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This study aims to evaluate worldwide official financial flows by international financial institutions to selected 123 countries of the world. The design of the study is composed of a review of literature elicited from research databases, extraction of secondary data of World Development Indicators (WDI) 2020, and mathematical analysis. In real time, cross-sectional country-level data, a classical process of Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) has been applied. Results of the study show that Argentina, Ethiopia, Bangladesh, India, Egypt, Arab Rep., Kenya, Costa Rica, Vietnam, Chad, Tanzania, Colombia, Uzbekistan, Nepal, Indonesia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Cameroon, and Uganda have exceptionally high grey relational grade meaning thereby, having an effective system of obtaining official international financial flows. Zimbabwe, Russian Federation, Botswana, Afghanistan, Bulgaria, South Africa, Burundi, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Armenia, Pakistan, Peru, Romania, and Ukraine have poor grey relational grade meaning thereby, having a relatively weak system of obtaining official financial flows. It is a unique study that provides extensive information on the official financial flows of more than a hundred countries of the world and provides the basis for the informed opinion of policymakers, political governments, economic policymakers, researchers, and academia. It also provides valuable information useful for international financial institutions.

This up-to-date and informative book provides a comprehensive treatment of the costs of trading across borders and of trade facilitation policies. While traditional tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade have been reduced, international trade continues to involve higher costs in money and time than domestic trade. These include not only transport costs, that are determined by distance and commodity characteristics, but also at-the-border and behind-the-border costs which can be reduced by appropriate policies. Research on trade costs has flourished since the turn of the century, and this book

AbstractThe role of smuggling in forced migration has been a leading policy challenge of the Syrian refugee crisis in Europe and the Middle East. This study investigates how anti‐smuggling government policies have shaped migratory risks for Syrian refugees in five countries: Jordan, Turkey, Greece, Serbia and Germany. Original evidence from in‐depth interviews (n=123), surveys (n=100), expert interviews (n=75) and ethnography reveal that government anti‐smuggler policies have: (a) endangered Syrian refugees by shifting risk from smugglers to their clients; (b) distorted refugees' perceptions of risk, and; (c) decreased refugees' confidence in government representatives while increasing dependence on smugglers. These data are unique in scope and topic, expanding the existing literature with an emphasis on understudied experiences during migration. The paper concludes with a policy recommendation that acknowledges the reality of smugglers' role in forced migrants' decisions, offering a pragmatic alternative of strategic pre‐emption of smugglers.

When class, language, and cultural differences abound between community residents and universities, it is particularly important for service-learning coordinators to take a step back from "helping" and work toward "understanding" through community-based research. Through an in-depth discussion of the evolution of this project and our successes and failures doing service learning for the past six years in rural Nicaragua, we argue that research is an essential component of any international service–learning partnership not only for much needed assessment purposes but also for its relationship building potential both inside and outside of the host community.

In modern conditions of development of public relations, the creation of objects of intellectual property rights by artificial intelligence is becoming more widespread. With this in mind, it is important to analyze the international legal experience of regulating the use of artificial intelligence as the author of intellectual property, to further borrow it for domestic laws, as well as to pay attention to problematic aspects of such regulation and make proposals to resolve inconsistencies. The study clarifies the international legal regulation of intellectual property rights created by artificial intelligence, as well as analyses the problematic issues of regulation of artificial intelligence by international law and the features of such regulation in Ukraine and presents positions on the development of artificial intelligence systems and prospects, as well as the prospects for its impact on world society.