Suchergebnisse

Рассматриваются основные тенденции в развитии торговой деятельности городской и рабочей потребительской кооперации Сибири во второй половине 1920-х гг. На основе анализа опубликованных материалов и архивных документов автор обосновывает вывод об изменении характера торговой деятельности кооперативов и переходе к нормированию отпуска продовольственных и промышленных товаров и карточному снабжению. ; In the article the main progress trends of the trading activity of Siberian urban and labour consumer's cooperation in late 1920s is revealed. In 1926-1927 its trading network kept on extending, the commodity circulation increased, the number of cooperatives' shareholders grew. The campaigns of reducing prices, cutting down expenses etc., carried out by the initiative of the party and state bodies, decreased profits of cooperatives. Within transfer to forced industrialization (1928-1929) the conditions of consumer cooperation's functioning changed: the state's crediting harshly reduced, cooperatives had to work relying mainly on their own resources coming from trade profit as well as shares, investments and prepayments of cooperative societies' members. Moreover, the cooperatives were charged with a serious task to replace private merchants, whom the Soviet state attacked determinedly. The urban and labour cooperation could not perform this task completely because of lack of money for creating new trading points, bureaucratism, and lack of mobility and flexibility of the cooperative machinery. As a result, the trading deserts appeared, which were areas where private trader cut down its business while cooperation didn't create a trade network. Hardship with grain procurements that appeared in 1927-1928, repeated in 1928-1929, which led to irregularity in population supplying with food. In the circumstances the consumer cooperation had to convert to rationing of delivery of foodstuffs first bread, then cereals, sugar, butter, meat etc. In 1928/1929 economic year rationing and card supply included all main foodstuffs. A similar process took place with manufactured goods. The first five-year plan gave preference to the development of heavy industry while production of commodities was financed residually. Besides, large amounts of goods were sent to the countryside in order to stimulate the peasants to hand in bread. All this determined critical deficiency of manufactured goods, which came to be given out in accordance with orders and coupons. Thus trade was replaced with distribution of class character. Labour possessed the top priority of being supplied while alien elements were excluded from the victual lists. The consumer cooperation was converted into the distributive machinery in the state hands as it used to be in the military communism time.

Este artículo parte del análisis de algunas contribuciones teóricas sobre la conceptualización del cuerpo en las sociedades contemporáneas, que nos permitirá dialogar con las experiencias reflexivas de un grupo de chicos sobre el aprendizaje de la(s) masculinidad(es)i en sus vidas. El énfasis fenomenológico y político del cuerpo en los estudios feministas -con la noción de corporización- ha sido fundamental para problematizar las variables encarnadas de género, raza, edad, clase social, (dis)capacidad, etc. que no sólo operan en una relación de poder sobre nuestros cuerpos, sino también como locus de agencia y resistencia. La teoría queer con la deconstrucción de la sexualidad normativa -gracias a la noción de performatividad- será clave para entender el papel fundamental que la sexualidad desempeña en la construcción de la(s) subjetividad(es). Los relatos de los chicos nos permitirán explorar el papel que la actividad física y el deporte tiene en sus vidas como mediadores en la construcción de subjetividades "masculinas", muchas veces como un espacio opresor de identidad de género y opción sexual, y abrir la reflexión a las visiones hegemónicas de cuerpo que median tanto la educación física en las escuelas, como en el deporte de competición y/o de elite, y sus representaciones en los mass media. ; This article begins with an analysis of some theoretical contributions about the conceptualization of body in contemporary societies. These allow us to set a dialogue with the reflective experiences of a group of teenagers about how they learn masculinitiesi in their lives. Phenomenological and political emphasis on the body carried out by Feminists -with the notion of embodiment- have been essential in giving complexity to embodied issues such as gender, race, age, social class (dis)abilities, etc. which not only operate in a relation of power in our selves, but also as a locus of resistance and agency. Queer theory and its deconstruction of normative sexuality -with the concept of performativity- will be basic to understand the fundamental role that sexuality has in the construction of subjectivities. The accounts of teens will allow us to explore the paper that physical activities and sport have in their lives as mediators in the construction of their "masculine" subjectivities, many times as an oppressor space of their sexual and gender identity, and open an analysis of the hegemonic body representations that mediate not only physical education in schools, but also sport of competition and elite, and their representations in mass media.

Este artículo parte del análisis de algunas contribuciones teóricas sobre la conceptualización del cuerpo en las sociedades contemporáneas, que nos permitirá dialogar con las experiencias reflexivas de un grupo de chicos sobre el aprendizaje de la(s) masculinidad(es)i en sus vidas. El énfasis fenomenológico y político del cuerpo en los estudios feministas -con la noción de corporización- ha sido fundamental para problematizar las variables encarnadas de género, raza, edad, clase social, (dis)capacidad, etc. que no sólo operan en una relación de poder sobre nuestros cuerpos, sino también como locus de agencia y resistencia. La teoría queer con la deconstrucción de la sexualidad normativa -gracias a la noción de performatividad- será clave para entender el papel fundamental que la sexualidad desempeña en la construcción de la(s) subjetividad(es). Los relatos de los chicos nos permitirán explorar el papel que la actividad física y el deporte tiene en sus vidas como mediadores en la construcción de subjetividades "masculinas", muchas veces como un espacio opresor de identidad de género y opción sexual, y abrir la reflexión a las visiones hegemónicas de cuerpo que median tanto la educación física en las escuelas, como en el deporte de competición y/o de elite, y sus representaciones en los mass media. ; This article begins with an analysis of some theoretical contributions about the conceptualization of body in contemporary societies. These allow us to set a dialogue with the reflective experiences of a group of teenagers about how they learn masculinitiesi in their lives. Phenomenological and political emphasis on the body carried out by Feminists -with the notion of embodiment- have been essential in giving complexity to embodied issues such as gender, race, age, social class (dis)abilities, etc. which not only operate in a relation of power in our selves, but also as a locus of resistance and agency. Queer theory and its deconstruction of normative sexuality -with the concept of performativity- will be basic to understand the fundamental role that sexuality has in the construction of subjectivities. The accounts of teens will allow us to explore the paper that physical activities and sport have in their lives as mediators in the construction of their "masculine" subjectivities, many times as an oppressor space of their sexual and gender identity, and open an analysis of the hegemonic body representations that mediate not only physical education in schools, but also sport of competition and elite, and their representations in mass media.

Este artículo parte del análisis de algunas contribuciones teóricas sobre la conceptualización del cuerpo en las sociedades contemporáneas, que nos permitirá dialogar con las experiencias reflexivas de un grupo de chicos sobre el aprendizaje de la(s) masculinidad(es)i en sus vidas. El énfasis fenomenológico y político del cuerpo en los estudios feministas -con la noción de corporización- ha sido fundamental para problematizar las variables encarnadas de género, raza, edad, clase social, (dis)capacidad, etc. que no sólo operan en una relación de poder sobre nuestros cuerpos, sino también como locus de agencia y resistencia. La teoría queer con la deconstrucción de la sexualidad normativa -gracias a la noción de performatividad- será clave para entender el papel fundamental que la sexualidad desempeña en la construcción de la(s) subjetividad(es). Los relatos de los chicos nos permitirán explorar el papel que la actividad física y el deporte tiene en sus vidas como mediadores en la construcción de subjetividades "masculinas", muchas veces como un espacio opresor de identidad de género y opción sexual, y abrir la reflexión a las visiones hegemónicas de cuerpo que median tanto la educación física en las escuelas, como en el deporte de competición y/o de elite, y sus representaciones en los mass media. ; This article begins with an analysis of some theoretical contributions about the conceptualization of body in contemporary societies. These allow us to set a dialogue with the reflective experiences of a group of teenagers about how they learn masculinitiesi in their lives. Phenomenological and political emphasis on the body carried out by Feminists -with the notion of embodiment- have been essential in giving complexity to embodied issues such as gender, race, age, social class (dis)abilities, etc. which not only operate in a relation of power in our selves, but also as a locus of resistance and agency. Queer theory and its deconstruction of normative sexuality -with the concept of performativity- will be basic to understand the fundamental role that sexuality has in the construction of subjectivities. The accounts of teens will allow us to explore the paper that physical activities and sport have in their lives as mediators in the construction of their "masculine" subjectivities, many times as an oppressor space of their sexual and gender identity, and open an analysis of the hegemonic body representations that mediate not only physical education in schools, but also sport of competition and elite, and their representations in mass media. ; Departamento de Educación Física

Environmental problems have gone, when it comes to their discussion, beyond the purely scientific arena, to being also discussed at a political stage, giving birth to what has been called Political Ecology. The dimensions of the problem, as well as its global nature, have created some sort of political institutionality which ranges from international organisms, UNO, World Bank, etc, to very local organizations. This approach has two conceptual positions at its base: environmentalism, which gives preeminence to man over nature, with its trends ofEcodevelopment which leans on local ecology and culture; and Sustainable Development which leans on economic growth which should generate resources to alleviate environmental damage and social inequities. On the other hand Ecologism conceives man as another element within nature whose survival depends on accepting all the unbreakable links with the other living beings and the physical surroundings. It also has two trends: Deep Ecology which advocates respect for nature as a systemic unit within which man is immerse; and Global Ecoethics which stands for political action that departs from accepting current man's responsibility towards the forthcoming human societies, whose wellbeing will depend on our respect for natural dynamics ; La problemática ambiental ha desbordado, para su discusión, el ámbito puramente científico, para ser debatida a nivel político, dando origen a la llamada Ecología Política La magnitud del problema y su carácter global, ha creado una institucionalidad política que va desde organismos internacionales, ONU, Banco Mundial, etc., hasta organizaciones muy locales. El enfoque tiene dos posiciones conceptuales defondo: el ambientalismo, que dapreeminencia al hombre sobre la naturaleza, con sus corrientes de Ecodesarrollo que se apoya en la ecología y la cultura locales; y el Desarrollo Sostenible que se apoya en un crecimiento económico que debe generar recursos para mitigar los daños ambientales y las iniquidades sociales. Del otro lado el Ecologismo que reconoce al hombre como otro elemento dentro de la naturaleza y cuya sobrevivencia depende de reconocer todas las ataduras insoslayables con los otros seres vivos y el entornofisico. Presenta también dos corrientes: la Ecología Profunda que propende por el respeto a la naturaleza como unidad sistèmica dentro de la cual está inmerso el hombre; y la Ecoética Global que promueve una acción política que parta de reconocer la Responsabilidad del Hombre actual con la Sociedadfutura, cuyo bienestar dependerá de nuestro respeto a la dinámica natural.

[Extract] Moderns do not expect persons to display constancy of purpose or to pursue the sorts of purposes (ends-in-themselves) that can be constantly attended to. Modernity does not speak to its denizens in these terms. What "matters" in modern life is that persons can choose and re-choose, their purposes and activities. Whether these are trivial pursuits or not, whether the choices are transient or not, is irrelevant from the modern point of view. Persons of good (rational) character are marginalised in Modernity. Of course, moderns must protect themselves from the harms caused by "fly by night" characters (the unreliable, the dishonest, etc.) if only to protect the integrity of modem choice. However, modern institutions do this not via ethical norms but procedurally. Democracy has its electoral procedures, the market its notification procedures, science its experimental procedures, hospitals their supervisory checks, films and recordings their classification, production and copyright rules. These procedures are "rules of the game" that outlaw privileges, rotten boroughs, gerrymanders, cheating, manipulation - anything that interferes with choices people make or that interferes with the (second order) choices people make in response to others' (first order) choices. Abuses and manipulations do occur, of course, but not pervasively. More interestingly, modem societies do not rely on personal character to prevent such abuses. They do not rely on what the Romans called the bona fides of the politician or the broadcaster. They do not rely on ethical norms, whether of a pagan or a religious kind. Even the unscrupulous and aggrandisers can play by the "rules of the game" (most of the time at least). Once, to be a Christian, you needed to act charitably, faithfully; to be a citizen, you had to act liberally (by giving to the public purse, giving your time to serve in public capacities, etc.) or courageously in public. You were what you were via the continuous observance of norms. The Christian, the citizen had to deliberate, to choose how and when to observe norms. They had a "freedom of conscience" but choice (freedom) was not the centre of their existence. They did not pursue the goods of freedom (free inquiry, free market, democratic choice) but rather choices were made in the course of being a good citizen or a good (charitable, caring, concerned) person. Modernity offers a choice-centred. freedom-centred form of existence. Its culture is a culture of contingency.

Drinking to excess has been a striking problem for industrial and post-industrial societies - who is responsible when an individual opts for a slow suicide? The causes of such drinking have often been blamed on genes, moral weakness, 'disease' (addiction), hedonism, and Romantic illusion. Yet there is another reason: the drinker may act with sincere philosophical intent, exploring the edges of self, consciousness, will, ethics, authenticity and finitude. Beginning with Jack London's 'John Barleycorn': alcoholic memoirs the book goes on to cover novels such as Jean Rhys's 'Good Morning, Midnight', Malcolm Lowry's 'Under the Volcano', Charles Jackson's 'The Lost Weekend' and John O'Brien's 'Leaving Las Vegas', and less familiar works such as Frederick Exley's 'A Fan's Notes', Venedikt Yerofeev's 'Moscow-Petushki', and A.L. Kennedy's 'Paradise'

Signatures: [A]⁴ B-E⁴ F². "Corrections."--Page [44]. FAU Libraries' copy imperfect: cover missing; edges trimmed to 20 cm. ; Florida Atlantic University Libraries' Marvin and Sybil Weiner Spirit of America Collection, Pamphlets: Speeches B12F20 ; Florida Atlantic Digital Library Collections

Today the EU as the fortress Europe is a regime that produces an accelerated legally sanctioned system of restrictions, discriminations and economic dispossessions; a space of intensified racialization that has at its core structural racism. Racialization refers to a process by which certain groups of people are singled out for unique treatment on the basis of real or imagined physical characteristics. Mostly it targets activities of those termed as (ethnic) minorities. It transforms societies into racialized societies. This process is today going so far that we have a process of racialization being imputed, without any "race" prerogatives but serving as a measure of class discrimination, subjugation, and finally dispossession. The EU is providing the grounds for not only a state of exception but for a racial-State, giving a free hand to detention, segregation and discrimination under the veil of the protection of nation-State citizens and even the protection of refugees from "themselves," from their "drive" to try to illegally enter fortress Europe and therefore probably being in a situation to die. These processes of invigorated control of borders, expulsion of refugees, etc., are judicially, economically and, last but not least, discursively and representationally (as different semio-technological regimes), ratified, legislated, and normativized. Today it is central to draw a genealogy of racism that parallels capitalism's historical transformations and historicization. ; Evropska unija kot trdnjava Evrope je režim, ki ustvarja pospešen sistem zakonskih sankcij za omejevanje, diskriminacijo in gospodarsko razlastitev; to je prostor intenzivne rasizacije, ki sloni na strukturnem rasizmu. Rasizacija se nanaša na postopek, s katerim se določene skupine ljudi loči na podlagi resničnih ali namišljenih fizičnih lastnosti. Večinoma je usmerjena v dejavnosti tistih, ki jih označujejo kot (etnične) manjšine. Družbe spreminja v rasizirane družbe. Ta proces danes sega tako daleč, da se nam vsiljuje proces rasizacije celo brez kakršnih koli »rasnih« značilnosti, ampak služi kot merilo za razredno diskriminacijo, podrejanje in na koncu razlastitev. EU zagotavlja pogoje ne le za izredna stanja pač pa tudi za rasno državo in ustvarja proste cone za pridržanja, segregacije in diskriminacije pod krinko zaščite državljanov posameznih evropskih nacionalnih držav in celo zaščite beguncev pred njimi »samimi« in njihovimi »obsesijami«, ko skušajo ilegalno vstopiti v trdnjavo Evropo in bodo zato verjetno v smrtni nevarnosti. Ti procesi okrepljenega nadzora meja, izgona beguncev itd., so pravno, ekonomsko in nenazadnje diskurzivno in reprezentativno (kot različni semiotično tehnološki režimi), ratificirani, zakonsko urejeni in normativizirani. Zato je danes osrednja naloga sestaviti genealogijo rasizma, ki pa teče vzporedno z zgodovinskimi preobrazbami kapitalizma.

Статтю присвячено аналізу змісту і практичної реалізації польськогоетосу громадського служіння як певної системи ціннісно-світоглядних іморальних установок, що реалізовувалися через повсякденні практики.Вітчизняні науковці О. Ніколаєнко, Є. Сінкевич, Г. Штан, Ю. Поліщук,О. Буравський досліджували проблеми польських суспільно-політичних ігромадських рухів у контексті модерних трансформацій в українськихтеренах, показали взаємообумовленість специфіки розв'язання «польсь-кого питання» Віднем і Санкт-Петербургом та зростання громадськоїактивності поляків, а також вплив на генезис національних рухів іншихнедержавних народів, що опинилися під владою Габсбургів і Романових.Автор дійшов висновку, що модерні стратегії громадського служіння по-єднали шляхетські корпоративні традиції із новою ідеєю активної жит-тєвої позиції кожного поляка, що сприяло збереженню національної іден-тичності, виробленню нових форм і методів боротьби за відновленнявтраченої державності. ; The article is devoted to the analysis of the content and practical implementation of the Polish ethos of service for the community as a certain system of value-ideological and moral attitudes that were implemented through everyday practices. The author concluded that the ethos of community service had represented a set of values and worldview that had been a synthesis of traditions of shlyachta's republicanism of the Commonwealth, in particular in the sphere of public activity as a manifestation of patriotism, with the new European ideas of individualism and active life position of individual members ofsociety. The absence of legal channels for the implementation of national and political rights and freedoms of Poles had caused the increasing of activity in the cultural, educational, business, charity, and other spheres of public life. It led toa further demarcation between public and private spheres of social life, the increasing role of the Polish traditional social institutions, in particular the Catholic Church and the family.The ideology of positivism and the ideas of "organic working", which spread in Polish society after the defeat of the January uprising of 1863, made an important influence on the idea of working for the community. The most common forms of social activity of the Poles in this period were the foundation of various charitable societies, the opening of illegal schools, in particular boarding houses for girls. First of all, at the expense of the public, the number of Polishperiodicals increased, sports and cultural associations, mutual aid societies were founded, etc. Throughout this period, the working for the community was seen as the duty of every conscious Pole, whose implementation would bring aboutthe restoration of the Polish state.

WOS: 000384748800011 ; Problem Statement: Societies are facing several kinds of problems in the world today as chaos among the countries, conflicts between different groups, wars and diseases. It can be claimed that solving these problems is impossible unless societies care about humanistic cooperation, tolerance and peace. Individuals required developing fundamental values as peace, love, respect, tolerance, etc. to be an active and responsible citizen of a democratic society. Peace education can be a part of school program to develop positive peace understanding in students. Students' perception regarding the world can be seen in their drawings. Therefore, it is important to reveal students' perception about peace through their drawings. Purpose of the Study: This study aims to investigate fifth grade students' perception of peace through their drawings. In direction of this main purpose, the answers of the questions have been looked for "How do the students reflect their perception of peace in their drawings?" and "How do the students reflect their perception of peace in written opinions?" Method: Phenomenological design was used in this study. The participants of the study were a total of 23 students who attended the fifth grade at a primary school in 2011-2012 spring term in Eskisehir. Data of the study were gathered by students' drawings, semi-structured interviews and students' writings. Inductive analysis was used in the study. Findings: Findings of the study showed that students emphasized peace in parents, interpersonal peace, and peace among countries in their drawings. Moreover, they drew peace in sports and nature, and they reflect peace with symbols to their drawings. Students conceptually defined peace as avoiding fight and war, agreement and friendship in their written opinions. Additionally, students compared peace to the dove, bird, butterfly, rope, family, friends, siblings, earth, world and Turkey in their written opinions. Conclusion and Recommendations: The results of this study reveal that students used some statements in terms of positive peace in their written opinions as agreement and friendship, developing universal values. However, they described peace as a negative peace in their drawings. Suggestions were offered on the basis of the results of the study to develop students' perception about positive peace. For instance, interdisciplinary activities can be organized to develop a positive perception of peace for students. Informative seminars can be organized for teachers, pre-service teachers and parents about peace education. Moreover, applied research can be designed to develop a positive perception of peace for students.

В статье рассматривается статус исламоведения как научного направления. Отмечается размытость предмета исследования и отсутствие общепринятых методологи-ческих подходов. Поляризация научных мнений связывается с тем, что сами исследователи в области ислама представляют различные специальности. Указывается, что современное исламоведение, развивавшееся под влиянием традиций востоковедения, в основном сосредоточено на источниковедческой проблематике и рассмотрении идеологических контекстов ислама. При этом исследователей мало интересует оценка реальных социокультурных трансформаций в исламских сообществах. По мнению автора, отсутствие общепринятой парадигмы осмысления истории исламской цивилизации является основной проблемой при разработке концепции трансформации исламских сообществ. Центральной же проблемой остается осмысление трансформаций взаи-моотношений религиозных и политических институтов в исламских сообществах. Имеются существенные расхождения в определении и характеристике понятий исламское возрождение, фундаментализм, модернизация и т. д. Ставится под сомнение адекватность отнесения консервативного салафитского течения к реформаторскому движению. Предлагается соотнесение, но не отождествление современных процессов в мусульманских сообществах с концепцией Реформации христианства в Западной Европе. Подчеркивается значимость процессов секуляризации мусульманских сообществ. По мнению автора, во многом именно этот процесс вызывает сложные реакции, вплоть до крайних проявлений радикализма.The author considers the status of Islamic studies as a research area and notes its vague subject and the lack of common methodological approaches. The polarization of researchers' opinions is explained by the fact that they specialize in different fields of Islamic studies that have been developing under the influence of traditions of Oriental studies. Contemporary Islamic studies are mainly focused on source studies and consider the ideological contexts of Islam. The researchers show less interest in the evaluation of real sociocultural transformations in Islamic communities. According to the author, the lack of common paradigm in the interpretation of the history of Islamic civilization is the main barrier in the development of the concept of Islamic communities transformations. The author concludes that understanding the mutual relations of religious and political institutions in Islamic societies remains a key issue. There are major discrepancies in the definition and the interpretation of such concepts as Islamic revival, fundamentalism, modernization, etc. This challenges the adequacy of relating the Salafi movement to the reformist movement. The author proposes that the correlation rather than the identification of modern processes in Islamic communities with the Reformation concept of Christianity in Western Europe should be established. The importance of secularization processes in Islamic societies is also emphasized. According to the author, it is this process that causes complicated reactions all the way to extreme manifestations of radicalism.

ÖZETAlternatif uyuşmazlık çözümü, uyuşmazlıkları resmi yargılama ve yargıç kararı olmaksızın çözmek için kullanılan yöntemlere verilen isimdir. Bu yöntemler tarafların karşılıklı oarak üzerinde anlaştıkları çözümlere ulaşmalarına olanak tanır. Alternatif uyuşmazlık çözümü, arabuluculuk, müzakere, tahkim, ombudsman, özet jüri duruşması, mini-duruşma gibi çok çeşitli yöntemleri içerir. Bu yöntemler tarafların yüz yüze görüşmelerine ve uyuşmazlıkla ilgili meseleleri gayri resmi ve özel bir biçimde değerlendirmelerine imkan verir.Uyuşmazlık çözüm yolları genel olarak üç ana başlıkta ele alınabilir. Bunlar, yargılama, alternatif uyuşmazlık çözümü ve şiddet ya da kaçınma gibi geleneksel yöntemlerdir. Farklı uyuşmazlık tipleri farklı yöntemlerin uygulanmasını gerektirebilir. Hangisinin uygun olduğu kültürel yapı, toplumsal olgular ve kişisel özellikler tarafından belirlenir. Bu tez, uyuşmazlık işleyişinin antropolojik ve sosyolojik boyutlarına yoğunlaşmakta ve alternatif uyuşmazlık çözümünü bu açıdan değerlendirmektedir. Çalışma iki ana bölümden oluşmaktadır. İlki uyuşmazlık çözümünün antropolojik ve sosyolojik kökenleriyle ilgilidir. Kültür, çatışma, geleneksel ve modern toplumlarda uyuşmazlık çözümü ve alternatif uyuşmazlık çözümünün tarihsel öncülleriyle ilgilidir. İkinci bölüm modern toplumlardaki alternatif uyuşmazlık çözümünü konu edinmektedir. Alternatif hareketin teorik dayanakları, ideoloji, iktidar ve uyuşmazlık süreci bağlantısı, alternatif uyuşmazlık çözümü adı altında kullanılan genel yöntemler ve Türk hukuk kültürüne yansımalarını kapsamaktadır.SUMMARYAlternative dispute resolution is the name given to the processes, which are used to resolve disputes, without formal adjudication and decision by a judge. These processes allow parties to reach mutually acceptable solutions. Alternative dispute resolution includes a variety of different processes including mediation, negotiation, arbitration, ombudsman, summary jury trial, mini-trial, etc. These methods let parties to meet face to face and consider the issues in a dispute by an informal and private way.Dispute resolution methods can be classified into three main ways. These are, adjudication, alternative dispute resolution and traditional methods as violence or avoidance. Different kinds of disputes may require different kinds of processes. Cultural structure, social facts and personal properties ascertain the appropriate one. This thesis concentrates on the anthropological and sociological aspects of dispute processing and commentate alternative dispute resolution in this perspective. This work includes two main parts. First one is about the anthropological and sociological sources of dispute resolution. It involves culture, conflict, dispute resolution in traditional and modern societies, historical antecedents of alternative dispute resolution. Second part is about alternative dispute resolution in modern societies. It includes theoretical basis of alternative movement, the relation between ideology, power and dispute process, general methods that are used under the name of alternative dispute resolution and its reflection to Turkish law culture.

Now more than ever, doctors are being targeted by government prosecutors and whistleblowers challenging the legality of their relationships with drug and device companies. With reputations at stake and the risk of civil and criminal liability, it is incumbent upon doctors to protect themselves. Managing Relationships with Industry: A Physician's Compliance Manualis an indispensable resource for doctors, professional societies, academic medical centers, community hospitals, and group practices struggling to understand the ever changing law and ethical standards on interactions with pharmaceutical and device companies. It is the first comprehensive summary of the law and ethics on physician relationships with industry written for the physician. Authored by a former state Attorney General, Harvard Medical School Professor, health care lawyer and professor of ethics, Managing Relationshipsapproaches the topic from a balanced and reasoned perspective adding to the on-going national dialogue and debate on the proper limits to medicine's relationship with industry. * The first complete and up-to-date summary and analysis of the law and ethics on physician-industry relationships * Focuses on major enforcement actions and whistleblower lawsuits and the lessons learned for physicians * Provides options and guidance for maintaining compliant relationships and avoiding traps for the unwary * Covers both drug and device company relationships * Summarizes the types of industry relationships that are necessary and productive and those that are harmful and abusive * Details the law and ethics for each type of relationship including gifts, off-label uses and marketing, CME, speaker's bureaus, free samples, grants, consulting arrangements, etc. * Includes sample contracts for permissible consulting and CME speaker engagements

This book challenges the approaches to human interaction based on supposedly universal 'maxims of conversation' and 'principles of politeness,' which fly in the face of reality as experienced by millions of people crossing language boundaries (refugees, immigrants, etc.) and which cannot help in the practical tasks of cross-cultural communication and education. In contrast to such approaches, this book is both theoretical and practical: it shows that in different societies, norms of human interaction are different and reflect different cultural attitudes and values; and it offers a framework within which different cultural norms and different ways of speaking can be effectively explored, explained, and taught. The book discusses data from a wide range of languages and it shows that the meanings expressed in human interaction and the different 'cultural scripts' prevailing in different speech communities can be clearly and intelligibly described and compared by using a 'natural semantic metalanguage,' based on empirically established universal human concepts. As the book shows, this metalanguage can be used as a basis for teaching successful cross-cultural communication, including the teaching of languages in a cultural context. Anna Wierzbicka is Professor at Australian National University, Canberra. 'The book can be regarded as a recapitulation of results obtained in all former scholarly projects carried by its author. [It] is one if the best manuals of widely understood pragmatics and ethnolinguistics of human speech, the more so as the traditoinal grammars and handbooks of linguistics usually leave the ethnography of speech in the background of linguistics analyses.'Tomasz Wicherkiewicz in: Linguistics and Oriental Studies from Poznan