du profil ont été prises comme données d'entrée. Les amplitudes prédites sont globalement en accord avec les mesures acoustiques. Après l'analyse de tous les résultats la description suivante du processus de rayonnement de sons purs peut être proposée. Les ondes de Tollmien-Schlichting qui se développent initialement dans la couche limite se transforment en ondes de Kelvin-Helmholtz le long de la couche de cisaillement de la bulle de décollement. Au bord de fuite du profil elles sont converties en ondes acoustiques qui forment un couplage fort avec les instabilités de couche limite plus en amont de l'écoulement, pilotant elles-mêmes le déclenchement de ces instabilités.

ABSTRACT The analysis and study accomplished in the present research work, has the purpose of determine and establish the problems faced by the local governments of Paranday, Agallpampa, Quiruvilca and Otuzco regarding the execution of fiscal transfers assigned by the central government, contrasted with The economic, social and administrative reality, existing in the localities under study. It is for this reason that a question was raised as to, what are the difficulties faced by the local governments of Paranday, Agallpampa, Quiruvilca and Otuzco?, with the purpose of knowing what are the difficulties that prevent the described local governments can execute the transferred resources by the central government; information that will contribute to establish parameters for the levels of government to adopt adequate mechanisms and procedures for the execution of public expenditure, in favor of local governments. On the basis of this, it was hypothesized that the difficulties faced by the local governments of Paranday, Agallpampa, Quiruvilca and Otuzco are manifested by an inadequate system of public investment, presence of governmental capacity but without proper training and reduction of fiscal transfers due to economic and social factors. Thus, in order to carry out the present investigation, were taken as open universe to the process of fiscal decentralization in Peru, the main transfers, fiscal resources and the execution of the expenditure in the department of La Libertad, as well as in a dynamic and specific form, the local governments of Paranday, Agallpampa, Quiruvilca and Otuzco during fiscal year 2008 to 2016, addressing as source of instrumentation the data and information obtained from the periodical books, reports, statistics and reports regarding the decentralization process in the local governments of La Libertad. Likewise, the universal method of action research was used to carry out the collection and processing of data, using the technique of bibliographic, hemerographic, doctrinal, normative and electronic transfer, as well as the analysis of the statistical source; later through the use of the analytical and deductive method, it was possible to arrive at a reflexive understanding of the information obtained, focusing in the problematic subject to investigation, contrasting it with the observable reality in the localities described above. The main results of this study were the difficulties in the execution of fiscal transfers in the local governments of Paranday, Agallpampa, Quiruvilca and Otuzco, due to the lack of training capacity during the period 2008 to 2012, the presence of an inadequate investment system and the reduction of fiscal transfers during the period from 2013 to 2016. Concluding that the Ministry of Economy of Finance since 2013 has achieved the improvement and implementation of mechanisms for the feasibility and simplification of public investment projects under training, monitoring, technical support and incentives to the above mentioned local governments of Peru, while the mining CANON and FONCOMUN are the main resources allocated, as well as the reduction of fiscal transfers from the year 2013 in the local governments under study, was due to social and economic phenomena and the decrease of mineral resources in the localities, in contrast to the mentioned local governments, most of the resources determined to 2016 and improving the expenditure, realizing that certification and commitment of expenditure, are the main mechanisms for the execution of the transfers. ; RESUMEN El análisis y estudio realizado en el presente trabajo de investigación, tiene como finalidad determinar y establecer la problemática que atraviesan los gobiernos locales de Paranday, Agallpampa, Quiruvilca y Otuzco en cuanto a la ejecución de las transferencias fiscales asignadas por el gobierno central, contrastada con la realidad económica, social y administrativa, existente en la localidades objeto de estudio. Es por ello, que se formuló como interrogante ¿cuáles son las dificultades que atraviesan los gobiernos locales de Paranday, Agallpampa, Quiruvilca y Otuzco?, con el propósito de conocer cuáles son las dificultades que impiden que los gobiernos locales descritos pueden ejecutar los recursos transferidos por el gobierno central; información que contribuirá a establecer parámetros para que los niveles de gobierno adopten adecuados mecanismos y procedimientos para la ejecución del gasto público, a favor de los gobiernos locales. Partiendo de ello, se consideró como hipótesis que las dificultades que atraviesan los gobiernos locales de Paranday, Agallpampa, Quiruvilca y Otuzco, se manifiestan por un inadecuado sistema de inversión pública, presencia de capacidad gubernamental pero sin la debida capacitación y disminución de las transferencias fiscales debido a factores económicos y sociales. Es así que para llevar a cabo la presente investigación, se tomó como universo abierto al proceso de descentralización fiscal en el Perú, las principales transferencias, recursos fiscales y la ejecución del gasto en el departamento de la Libertad, así como de forma dinámica y específica a los gobiernos locales de Paranday, Agallpampa, Quiruvilca y Otuzco durante el ejercicio fiscal 2008 al 2016, abordando como fuente de instrumentación los datos e información obtenida de la libros revistas, informes, estadística y reportes respecto del proceso de descentralización en los gobiernos locales de la Libertad. Así mismo, se utilizó el método universal propio de la investigación acción, para efectuar la recolección y procesamiento de datos, mediante el uso de la técnica de fichaje bibliográfico, hemerográfico, doctrinario, normativo y electrónico, así como el análisis de la fuente estadística; posteriormente mediante el uso del método analítico y deductivo, se pudo arribar a una comprensión reflexiva respecto de la información obtenida, enfocando la problemática sometida a investigación, contrastándola con la realidad observable en la localidades antes descritas. Obteniendo como principales resultados, que las dificultades para la ejecución de transferencias fiscales en los gobiernos locales de Paranday, Agallpampa, Quiruvilca y Otuzco se presentaron por la capacidad de gestión sin capacitación durante el periodo 2008 al 2012, la presencia de un inadecuado sistema de inversión pública y por la disminución de las transferencias fiscales durante el periodo 2013 al 2016. Concluyendo que el Ministerio de Economía de Finanzas a partir del año 2013, ha logrado el mejoramiento e implementación de los mecanismos de viabilización y simplificación de los proyectos de inversión pública, bajo capacitación, monitoreo, apoyo técnico e incentivos a los citados gobiernos locales del Perú, en tanto el CANON minero y el FONCOMUN son principales recursos asignados, al igual que la disminución de las transferencias fiscales a partir del año 2013 en los gobiernos locales objeto de estudio, se debió a fenómenos sociales, económicos y a la disminución de recursos minerales en las localidades, ejecutando contrariamente los referidos gobiernos locales la mayoría de los recursos determinados al 2016 y mejorando el gasto, concretizando que la certificación y el compromiso de gasto, son los principales mecanismos para la ejecución de las transferencias. ; Tesis

The tonal trailing-edge noise generated by transitional airfoils is a topic of interest because of its wide area of applications. One of them is the Unmanned Air Vehicles operated at low Reynolds numbers which are widely used in our everyday life and have a lot of perspectives in future. The tonal noise reduction will increase the survivability and effectiveness of the devices in military field. Moreover it will enlarge the range of civil use and minimize noise pollution. The effective noise reduction is needed and therefore the complete understanding of the tonal noise generation process is necessary. Despite the fact that investigation of the trailing-edge noise was started since the seventies there are still a lot of details which should be explained. The present work is dedicated to the experimental and analytical investigation of the tonal noise and is a part of the collaboration project between Ecole Centrale de Lyon and Embry-Riddle Aerospace University. The aim is to conduct an exhaustive experimental characterization of the acoustic and aerodynamic parameters of the trailing-edge noise and to produce a data base which can be used for further numerical simulations conducted at Embry-Riddle Aerospace University. A symmetric NACA-0012 airfoil and a slightly cambered SD7003 airfoil at moderate angles of attack (varied from -10° à 10°) were tested in an open-jet anechoic wind tunnel of Ecole Centrale de Lyon at moderate Reynolds numbers (0.6x105 < Rec < 2.6x105). Measurements of the wall pressure and far-field acoustic pressure in different configurations allowed to observe the ladder-type structure of the noise signature, to determine which side produced tones and to distinguish the role of the acoustic feedback loop. Additional post-processing techniques such as time-frequency analysis showed the existence of several regimes (switching regime between two tones, one-tone regime and multiple-tones regime) of noise emission. The bicoherence analysis showed that there are non-linear relationships between tones. The investigation of the role of the separation area by hot-wire anemometry and flow visualization techniques showed that the separation bubble is a necessary but not a suficient condition for the noise generation. Moreover the location of the bubble is also important and should be close enough to the trailing edge. Furthermore the linear stability analysis of accompanying numerical simulation results showed that the Tollmien-Schlichting waves transform to the Kelvin-Helmholtz waves at the separation area. An analytical prediction of the tone levels in the far-field was done using Amiet's model based on the assumption of perfectly correlated sources along the span. The wall-pressure measurements close to the trailing edge were used as an input data. The comparisons of the predicted levels and measured ones showed a good agreement. After analysis of all results the following description of the tonal noise mechanism is proposed. At some initial point of the airfoil the Tollmien-Schlichting instabilities start. They are traveling downstream and continued to Kelvin-Helmholtz waves along the shear-layer of the separation bubble. These waves reach the trailing edge, scatter from it as acoustic waves, which move upstream. The acoustic waves amplify the boundary layer instabilities at some frequencies for which the phases of both motions match and creates the feedback loop needed to sustain the process. ; Le bruit tonal rayonné au bord de fuite des profils à faible nombre de Reynolds est un phénomène observé sur les ailes de drones ou micro-drones qui sont utilisés partout dans la vie quotidienne. La diminution de ce bruit va augmenter la survivabilité et l'efficacité des appareils dans le domaine militaire. De plus, cela va augmenter le champ des applications civiles et minimiser la pollution par le bruit. La réduction efficace du bruit est indispensable et, par conséquent, une compréhension complète du processus de rayonnement du bruit tonal du profil est nécessaire. Malgré le fait que des essais dédiés aient été réalisés depuis les années 70, il reste beaucoup de détails à expliquer. Le travail présenté est dédié à une étude expérimentale et analytique du bruit tonal. C'est une partie de collaboration entre l'Ecole Centrale de Lyon et Embry- Riddle Aeronautical University. Le but est de réaliser une caractérisation exhaustive des paramètres acoustiques et aérodynamiques du bruit tonal de bord de fuite d'un profil et de produire une base de données qui pourra être utilisée pour valider les simulations numériques réalisées dans le futur. Le profil symétrique NACA-0012 ainsi que le profil asymétrique SD7003 ont été testés pour une série d'angles d'incidence (de -10° à 10°) dans la soufflerie anéchoïque à jet ouvert de l'Ecole Centrale de Lyon pour des nombres de Reynolds modérés (0.6x105 < Rec < 2.6x105). Les mesures de pression aux parois et de pression acoustique en champ lointain pour différentes configurations ont permis d'observer une structure en escalier de la signature du bruit, de déterminer quelle face du profil a produit le bruit et de distinguer le rôle de la boucle de rétroaction. Des techniques supplémentaires de post-traitement comme l'analyse temps-fréquence ont montré l'existence de plusieurs régimes (un régime de commutation entre deux états, un régime d'une seul fréquence et un régime à plusieurs fréquences) de l'émission de bruit. L'analyse de bi-cohérence a montré qu'il y a des couplages nonlinéaires entre les fréquences. Une étude par l'anémométrie à fil chaud et par des techniques de visualisation de l'écoulement a montré que la formation d'une bulle de décollement est une condition nécessaire mais pas suffisante pour la génération du bruit. De plus, la localisation de la bulle est aussi importante et elle doit être suffisamment proche du bord de fuite. En outre, l'analyse de stabilité linéaire des résultats de simulations numériques a montré que des ondes de Tollmien-Schlichting sont transformées en ondes de Kelvin-Helmholtz dans la zone du décollement. Une prédiction analytique de l'amplitude des fréquences pures émises dans le champ lointain a été effectuée sur la base du modèle d'Amiet en supposant que le champ de pression pariétal est bidimensionnel. Les mesures de pression proches du bord de fuite du profil ont été prises comme données d'entrée. Les amplitudes prédites sont globalement en accord avec les mesures acoustiques. Après l'analyse de tous les résultats la description suivante du processus de rayonnement de sons purs peut être proposée. Les ondes de Tollmien-Schlichting qui se développent initialement dans la couche limite se transforment en ondes de Kelvin-Helmholtz le long de la couche de cisaillement de la bulle de décollement. Au bord de fuite du profil elles sont converties en ondes acoustiques qui forment un couplage fort avec les instabilités de couche limite plus en amont de l'écoulement, pilotant elles-mêmes le déclenchement de ces instabilités.

The "2013-2014 Data & Trends of the European food and drink industry" report provides a comprehensive description of the food and beverage industry, the largest manufacturing sector in the EU. That report emphasises the consumer expectations as the driving force for in- dustrial innovation. Consumer expectations are classied in five axes: pleasure, health, physical, convenience and ethics. Although price remains a key criterion of most purchasing decisions, pleasure, convenience and health are driving factors of food market evolution. In a largely atomised sector, with thousands of SME companies in Europe accounting for more than the 50% of food and drink industry turnover, the challenge to remain competitive, is not only to spot the product that will deliver business, but to be the first in developing and delivering it to the market. Typically the food industry largely relied on tradition for the formulation of new food products or the improvement of existing ones. However, this approach is no longer suitable due to the necessity to respond rapidly to changes in consumers' preferences. As a consequence, there is currently a great deal of technological de- velopment in food industry both at the "product" and at the "process" levels. New product developments combine strategic and organisational actions with technical effort; the former dealing with the management of the development process, strategic placement and launch of the new product; the latter concerned with the design of the product and its manufacturing process (Charpentier and McKenna, 2004; Costa et al., 2006). From a practical point of view, the design of a new product involves the embodiment of two major pillars: i) components and properties (or attributes), and ii) processes, storage and usage conditions. Attributes are often used to characterise the quality of the product from the consumer perspective, and will be referred as quality factors from now on. In many cases, as in fried or baked foods, these quality factors are inherently subjective such as appearance, smell, texture, colour, and flavour, frequently examined by human inspectors. Inconsistency and variability associated to such a kind of inspection accentuates the necessity for objective parameters to measure quality. Nowadays, different quantitative parameters can be determined by the composition and physico- chemical properties of the components of the food product, the product structure which is in general dependent of the processing conditions, and the food storage and usage conditions. In fact, it is widely accepted that the creation of novel foods or improvement of existing foods largely depends on a strong understanding and awareness of the intricate interrelationship among the food features at different scales and their physico-chemical properties, sensory attributes and healthfulness. In general, food processes are applied for one or more of the following reasons: preservation; availability; safety; quality; convenience; health and wellness; and sustainability (Floros et al., 2010). Computer aided process engineering tools (CAPE) enable the possibility of: i) automating and controlling processes for the sake of efficiency and reproducibility, ii) facilitating changeovers among different products and iii) analysing new operation/product scenarios through simulation. ; A industria alimentaria é unha das máis importantes en ratios de produción na Unión Europea, en "2013-2014 Data & Trends of the European food and drink industry" pódese atopar unha descrición clara e actual da mesma. Dito informe enfatiza a importancia da demanda por parte dos consumidores como forza impulsora da innovación industrial. Neste senso, aínda que o prezo segue a ser un criterio clave á hora de comprar alimentos, outros factores como son a comodidade e a calidade están a emerxer collendo cada vez máis peso na evolución do mercado. De feito, os actuais patróns de consumo a nivel alimentario dependen principalmente de factores coma o pracer, a saúde, a comodidade e a ética. Nun sector enormemente disgregado, con miles de PEMEs en toda Europa que moven máis do 50% do mercado alimentario, o reto para ser competitivo xa non se basea exclusivamente na produción e venda de bens de consumo, senón que agora é clave ser o primeiro en desenvolver novos produtos e levalos ao mercado. Tradicionalmente, a industria alimentaria fundamentou a formulación de novos produtos e mellora dos existentes en experiencias previas. Pero este enfoque resulta ineficiente na actual escena mundial, na que se require de respostas rápidas e efectivas ás exixencias do mercado. Enténdese, entón, que un punto importante á hora de satisfacer as crecentes demandas dos consumidores dependa da capacidade de intervir, non só a nivel de proceso, senón tamén a nivel de produto. As innovacións a realizar a nivel de produto deben combinar accións estratéxicas e organizacionais con esforzo a nivel técnico. As accións estratéxicas e organizacionais están dirixidas ao desenvolvemento do proceso, á localización estratéxica e ao lanzamento de novos produtos. Mentres que o esforzo técnico está encamiñado ao deseño e proceso de fabricación do novo produto (Charpentier and McKenna, 2004; Costa et al., 2006). Desde un punto de vista práctico o deseño de novos produtos inclúe dúas pezas fundamentais: i) compoñentes e propiedades, e ii) procesamento, almacenamento e condicións de uso. Algúns atributos dos alimentos son empregados para caracterizar a súa calidade desde a o punto de vista do consumidor, son os denominados factores de calidade. Pero en moitos casos estes factores de calidade son subxectivos, é o caso da aparicencia, textura, cor e sabor entre outros. É por isto, que existe unha enorme variabilidade á hora de medir e cuantificar a calidade de un alimento. Hoxe en día, existen relacións que permiten conectar parámetros subxectivos, xa sexan factores sensoriais ou de salubridade e seguridade do alimento, con propiedades psicoquímicas medibles, ou como mínimo calculables. Este feito é crítico se temos en conta que a creación de "novos" alimentos e a mellora dos xa existentes depende do coñecemento existente relativo ás características dos mesmos en diferentes escalas, ás súas propiedades psico-químicas, aos seus atributos sensoriais, etc. Por norma xeral, o procesamento de alimentos é levado a cabo por unha ou varias das seguintes razóns: conservación, dispoñibilidade, seguridade, calidade, comodidade, saúde e benestar, e sustentabilidade (Floros et al., 2010). O deseño de procesos alimentarios que permita asegurar seguridade, calidade, comodidade e produtos saudables para o consumidor, á vez que garantir un emprego sustentable dos recursos, require de metodoloxías baseadas na enxeñaría de procesos asistida por ordenador ou CAPE (do inglés: computer aided food process engineering). ; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad | Ref. SMART-QC AGL2008-05267-C03-01 ; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad | Ref. Is-for-Quality AGL2012-39951-C02-01 ; Xunta de Galicia | Ref. IDECOP 08DPI007402PR ; Unión Europea | Ref. FP7 CAFE KBBE-2007-1-212754

This thesis contains three stand-alone essays on the operating segment disclosures that European multi-segment companies make under IFRS 8 Operating Segments. By examining various characteristics of disclosure about operating segments using manually-collected data from a range of public corporate documents, this thesis improves our collective understanding about managers' overall disclosure strategy for financial and accounting information. The findings in each essay have practical implications for standard setters and regulators in particular, as well as for capital market investors and financial analysts.Chapter I, entitled "The Interplay between Segment Disclosure Quantity and Quality," investigates managers' choices with respect to both disclosure quantity and disclosure quality, and the usefulness of these two characteristics for financial analysts. Focusing on segment disclosures under the management approach, I measure quantity as the number of segment-level line items and quality as the cross-segment variation in profitability, and argue that greater managerial discretion can be exercised over quality than over quantity. I hypothesize and find that managers solve proprietary concerns either by deviating from the suggested line-item disclosure in the standard, or if following standard guidance, by decreasing segment reporting quality. Moreover, financial analysts do not always understand the quality of segment disclosures, which suggests that a business-model type of standard creates difficulties even for sophisticated users. My results inform standard setters as they start working on a disclosure framework and as they seem to consider the business model approach to financial reporting. Chapter II is entitled "Inconsistent Segment Disclosure across Corporate Documents." Market regulators in the U.S. and Europe investigate cases of inconsistent disclosures when a company provides different information on the same topic in different documents. Focusing on operating segments, this essay uses hand-collected data from four different corporate documents of multi-segment firms to analyze the impact of inconsistent disclosure on financial analysts' earnings forecast accuracy. Inconsistencies that arise from further disaggregation of operating segments in some documents seem to bring in new information and increase analyst accuracy. However, when analysts must work with different, difficult-to-reconcile segmentations, their information processing capacity and forecasts are less accurate. These findings contribute to our understanding of the effects of managers' disclosure strategy across multiple documents and have implications for regulators and standard setters' work on a disclosure framework. Chapter III is entitled "Management Guidance at the Segment Level." Prior research has found that managers add information to their earnings guidance to justify, explain, or contextualize their forecasts. I identify segment-level guidance (SLG) as a type of disaggregated information that multi-segment firms provide with their management guidance, and investigate its usefulness for financial analysts' earnings forecasting accuracy, as well as its influence on managers' earnings fixation. I further characterize the level of precision (point and range, maximum or minimum estimate, or simply narrative) and of disaggregation of SLG. I find that companies in high tech industries known for increased uncertainty in future performance are less likely to provide SLG, and that SLG is associated with better forecasting accuracy. However, while providing more item-disaggregated SLG improves accuracy, increased precision has no impact on forecast accuracy. From the manager's point of view, SLG creates incentives to engage in earnings management, and the more precise the SLG is the greater the incentive. In contrast, more item-disaggregated SLG discourages earnings management, perhaps by improving monitoring. In a context where qualitative, narrative, and disaggregated guidance is regarded as a solution to avoid earnings fixation and short termism, understanding which types of information achieve this goal, and how, is relevant for managers, investors, and regulators alike. ; Cette thèse contient trois essais distincts sur la publication d'information sectorielle que les entreprises européennes ayant plusieurs secteurs opérationnels effectuent en vertu des IFRS 8 Secteurs Opérationnels. Chaque essai vise à améliorer notre compréhension collective sur la politique de communication financière des cadres dirigeants en examinant diverses caractéristiques des informations sectorielles. Les résultats de cette thèse informent les normalisateurs en particulier, ainsi que les investisseurs sur les marches du capital et les analystes financiers.Le chapitre I, «L'interaction entre la qualité et la quantité des publications sur l'information sectorielle» examine le choix des cadres dirigeants à l'égard de la quantité et de la qualité, ainsi que l'utilité de ces deux caractéristiques pour les analystes financiers. J'utilise le nombre de segments opérationnels publiés comme mesure quantitative et la variation inter-sectorielle de la profitabilité comme mesure qualitative et soutiens que plus de pouvoir discrétionnaire peut être exercé par les dirigeants sur la qualité que sur la quantité. Je trouve que les cadres dirigeants résolvent les préoccupations liées aux renseignements commerciaux de nature exclusive soit en déviant de la quantité recommandée par la norme, ou, lorsqu'ils suivent la norme, en réduisant la qualité de l'information sectorielle. Les analystes financiers n'apprécient pas toujours la qualité de l'information sectorielle, ce qui suggère que le modèle business crée des difficultés même pour des utilisateurs avertis. Mes résultats informent les normalisateurs lorsque ceux-ci initient le développement d'un nouveau cadre conceptuel et lorsqu'ils semblent envisager l'approche du modèle business pour le reporting. Le chapitre II s'intitule «La non-conformité des secteurs opérationnels à travers des documents d'entreprise. » Les régulateurs de marché examinent des cas de présentations lorsqu'une entreprise fournit des informations différentes sur le même sujet dans différents documents. En mettant l'accent sur les secteurs opérationnels, cet essai utilise des données recueillies manuellement auprès de quatre documents d'entreprise afin d'analyser l'impact de la publication d'information non-conforme sur l'exactitude des prévisions de résultat des analystes financiers. La non-conformité qui découle de la déségrégation supplémentaire des secteurs semble introduire de nouveautés et contribue à l'exactitude des prévisions. La publication des segmentations difficilement réconciliables entraine une exactitude réduite des prévisions. Ces résultats contribuent à notre compréhension des effets de la politique de communication des dirigeants à travers plusieurs documents et ont des répercussions sur le travail les régulateurs. Le chapitre III s'intitule « Prévisions managériales au niveau sectoriel. » Je considère les prévisions au niveau sectoriel (PNS) comme un type d'information désagrégé que les entreprises fournissent ensemble avec leur stratégie de gestion. J'examine l'utilité de cette information pour l'exactitude des prévisions de résultat par les analystes ainsi que l'impact de cette information sur la manipulation du résultat. Je constate que les entreprises de haute technologie réputées pour l'incertitude supplémentaire liée à profitabilité sont moins susceptibles de fournir des PNS et que le PNS est associé à une prévision améliorée. Cependant, alors que la communication de davantage de PNS désagrégé par secteur a tendance à améliorer la précision, plus de précision ne semble pas avoir d'importance. Du point de vue des cadres dirigeants, les PNS les incitent à manipuler le résultat comptable, mais le PNS désagrégé par poste semble décourager la manipulation, fort probablement due à une surveillance supplémentaire. Dans un contexte où une orientation narrative et désagrégée est considérée comme la solution pour empêcher la vision à court terme, comprendre quel type d'information permet d'atteindre cet objectif, et de quelle manière, est tout autant pertinent pour les cadres dirigeants, les investisseurs et les régulateurs.

Oil palm has become one of the most rapidly expanding crops throughout the humid tropics. Over the last two decades, the area under oil palm has almost tripled and its production more than quadrupled. This development is mainly attributed to the rising demand for vegetable oils and biofuels, favorable government policies in producer countries, as well as oil palm´s superior production potential and profitability compared to alternative land uses. Over 85% of the world´s palm oil production originates from Indonesia and Malaysia, which offer favorable agro-ecological growing conditions with relative abundance of cultivable land and agricultural labor. While the early expansion of oil palm was mainly driven by large scale private sector plantations, the more recent expansion of oil palm is largely driven by smallholder farmers. The first oil palm smallholders participated in government-supported out-grower schemes. Whereas such schemes still exist, most of the oil palm growth among smallholders is now due to independent adoption. At present, smallholders account for 41% of the total oil palm area and for 36% of the total fresh fruit bunch (FFB) production in Indonesia. If current trends continue, smallholders are expected to dominate the Indonesian palm oil sector in the near future. Potentially, oil palm can act as an instrument to include the rural poor into the modern agricultural sector, foster rural socio-economic development and contribute to the reduction of poverty and malnutrition. Its agronomic properties and high yield potential might help to secure an environmentally sustainable supply of vegetable oils and biofuels to growing global markets. However, oil palm expansion also entails socio-economic and environmental threats. Socio-economic threats include an increasing vulnerability and economic marginalization of the rural population, unequally distributed economic benefits among adopters, as well as negative impacts on food availability and food security. The ecological drawbacks related to oil palm expansion are deforestation, biodiversity loss, greenhouse gas emissions, and environmental degradation. Moreover, smallholders face a set of agronomic and institutional constraints that hinder them to achieve the crop´s full production potential. In order to design policies that enhance the environmental and economic sustainability of the diffusion of oil palm within smallholder agriculture, it is of paramount importance to i) understand the factors that influence smallholder land use decisions in general, and their decision to adopt oil palm in particular; ii) disentangle the welfare and nutritional implications that are associated with oil palm related land use changes; and iii) minimize the agronomic limitations and foster smallholder yields in existing oil palm production systems. However, the empirical evidence related to the diffusion of palm plantations into smallholder agriculture, its socio-economic implications as well as limitations in smallholder management practices is scarce. The present study addresses this gap in the literature by analyzing farm-household survey data from Jambi Province, Sumatra with regard to the above mentioned objectives. In particular, we set up a duration model to analyze the process of oil palm adoption and adoption determinants in a smallholder context. Using econometric models and a set of quantile regressions, we further quantify the implications of oil palm cultivation on smallholder livelihoods, with a focus on household consumption expenditure, calorie consumption and dietary quality. Based on crop modelling and plot level input-output data, we quantify smallholder yield gaps relative to simulated potential and exploitable yields and identify the major agronomic and institutional constraints in smallholder oil palm production. Our results highlight the fact the speed of adoption is significantly enhanced in villages that have contractual ties to private sector palm oil companies. Even though not all oil palm growers are included in such contracts, the existence of a contract in a village ensures access to processing facilities, which is a crucial factor in oil palm cultivation since FFB have to be milled within 48 hours after harvest. Thus, oil palm adoption potentially follows a regional path-dependency with regions where the oil palm industry was developed early on also being those regions where independent oil palm adoption now occurs most widely. This path-dependency has a potential downside, as it may foster regional disparities. However, there is also a positive side, because land use change becomes more predictable and easier to control for public policymakers. The environmental sustainability of future oil palm expansion therefore depends on the government's ability to demark land for plantation development that is already degraded, so to spare primary forest areas from direct encroachment. Analysing the welfare implications of oil palm cultivation shows that oil palm is a financially lucrative land use option for smallholder farmers. Results suggest that its cultivation is associated with increases in household consumption expenditure, calorie consumption and dietary quality. The observed effects can mainly be attributed to farm size expansions and increases in off-farm income opportunities that are achieved with the adoption of oil palm and the labor-saving management of the crop. Consequently, the net livelihood outcomes of oil palm adoption are likely to depend on smallholder household attributes which define their ability to expand their farms and diversify their off-farm incomes. Our results support this notion, showing that oil palm adoption has heterogeneous effects especially with respect to non-food expenditures. Thus, diffusion of oil palm among smallholder farmers may worsen social inequality. From a rural development perspective, oil palm expansion might ultimately become a race for land, which might become a speculative object and a scare resource. Especially more traditional land use practices, such as slash and burn farming or rubber agro-forests, might gradually be replaced with the diffusion of oil palm plantations into smallholder agriculture. Especially in regions that are still dominated by extensive land use practices, the land rent of agriculture relative to extensive agriculture (e.g., rubber agroforests) and forests could be increased, enhancing the encroachment of forests. Assessing the agronomic performance of oil palm adopters, we find smallholder yields to show large variations and to be generally far below plantation sector standards. In particular, existing oil palm smallholdings offer a tremendous potential for future yield increases, as they obtain only 56% of the cumulative exploitable yields over a 20 year plantation life cycle. The most important determinants of yield gaps are management practices such as fertilizer dosage and length of harvesting intervals. Furthermore, smallholders (formerly) operating under contract arrangements with private or government companies achieve higher yields compared to independent smallholders. Yield increases in oil palm production can help to improve the livelihoods of small scale farmers and may also reduce the conversion of forest and peat lands into oil palm plantations. Reconciling food security and rural development with the sustainable use of the global environmental resource base has widely been identified as one of the major challenges of present times. If implemented well, smallholder oil palm cultivation offers the necessary features to minimize the inherent economic-ecological tradeoff of agricultural production.

Dottorato di ricerca in Ecologia e gestione sostenibile delle risorse ambientali ; L'utilizzo dei satelliti a supporto degli studi oceanografici è consolidato ormai da anni, mediante l'impiego di sistemi remoti operativi a risoluzioni spaziali intermedie (SeaWifs, MODIS, MERIS), incentrati principalmente sull'acquisizione di dati di Ocean Color, che permettono di ottenere come prodotto finale la distribuzione di temperatura superficiale, clorofilla e solido sospeso, sulla base di algoritmi già sviluppati per le acque di largo. I recenti progressi nella progettazione di sensori satellitari ad alta risoluzione spaziale e spettrale e nelle tecniche di analisi dati, hanno reso i sistemi di telerilevamento più efficaci e utili anche per lo studio degli ambienti marino-costieri, dimostrandosi quindi un valido strumento di indagine a supporto delle misure di politica ambientale della Comunità europea (Cristina et al., 2015). Tali misure mirano ad ottenere il "Buono stato ecologico" GES delle acque costiere europee secondo la Direttiva Quadro sulla Strategia Marina (MSFD) (2008/56/ Commissione Europea). La MSFD indica e descrive Descrittori ed indicatori ambientali da considerare ai fini delle misure di monitoraggio per la valutazione del GES nelle aree costiere europee. Le immagini multispettrali da satellite, opportunamente corrette per i rumori atmosferici e calibrate utilizzando le misurazioni in situ, sono riconosciute come efficaci strumenti multiscala per il monitoraggio della qualità dei mari e delle acque poco profonde (Dazhao et al., 2010, Blondeau-Patissier et al., 2014). In linea con tali riferimenti, questo progetto di dottorato si pone l'obiettivo di valutare, in maniera tempestiva, efficace e a scala sinottica lo stato di qualità ecologica degli ecosistemi marino-costiero, attraverso nuove tecniche di remote sensing (RS) secondo le linee guida della Direttiva Marine Strategy. In questo contesto, sono oggetto di studio alcuni indicatori, riferiti principalmente al Descittore 1 MSFD per la Biodiversità Biologica, che prevede la stima dello stato qualitativo delle praterie di fanerogame marine e misure sulla Torbidità dell'acqua marina identificabile con il solido sospeso superficiale; infine, la clorofilla è stata osservata in riferimento al Descrittore 5 MSFD per il fenomeno dell'Eutrofizzazione. Tali variabili possono essere rilevate e mappate mediante telerilevamento per ottenere stime quantitative di distribuzione superficiale al fine di valutare l'integrità ecologica e lo stato di salute degli ecosistemi marino-costieri (Shetty et al., 2015). I sensori RS devono necessariamente soddisfare determinati requisiti per il loro utilizzo in ambiente costiero, soprattutto in termini di risoluzione radiometrica e spazio-temporale, diversi rispetto a quelli per gli studi in mare aperto. Questo è dovuto a vari fattori: l'elevata variabilità delle scale spazio-temporali dei processi ecologici costieri richiede un'alta risoluzione spaziale del sensore satellitare (1-30 m); le acque sono otticamente più complesse, acque di Caso 2 (Morel and Prieur,1977) e richiedono numerose bande spettrali per discriminare i vari tipi di segnali, legati alle diverse componenti otticamente attive dell'acqua marina e dei bassi fondali; il segnale dell'acqua che viene rilevato dal satellite è maggiormente influenzato dagli strati atmosferici rispetto al segnale terrestre e quindi è 2 richiesta un'accurata correzione atmosferica; infine la vicinanza di superfici terrestri altamente riflettenti, come le spiagge, può indurre un ulteriore disturbo (denominato "fattore di adiacenza") al segnale uscente dall'acqua. Sulla base di queste problematiche, le piattaforme satellitari utilizzate in questo studio sono state Landsat 8 Operational Land Imagery (L8OLI) per uno studio ad alta risoluzione (30 m- High Resolution HR) per la mappatura della prateria di PO (Caso Studio 1) e della distribuzione di clorofilla a (Caso Studio 3) e MODIS (Caso Studio 2) con la media risoluzione (250 m) per un'indagine su scala regionale e a lungo termine delle dinamiche di distribuzione del solido sospeso, attraverso un approccio multidisciplinare. La metodologia affrontata in tutti e tre i casi studio presentati, ha previsto l'abbinamento temporale dei dati raccolti per la verità a mare con le immagini satellitari scaricate dal sito NASA, che rende liberamente accessibili i dati satellitari compresi nel suo sistema osservativo globale della Terra. Questi dati spettrali sono stati corretti adeguatamente per il rumore atmosferico per mappare su opportune scale spaziali/temporali la distribuzione dei parametri biofisici discreti e continui (associati all'ambiente acquatico o del fondo marino) per valutare adeguatamente le distribuzioni delle variabili in esame, sulla base di diversi approcci di modellazione. In particolare, Landsat 8 OLI ha permesso di stimare le condizioni di qualità delle praterie di Posidonia oceanica lungo più di 40 km della costa settentrionale tirrenica, a sostegno di un metodo innovativo d'indagine non invasiva e quindi in linea con una gestione sostenibile delle risorse marino-costiere. Questo sensore è stato anche utilizzato per mappare la distribuzione della clorofilla a, per una caratterizzazione efficace della distribuzione del fitoplancton nelle acque del Mar Piccolo di Taranto, attraverso modelli statistici regressivi e algoritmi bio-ottici. Da questi due studi, è emersa quindi, la validità dei dati multispettrali HR, forniti dalla nuova generazione di sensori della famiglia NASA Landsat (cioè Landsat 8 OLI, Sentinel 2 MSI) per un'osservazione efficace, integrata ed operativa degli ecosistemi marino-costieri. Per quanto riguarda la media risoluzione con MODIS, questo sensore ha permesso di raccogliere 630 immagini dal 2013 al 2017 nel golfo di Gaeta, per ottenere informazioni sinottiche e continue sulla componente della colonna d'acqua superficiale di solido sospeso, strettamente connessa alle dinamiche meteo-marine su scala regionale anch'esse studiate. La risoluzione media delle immagini RS è risultata un valido strumento di supporto, all'interno di un approccio integrato per lo studio marino costiero, al fine di migliorare la strategia di gestione ambientale a lungo termine dal punto di vista delle attività umane sostenibili per gli ecosistemi costieri. Come prospettiva futura, si può considerare di pianificare una più ampia raccolta di misure in situ per i dati di colonna d'acqua, per implementare il dataset necessario all'applicazione di un modello di inversione bio-ottica, utile alla rimozione più efficace dei disturbi della componente otticamente attiva della colonna d'acqua sul segnale spettrale del fondale marino oggetto di studio. Questo fattore apporterebbe anche ulteriori informazioni a sostegno di una maggiore comprensione degli ambienti acquatici otticamente complessi e, di conseguenza, la mappatura degli ecosistemi bentonici costieri risulterebbe ancora più accurata. Sulla base delle considerazioni e dei risultati soddisfacenti ottenuti in questo lavoro di tesi, tradotti nello specifico in tre pubblicazioni, si può affermare che le nuove tecniche di telerilevamento si mostrano efficaci per lo studio operativo degli ecosistemi marini di basso fondale e della biodiversità in ambiente costiero, fornendo un utile contributo alle misure indicate dalle Direttive comunitarie per arrestare il declino della biodiversità e per garantire la conservazione degli ecosistemi marini. ; The use of satellites to support oceanographic studies has been consolidated for years, through the use of remote systems operating at intermediate spatial resolutions (SeaWifs, MODIS, MERIS), mainly focused on the acquisition of Ocean Color data, which to obtain as a final product the distribution of chlorophyll and suspended solid, based on algorithms already developed for the offshore waters. Recent advances in the design of satellite sensors with high spatial and spectral resolution and in data analysis techniques, have more effective remote sensing systems also useful for the study of marine-coastal environment, thus proving to be a valid investigation tool to support policy measures. Environment of the European Community (Cristina et al., 2015). These measures aim to achieve the "Good ecological status" GES of European coastal waters according to the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) (2008/56/European Commission). The MSFD indicates and describes Environmental descriptors and indicators to be considered for the purpose of monitoring measures for the evaluation of the GES in the European coastal areas. Multispectral satellite images, appropriately corrected for atmospheric noise and calibrated using in situ measurements, are recognized as effective multiscale instruments for monitoring the quality of seas and shallow waters (Dazhao et al., 2010, Blondeau-Patissier et al., 2014). In line with these references, this PhD project aims to evaluate, in a timely, effective and synoptic way, the ecological quality status of marine-coastal ecosystems, through new remote sensing (RS) techniques according to the guidelines of the Marine Strategy Directive. In this context, some indicators are being studied, mainly referring to the MSFD Descriptor 1 for Biological Biodiversity, which provides for the estimation of the qualitative status of marine phanerogams and measures on the turbidity of the marine water that can be identified with the surface suspended solid; finally, the chlorophyll has been observed with reference to the MSFD Descriptor 5 for the phenomenon of Eutrophication. These variables can be detected and mapped by remote sensing to obtain quantitative estimates of surface distribution in order to evaluate the ecological integrity and health status of marine-coastal ecosystems (Shetty et al., 2015). RS sensors must necessarily meet certain requirements for their use in coastal environments, especially in terms of radiometric and spatio-temporal resolution, different from those for offshore studies. This is due to poor factors: the high variability of the spatio-temporal scales of coastal ecological processes requires a high spatial resolution of the satellite sensor (1-30 m); the waters are optically more complex, Case 2 waters (Morel and Prieur, 1977) and require numerous spectral bands to discriminate the various types of signals, linked to the different optically active components of sea water and shallow waters; the water signal that is detected by the satellite is more influenced by the atmospheric layers than the terrestrial signal and therefore an accurate atmospheric correction is required; finally, the proximity of highly reflective terrestrial surfaces, such as beaches, can induce a further disturbance (called "adjacency factor") to the signal coming out of the water. Based on these issues, the satellite sensors used in this study were Landsat 8 Operational Land Imagery (L8OLI) for a high resolution study (30 m- High Resolution HR) for mapping the PO prairie (Case Study 1) and of the chlorophyll a distribution (Case Study 3) and MODIS (Case Study 2) with the average resolution (250 m) for a regional and long-term investigation of the distribution dynamics of the suspended solid, through a multidisciplinary approach. In all three case studies presented, it provided for the combination of temporal data collected for the sea truth with satellite images downloaded from the NASA site, which makes freely available the satellite data included in its global observational system of the Earth. These spectral data have been adequately corrected for atmospheric noise to map the distribution of discrete and continuous biophysical parameters (associated with the aquatic environment or the seabed) to suitably assess the distributions of the variables under examination, on different bases. modeling approaches. Landsat 8 OLI has allowed to estimate the quality conditions of seagrass meadows supporting an innovative method of non-invasive investigation based on the sustainable management of marinecoastal resources. Using its acquisition channels, improved in terms of spectral and radiometric features and with the introduction of the new coastal band, it was possible to produce suitable PO LAI and sea beds substrate distribution maps in a significant portion of the middle Tyrrhenian coast: more than 40 km along the coast. The effectiveness of the use of new remote sensors was demonstrated for an ecological study of seagrass grasslands with various advantages: limitation of destructive sampling for PO; cost reduction with respect to sea-truth measurement campaigns; evaluation of the plant distribution on a synoptic scale to estimate the ecological quality, and a potentiality for classifying substrate types of the seafloor in the entire study area. The results achieved by the Landsat OLI sensor suggest their effectiveness for seabed/PO/chlorophyll mapping and monitoring in the optically complex shallow water, evidencing also the specific atmospheric correction relevance for reflectance data pre-processing. The complexity and variability of coastal marine environments highlights, in fact, the need to apply appropriate investigation tools and methodologies to develop an integrated and multidisciplinary study method that allows an effective assessment of the good environmental status of marine ecosystems. As a future perspective, we can consider setting up a larger collection of in situ measurements for water column and seabed data, to apply the bio-optical inversion model, which can more effectively remove the disturbances of the water column on the spectral signal of the seabed. It is also needed for continuous progress in the understanding of complex optical aquatic environments and, as a result, the mapping of benthic coastal ecosystems may be more accurate. On the basis of all these considerations and the satisfactory results achieved in this work, it can be stated that innovative and effective remote sensing technique for the operational study of the seabed coastal ecosystems could significantly contribute to the attempts of Community legislation, to halt the decline of biodiversity and to ensure the marine ecosystems preservation. Functioning ecosystems are essential for maintaining the oceans in a healthy state (Tett et al., 2013) and while being healthy, they provide numerous and diverse goods and services that contribute "for free" to the general well-being and health of humans (Van Den Belt and Costanza, 2012).

Objetivos: El objetivo general es la necesidad de ubicar adecuadamente al documento administrativo electrónico como elemento central de la gestión dentro del nuevo marco de trabajo generado por la administración electrónica. De forma más específica, con esta investigación se pretende: • Conceptuar debidamente el documento administrativo electrónico, identificando los elementos que lo componen, los formatos que lo normalizan y sus distintas tipologías. • Analizar y constatar la serie de cambios que sobre la gestión de los actos administrativos impone la irrupción del documento electrónico, adecuándola a los tiempos actuales y … • … discernir cuál es la mejor manera de llevar a cabo la gestión del documento electrónico y de los procedimientos y tecnologías vinculados, adaptándolo pertinentemente al nuevo marco legal. Metodología: En la realización de nuestra investigación, se ha tenido en cuenta el siguiente conjunto de consideraciones y operaciones: • En primer lugar, se ha elaborado una presentación general del concepto de documento administrativo, analizando detenidamente su estructura, contenido y sistemas de clasificación. • En los últimos años se ha desarrollado una amplia producción normativa para habilitar la aplicación de las TICs a los procedimientos administrativos de las AA.PP. Esto ha permitido desarrollar un nuevo concepto: el documento administrativo electrónico, que hemos definido y contextualizado debidamente. • Por mandato legal, las AA.PP. al cambiar los sistemas de gestión y adaptarse al documento administrativo electrónico, deben recomponer los modos de funcionamiento tradicionales, cuyos orígenes se pierden en el tiempo en algunas ocasiones, de manera que hemos reflexionado sobre esa imperiosa necesidad de rediseño de los distintos actos administrativos, proponiendo posibles soluciones que los adapten a la nueva realidad. • Como no podía ser de otro modo, las técnicas de Archivo y de Gestión Documental han estado presentes en el momento del análisis. • Tras todo este análisis se procedió a identificar los aspectos clave de este nuevo paradigma intentando aportar una propuesta de gestión que contribuya a afianzar y consolidar nuestra visión de la Administración Electrónica, considerando siempre al documento como el eje principal de la gestión. En nuestra investigación se ha aplicado el método deductivo (análisis de lo universal), entendiendo esto como lo recogido en el marco jurídico, principalmente en la parte básica, a partir del cual se aplica en los casos particulares (los que cada Administración Pública tendrá que abordar en la implementación de los procedimientos administrativos).También se emplea el método inductivo (obtención de conclusiones generales a partir de algo particular). Se basa en la observación y registro de los hechos analizados, su clasificación, la derivación inductiva y su contraste. Bajo esta perspectiva se han estudiado las normas y herramientas TICs disponibles que nos permitirán introducir una mejora en el procedimiento objeto de análisis. Conclusiones: Es un hecho evidente que Administración Pública y Tecnología se dan la mano. La escritura y la construcción de documentos han supuesto para el hombre la delimitación de los momentos más importantes de su existencia. Hoy en día estamos ante el gran reto de introducir una dualidad en la naturaleza del documento, en la medida que se emplean indistintamente los creados en soportes físicos (fundamentalmente en papel) y los que se construirán por medios electrónicos. Estamos convencidos de que una de las tareas más eficientes que se pueden hacer desde las direcciones de las distintas Administraciones, es la puesta en común de estas herramientas. El tipo de documento que contempla nuestra propuesta posee una doble vertiente: ser capaz de transmitir la información que contiene, tanto a un ser humano como a un sistema informático. Para ello se han incluido textos literales, destinados fundamentalmente a la lectura por el hombre, así como datos agrupados en tablas preparadas para la interoperabilidad entre sistemas informáticos. Nuestra propuesta de construcción de documentos administrativos electrónicos desde el ERP de gestión, pretende resolver un conjunto de problemáticas con las que actualmente nos encontramos, así como adelantarnos a situaciones venideras, como es el caso del próximo derecho del que dispondrán los ciudadanos para acceder a los documentos que obren en poder de las Administraciones. Nuestra propuesta de construcción de los documentos administrativos electrónicos por capas secuenciales es una técnica integrable en cualquier aplicación informática. Se trata de una propuesta de elaboración de los documentos fruto del análisis de cada uno de los elementos que componen el documento y su traslación, modificación, incluso eliminación, al mundo electrónico, pasando por el filtro del marco jurídico actual. Cada una de las capas que intervienen contiene un conjunto de atributos, entre los que destacan si contiene datos protegidos o reservados, así como los metadatos y los contenidos de estos. De esta forma, en la composición de cada capa, hay que establecer el texto o estructura de la tabla y datos contenidos, además de identificar si se puede establecer el metadato de forma automática. Esta forma de construir los documentos permitirá crear un conjunto de copias auténticas, totales y parciales, que responderán de forma automática al acceso a los documentos, en función del rol de la persona interesada. Esto es importante en los documentos que contienen datos protegidos por la LOPDP, ya que actualmente disponemos de un sistema dual, en la medida que ante la solicitud de acceso a estos documentos no se permitirá su consulta por contener datos que están protegidos, si bien habría que permitir la consulta al resto del documento. Este problema sólo tiene solución por medio de la construcción de copias auténticas parciales generadas automáticamente por todas las capas que no contengan el atributo «protegido» y/o «reservado». Otra novedad aportada es la técnica de construcción de los documentos encadenados mediante la inserción de un metadato, (el que contiene el hash del primer eslabón). Esta propuesta resuelve la situación que se plantea cuando un documento ha sido corregido, modificado o revocado por otro posterior. Es indispensable que ante la demanda al gestor documental de cualquiera de ellos, el sistema devuelva el conjunto de todos los documentos que componen la cadena, ya que de no hacerlo así, estaría informando sesgadamente, pudiendo dar lugar a confusión, desinformación y ocultamiento. El estudio desarrollado en la elaboración de esta tesis doctoral nos ha permitido construir la técnica que proponemos y que permite devolver al documento todo el protagonismo que ha tenido desde que Alfonso X el Sabio instauró su uso y que parecía haber ido perdiendo en favor de los datos. Con el apoyo de un marco jurídico innovador y aplicando reingeniería de procesos, se ha construido una técnica de elaboración de documentos administrativos electrónicos que, no solo resuelve algunas deficiencias observadas y ancladas en las prácticas administrativas, sino que aporta un mayor grado de seguridad jurídica para el ciudadano, moderniza la administración (situándola en el siglo XXI), a la vez que se da cumplimiento al precepto constitucional de eficacia, eficiencia y economía. The public administrative document, its electronical and technological enviroment and legal framework: a proposal for a paradigm shift. Autor: Rafael Ferrando Martínez Objectives: The overall objective of this thesis is the need to properly locate the electronic administrative document as a central element in the new management framework generated by eGovernment. More specifically, this research aims to: • Properly conceptualize the electronic administrative document, identifying its composition (elements), normalizing formats and types. • Analyze and verify the number of changes introduced on the management of administrative proceedings that imposes the emergence of the electronic document, adapting to the times and . • . discern what is the best way to carry out the management of the electronic and related technologies and procedures, appropriately adapted to the new legal framework. Methodology: During the conducting of our research, we have taken into account the following set of considerations and operations: • First, we has developed a general overview about the concept of administrative document, carefully analyzing their structure, content and classification systems. • In recent years, it has developed a wide legal framework to enable the application of ICT to the administrative procedures of the goverments. It has allowed to develop a new concept: the electronic administrative document, that we have defined and properly contextualized. • Goverments are required by law to change and adapt their management systems to the electronic administrative document. So, they must recompose the traditional modes of management, whose origins are lost in time sometimes. We reflected on the urgent need to redesign of individual administrative acts, proposing possible solutions that adapt to the new enviroment. • Obviously, the techniques of Archives and Records Management has been present in the procedures analysis. • After all this analysis, we tried to identify the key aspects of this new paradigm in order to introduce a new management proposal that contributes to strengthen and consolidate our vision of eGovernment, always considering the document as the main focus of te management. In our research, has applied the deductive method (analysis of the universe), understanding it as enshrined in the legal framework, especially at the basic, from which applies in particular cases (which each Government needs to addressed in the implementation of administrative procedures). We also have used the inductive method (obtaining general conclusions from something particular situation). It is based on the observation and recording of the events analyzed, their classification, referral and contrast inductive. In this perspective, we have studied the available ICT standards and tools that allow to introduce an improvement in the analysed procedures. Conclusions: It is obvious that Governmets and Technology come together. The writing and document construction have led to men the record of the most important moments of their existence. Today, we have the challenge of introducing a duality in the nature of the document, to the extent that the created are used interchangeably in hardware (mostly on paper) to be built and electronically. We believe that one of the most efficient tasks to develop into the managemet of public documents is the sharing of these tools. The type of electronic document of our proposal has two aspects: it is able to transmit information containing both a human and a computer system. This has been included verbatim texts, mainly for reading by humans, as well as grouped data in tables prepared for interoperability between systems. Our proposed construction of electronic administrative documents from ERP management, aims to solve a set of problems with which we are currently and anticipate future situations related with the access to public documents by the citizens. Our proposal for the construction of electronic administrative documents by a sequential layered technique is easy to be integrated into any software application. This proposal is based on the analysis of each one of the elements of the document and its translation, modification, even elimination, to the electronic enviroment, through the filter of the current legal framework. Each of the intervening layers contains a set of attributes, among them whether sheltered or contains data and metadata and the contents of these. Thus, into the composition of each layer, must be established the text or table structure and the included data as well as identifying whether the metadata can be set automatically. This form of construction of documents will be able to create a set of partial certified copies, that automatically respond to access to documents depending on the role of the concerned person. This is specially important in documents containing data protected by the Data Protection Acts, as currently we have a dual system, to the extent that the request for access to these documents will not be allowed to contain query data that is protected, but would to allow consultation to the rest of the document. This problem can only be solved by building automatically generated partial certified copies with the layers that do not contain the attribute "protected" and / or "reserved". Another innovation introduced in our proposal is the chained construction technique of documents from the use of a metadata (which contains the hash of the first link). This proposal solves the situation that arises when a document has been corrected, amended or revoked by a later. It is essential to ask to the document management system of any of them, the system returns the set of all documents that make up the chain, since failure to do so, it would be reporting biased and may lead to confusion, misinformation and concealment. The study developed in the ellaboration of this thesis has allowed to us to build the proposed technique, that allows to return to the documents all the attention that they had since Alfonso X the Wise established their use, and which seemed to have been lost in favor of the data. With the support of a legal framework and implementing innovative process reengineering, we has built a processing technique of constructing of electronic administrative document that not only solves some shortcomings and anchored in administrative practices, but provides a greater degree of legal certainty for the citizens, streamlines management (placing it in the XXI Century), while giving effect to the constitutional precepts of effectiveness, efficiency and economy.

This report is the product of a comprehensive study on Benin. It highlights the country s geographical and economic situation and concentrates in particular on environmental conditions and the challenges facing Benin. This report covers the financing of priority environmental activities, as well as allocations to programs designed to improve the environment and living conditions of the population. The environmental analysis of Benin seeks to help the Government integrate the environment into policy formulation by analyzing cross-cutting aspects and the challenges of implementing sound environmental management, and creating a platform for strengthening the country s capacities in order to facilitate sustainable natural resource and environmental management. To this end, a number of measures have been recommended, among them the establishment of effective policies and institutions based on sound governance and improved effectiveness, and the mobilization of financing for environmental protection and natural resource management. The study includes the analysis of a case study on three cities: Porto-Novo, Cotonou, and Parakou, and examines the impact of environmental problems and environmental management challenges on these cities.

Publisher's version (útgefin grein) ; Carriers of large recurrent copy number variants (CNVs) have a higher risk of developing neurodevelopmental disorders. The 16p11.2 distal CNV predisposes carriers to e.g., autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. We compared subcortical brain volumes of 12 16p11.2 distal deletion and 12 duplication carriers to 6882 non-carriers from the large-scale brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging collaboration, ENIGMA-CNV. After stringent CNV calling procedures, and standardized FreeSurfer image analysis, we found negative dose-response associations with copy number on intracranial volume and on regional caudate, pallidum and putamen volumes (β = −0.71 to −1.37; P < 0.0005). In an independent sample, consistent results were obtained, with significant effects in the pallidum (β = −0.95, P = 0.0042). The two data sets combined showed significant negative dose-response for the accumbens, caudate, pallidum, putamen and ICV (P = 0.0032, 8.9 × 10−6, 1.7 × 10− 9, 3.5 × 10−12 and 1.0 × 10−4, respectively). Full scale IQ was lower in both deletion and duplication carriers compared to non-carriers. This is the first brain MRI study of the impact of the 16p11.2 distal CNV, and we demonstrate a specific effect on subcortical brain structures, suggesting a neuropathological pattern underlying the neurodevelopmental syndromes. ; 1000BRAINS: 1000BRAINS is a population-based cohort based on the Heinz-Nixdorf Recall Study and is supported in part by the German National Cohort. We thank the Heinz Nixdorf Foundation (Germany) for their generous support in terms of the Heinz Nixdorf Study. The HNR study is also supported by the German Ministry of Education and Science (FKZ 01EG940), and the German Research Council (DFG, ER 155/6-1). The authors are supported by the Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association (Svenja Caspers) and the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Grant Agreement 7202070 (Human Brain Project SGA1; Katrin Amunts, Sven Cichon). This work was further supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) through the Integrated Network IntegraMent (Integrated Understanding of Causes and Mechanisms in Mental Disorders) under the auspices of the e:Med Program (grant 01ZX1314A to M.M.N. and S.C.), and by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF, grant 156791 to S.C.). 16p.11.2 European Consortium: B.D. is supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (NCCR Synapsy, project grant Nr 32003B_159780) and Foundation Synapsis. LREN is very grateful to the Roger De Spoelberch and Partridge Foundations for their generous financial support. This work was supported by grants from the Simons Foundation (SFARI274424) and the Swiss National Science Foundation (31003A_160203) to A.R. and S.J. Betula: The relevant Betula data collection and analyses were supported by a grant from the Knut & Alice Wallenberg (KAW) to L. Nyberg. Brainscale: the Brainscale study was supported by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research MagW 480-04-004 (Dorret Boomsma), 51.02.060 (Hilleke Hulshoff Pol), 668.772 (Dorret Boomsma & Hilleke Hulshoff Pol); NWO/SPI 56-464-14192 (Dorret Boomsma), the European Research Council (ERC-230374) (Dorret Boomsma), High Potential Grant Utrecht University (Hilleke Hulshoff Pol), NWO Brain and Cognition 433-09-220 (Hilleke Hulshoff Pol). Brain Imaging Genetics (BIG): This work makes use of the BIG database, first established in Nijmegen, The Netherlands, in 2007. This resource is now part of Cognomics (www.cognomics.nl), a joint initiative by researchers of the Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, the Human Genetics and Cognitive Neuroscience departments of the Radboud university medical centre and the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics in Nijmegen. The Cognomics Initiative has received supported from the participating departments and centres and from external grants, i.e., the Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure (the Netherlands) (BBMRI-NL), the Hersenstichting Nederland, and the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO). The research leading to these results also receives funding from the NWO Gravitation grant 'Language in Interaction', the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) under grant agreements n° 602450 (IMAGEMEND), n°278948 (TACTICS), and n°602805 (Aggressotype) as well as from the European Community's Horizon 2020 programme under grant agreement n° 643051 (MiND) and from ERC-2010-AdG 268800-NEUROSCHEMA. In addition, the work was supported by a grant for the ENIGMA Consortium (grant number U54 EB020403) from the BD2K Initiative of a cross-NIH partnership. COBRE: This work was supported by a NIH COBRE Phase I grant (1P20RR021938, Lauriello, PI and 2P20GM103472, Calhoun, PI) awarded to the Mind Research Network. We wish to express our gratitude to numerous investigators who were either external consultants to the Cores and projects, mentors on the projects, members of the external advisory committee and members of the internal advisory committee. Decode: The research leading to these results has received financial contribution from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (EU-FP7/2007–2013), EU-FP7 funded grant no. 602450 (IMAGEMEND) as well as support from the Innovative Medicines Initiative Joint Undertaking under grant agreement no.115300 (EUAIMS). DemGene: Norwegian Health Association and Research Council of Norway. Dublin: Work was supported by Science Foundation Ireland (SFI grant 12/IP/1359 to Gary Donohoe and SFI08/IN.1/B1916-Corvin to Aidan C Corvin) and the European Research Council (ERC-StG-2015-677467). EPIGEN-UK (SMS, CL): The work was partly undertaken at UCLH/UCL, which received a proportion of funding from the UK Department of Health's NIHR Biomedical Research Centres funding scheme. We are grateful to the Wolfson Trust and the Epilepsy Society for supporting the Epilepsy Society MRI scanner, and the Epilepsy Society for supporting CL. Haavik: The work at the K.G.Jebsen center for neuropsychiatric disorders at the University of Bergen, Norway, was supported by Stiftelsen K.G. Jebsen, European Community's Seventh Framework Program under grant agreement no 602805 and the H2020 Research and Innovation Program under grant agreement numbers 643051 and 667302. HUNT: The HUNT Study is a collaboration between HUNT Research Centre (Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology), Nord-Trøndelag County Council, Central Norway Health Authority, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. HUNT-MRI was funded by the Liaison Committee between the Central Norway Regional Health Authority and the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, and the Norwegian National Advisory Unit for functional MRI. IMAGEN: The work received support from the European Union-funded FP6Integrated Project IMAGEN (Reinforcement-related behaviour in normal brain function and psychopathology) (LSHM-CT- 2007-037286), the Horizon 2020 funded ERC Advanced Grant 'STRATIFY' (Brain network based stratification of reinforcement-related disorders) (695313), ERANID (Understanding the Interplay between Cultural, Biological and Subjective Factors in Drug Use Pathways) (PR-ST-0416-10004), BRIDGET (JPND: BRain Imaging, cognition Dementia and next generation GEnomics) (MR/N027558/1), the FP7 projects IMAGEMEND (602450; IMAging GEnetics for MENtal Disorders) and MATRICS (603016), the Innovative Medicine Initiative Project EU-AIMS (115300), the Medical Research Council Grant 'c-VEDA' (Consortium on Vulnerability to Externalizing Disorders and Addictions) (MR/N000390/1), the Swedish Research Council FORMAS, the Medical Research Council, the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, the Bundesministeriumfür Bildung und Forschung (BMBF grants 01GS08152; 01EV0711; eMED SysAlc01ZX1311A; Forschungsnetz AERIAL), the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG grants SM 80/7-1, SM 80/7-2, SFB 940/1). Further support was provided by grants from: ANR (project AF12-NEUR0008-01—WM2NA, and ANR-12-SAMA-0004), the Fondation de France, the Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, the Mission Interministérielle de Lutte-contre-les-Drogues-et-les-Conduites-Addictives (MILDECA), the Assistance-Publique-Hôpitaux-de-Paris and INSERM (interface grant), Paris Sud University IDEX 2012; the National Institutes of Health, Science Foundation Ireland (16/ERCD/3797), USA (Axon, Testosterone and Mental Health during Adolescence; RO1 MH085772-01A1), and by NIH Consortium grant U54 EB020403, supported by a cross-NIH alliance that funds Big Data to Knowledge Centres of Excellence. MCIC: This work was supported primarily by the Department of Energy DE-FG02-99ER62764 through its support of the Mind Research Network and the consortium as well as by the National Association for Research in Schizophrenia and Affective Disorders (NARSAD) Young Investigator Award (to SE) as well as through the Blowitz-Ridgeway and Essel Foundations, and through NWO ZonMw TOP 91211021, the DFG research fellowship (to SE), the Mind Research Network, National Institutes of Health through NCRR 5 month-RR001066 (MGH General Clinical Research Center), NIMH K08 MH068540, the Biomedical Informatics Research Network with NCRR Supplements to P41 RR14075 (MGH), M01 RR 01066 (MGH), NIBIB R01EB006841 (MRN), R01EB005846 (MRN), 2R01 EB000840 (MRN), 1RC1MH089257 (MRN), as well as grant U24 RR021992. NCNG: this sample collection was supported by grants from the Bergen Research Foundation and the University of Bergen, the Dr Einar Martens Fund, the K.G. Jebsen Foundation, the Research Council of Norway, to SLH, VMS and TE. The Bergen group was supported by grants from the Western Norway Regional Health Authority (Grant 911593 to AL, Grant 911397 and 911687 to AJL). NESDA: Funding for NESDA was obtained from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (Geestkracht program grant 10-000-1002); the Center for Medical Systems Biology (CSMB, NWO Genomics), Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure (BBMRI-NL), VU University's Institutes for Health and Care Research (EMGO+) and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, University Medical Center Groningen, Leiden University Medical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH, R01D0042157-01A, MH081802, Grand Opportunity grants 1RC2 MH089951 and 1RC2 MH089995). Part of the genotyping and analyses were funded by the Genetic Association Information Network (GAIN) of the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health.Computing was supported by BiG Grid, the Dutch e-Science Grid, which is financially supported by NWO. NTR: The NTR study was supported by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), MW904-61-193 (Eco de Geus & Dorret Boomsma), MaGW-nr: 400-07- 080 (Dennis van 't Ent), MagW 480-04-004 (Dorret Boomsma), NWO/SPI 56-464-14192 (Dorret Boomsma), the European Research Council, ERC-230374 (Dorret Boomsma), and Amsterdam Neuroscience. OATS: OATS (Older Australian Twins Study) was facilitated by access to Twins Research Australia, which is funded by a National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Enabling Grant 310667. OATS is also supported via a NHMRC/Australian Research Council Strategic Award (401162) and a NHMRC Project Grant (1045325). DNA extraction was performed by Genetic Repositories Australia, which was funded by a NHMRC Enabling Grant (401184). OATS genotyping was partly funded by a Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Flagship Collaboration Fund Grant. PAFIP: PAFIP data were collected at the Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain, under the following grant support: Carlos III Health Institute PIE14/00031 and SAF2013-46292-R and SAF2015-71526-REDT. We wish to acknowledge IDIVAL Neuroimaging Unit for imaging acquirement and analysis.We want to particularly acknowledge the patients and the BioBankValdecilla (PT13/0010/0024) integrated in the Spanish National Biobanks Network for its collaboration. QTIM: The QTIM study was supported by grants from the US National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01 HD050735) and the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) (486682, 1009064). Genotyping was supported by NHMRC (389875). Lachlan Strike is supported by an Australian Postgraduate Award (APA). AFM is supported by NHMRC CDF 1083656. We thank the twins and siblings for their participation, the many research assistants, as well as the radiographers, for their contribution to data collection and processing of the samples. SHIP: SHIP is part of the Community Medicine Research net of the University of Greifswald, Germany, which is funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (grants no. 01ZZ9603, 01ZZ0103, 01ZZ0403 and 01ZZ0701), the Ministry of Cultural Affairs as well as the Social Ministry of the Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania, and the network 'Greifswald Approach to Individualized Medicine (GANI_MED)' funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (grant 03IS2061A). Genome-wide data have been supported by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (grant no. 03ZIK012) and a joint grant from Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Germany and the Federal State of Mecklenburg- West Pomerania. Whole-body MR imaging was supported by a joint grant from Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Germany and the Federal State of Mecklenburg West Pomerania. The University of Greifswald is a member of the Caché Campus program of the InterSystems GmbH. StrokeMRI: StrokeMRI has been supported by the Research Council of Norway (249795), the South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority (2014097, 2015044, 2015073) and the Norwegian ExtraFoundation for Health and Rehabilitation. TOP: TOP is supported by the Research Council of Norway (223273, 213837, 249711), the South East Norway Health Authority (2017-112), the Kristian Gerhard Jebsen Stiftelsen (SKGJ‐MED‐008) and the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013), grant agreement no. 602450 (IMAGEMEND). We acknowledge the technical support and service from the Genomics Core Facility at the Department of Clinical Science, the University of Bergen ; Peer Reviewed

Puerto Rico and Newfoundland are located at two extremes of the Atlantic Ocean, the former in the Caribbean Sea and the latter in the North Sea of the American continent. Both formations—former colonies from Spain and Great Britain—have been linked through the production and consumption of salted fish (that is, cod and other members of the Gadidae family) from the 16th to the 20th century. Spain transferred to the Caribbean colonies its "addiction" to cod, a cheap source of protein for peasants and laborers in the Peninsula, and a foodstuff that became the source of protein for slaves, peasants, and rural workers in the Caribbean.The British also used that alimentary strategy in their Caribbean colonies, which became importers of salted fish from New England, Labrador, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland, a territory that dominated the production and processing (culling and salting) of cod. The plantation system required a cheap protein source for the slave labor force that the American codfish market provided. By the end of the 19th century, the supply of New England cod waned (due to a number of reasons), and that opened up an opportunity for Newfoundland to become the most important supplier of fish, a commodity mediated at first through the British authorities, and later by the merchants of the Dominion. The expansion of the productive frontier—from the 19th to the 20th century—required the investment of capital in larger boats and an increase in effort through the use of nets and long liners in waters distant from the inshore areas.This paper presents an anthropological and historical analysis of the relationship between Puerto Rico and the producers of salted fish in the North Sea, namely, New England and Newfoundland, through the use of a number of historical and ethnographical studies and, most importantly, through the analysis of primary sources from the General Archive of Puerto Rico, the National Records and Archives Administration in the United States, and the Provincial Archive of Labrador and Newfoundland. This research started, originally, with an interest in understanding the relationship between both markets in their complex export-import relationship, and with a special focus on the 20th century due to the availability of the primary sources. However, this effort led me to the search for other historical and ethnographic sources that documented the social, economic, and political processes that shaped the production of salted fish and the circulation of that commodity in the Atlantic Ocean, with emphasis on the Caribbean.In that context, the work of Jason Moore proved to be pertinent as a theoretical model to analyze the role of producers and consumers of cheap foodstuffs on a global scale. The World-Ecology model, and the concepts of production frontiers, commodity frontiers, and ecological surplus are extremely useful in understanding how Newfoundland expanded the productive frontier, both horizontally and vertically, by moving the effort from the inshore areas to the offshore banks, which required fishing in deeper waters. In order to provide a cheap commodity to the laborers of the plantation system of the Caribbean, the Newfoundland merchants exploited the unpaid labor of the women and children of the outports (coastal communities) in the processing phase (culling and salting), while forcing the men to look for cash in other subsidiary activities. Low wages and poor working conditions in the curing of fish discouraged laborers to do high-quality work, and therefore, the curing was not always of the required standard for the markets. However, the low-quality fish, the Labrador cure, found its way to the Puerto Rican market. The United States, in the defense of its vested interests in sugarcane cultivation and sugar production, imposed low prices for the importation of salted fish from Newfoundland, and therefore regulated the price per pound at the local markets.The work of Jason Moore matches the theoretical model developed by Daniel Pauly, a scientist devoted to the study of the global fisheries, and particularly those of the North Sea. For Pauly, the fate of the world fisheries has been in the hands of a threefold expansion (dubbed as the "toxic triad") led by the development in fisheries technologies over the past four hundred years, and accelerated in the 19th and 20th centuries. Those are the geographical expansion, the bathymetric expansion and the taxonomic expansion. That is, global fisheries expanded their productive activities to new geographical frontiers hitherto explored or utilized, including depths. It also expanded the number of species caught, a process that impacted the food chain. Industrialization, and the use of trawler nets in the 20th century, depleted the North Sea fish stocks and destroyed benthic habitats, which contributed to the collapse of 1992. An "undercurrent" flowing in this paper consists of the argument that there is a strong correspondence between the theoretical thinking of Jason Moore and that of the most progressive fishery scientists, exemplified by Pauly.Over the last thirty years, I have been involved in research and applied work related to fisheries management and the conservation of habitats and fish populations and stocks. In understanding the relationship between Puerto Rico and Newfoundland, I became interested in the history of fisheries management and conservation, and the economic and political forces that contributed to the collapse of the stocks and populations of cod (Gadus morhua) and other Gadidae that forced the 1992 closure and the demise of one of the most important fisheries in our hemisphere. Data and interpretations from a number of studies suggest that, for a long period of time, the 1992 closure reflected the cumulative effect of centuries of the intensification of production, due to the demand for cod from different parts of the world. This paper suggests that Puerto Rico played a critical role in that process, due to the importance of imports from Newfoundland. Throughout the 20th century, Puerto Rico was one of the most important buyers of salted fish, importing as much as all the Caribbean islands at different points in time. That is a line of research that I will continue to pursue, and this paper is a first step in that direction.Newfoundland tried to maintain the salt fish market of the Caribbean until the 1960s, when Puerto Rico was in the midst of an industrialization and modernization process that reshaped the taste and consumption patterns of the population. By then, cod ceased to be a gastronomic addiction, despite the efforts of two merchant classes, one in St. John's and the other in San Juan.The article is divided into eight sections that broadly cover the following topics: the history of salted fish consumption and production in the North Sea, Spain, and New England; the British and Newfoundland market in Puerto Rico; cod consumption in Puerto Rico during the 19th century; the relations of production (ecological surplus) that made possible cheap cod; 20th century transformations in Puerto Rico, and a final reflection on the role of Puerto Rico and Newfoundland in the World-Ecology. ; Este artículo explora, por medio del examen y análisis de estudios antropológicos, históricos y de las fuentes documentales de varios archivos, la relación entre Puerto Rico y Terranova, como consumidores y productores de pescado salado, respectivamente. El bacalao fue un alimento barato usado para sostener a la fuerza de trabajo esclavizada y libre en la larga duración caribeña y trasatlántica. El desarrollo del capitalismo, según Jason Moore, ha dependido de la expansión de las fronteras productivas (zonas de explotación de mano de obra y recursos) y de la extracción y consumo de insumos baratos. Para ello, ha dependido de la extracción de un excedente ecológico basado, en este caso, en la apropiación del trabajo no remunerado de mujeres y niños. El bacalao se produjo en unas condiciones de explotación y trabajo no remunerado de hombres, mujeres y niños en Terranova, para alimentar a familias pobres en Puerto Rico. El objetivo principal de este trabajo consiste aplicar esos planteamientos teóricos de Moore, en el análisis de esas dos formaciones sociales, que han sido colonias de poderes imperiales; ambas vinculadas en una Ecología-Mundo basada en la producción y el consumo del bacalao; un proceso mediado por las clases mercantiles de ambos territorios. Las islas caribeñas estuvieron vinculadas a ese comercio trasatlántico (que incluía esclavos, melaza, rones y maderas) a través de intercambios con Terranova y Nueva Inglaterra, desde el siglo XVI. Los siglos XIX y XX, con el auge de la producción azucarera en Puerto Rico, fueron determinantes en establecer ese patrón de consumo y Terranova fue uno de los principales productores y suplidores de ese producto a Puerto Rico y el Caribe, manteniendo una estrategia de expansión de la frontera productiva, saliendo de la pesca costera para pescar en los grandes bancos, mediante un proceso sistemático de acumulación e inversión de capital, articulado por innovaciones en las artes de pesca y las embarcaciones. Este artículo sugiere que la suma de las importaciones por los países del Caribe contribuyó al eventual colapso de los abastos pesqueros de Terranova. Este trabajo es un primer paso en el análisis de la profunda relación entre el capital y la naturaleza y un paso en la exploración de como esas relaciones trasatlánticas fueron configurando el trabajo y la naturaleza en dos extremos del océano. Cuando se escriba la historia de las poblaciones de peces y los abastos pesqueros de Terranova, habrá que contar con la participación de Puerto Rico, y su rol en el proceso de intensificación de la producción, es decir, de la expansión de la frontera vertical y de la horizontal de la producción.