Suchergebnisse

Purpose
Although research on family firms (FF) internationalization has seen a boom over the past 30 years, the understanding of how FFs internationalize with equity modes is still fragmented. Indeed, the majority of extant literature on this topic identifies internationalization with export, overlooking the alternative equity-based entry modes FFs have when entering a foreign country. The purpose of this paper is to fill this gap with a framework-based systematic literature review on the topic to improve the understanding of this phenomenon and propose a way forward.


Design/methodology/approach
This study conducted a framework-based systematic literature review of 93 papers published between 1993 and 2021.


Findings
This study adds to the current debate on FFs internationalization by integrating previous review efforts with a deeper investigation of FFs' equity-based entry modes. This study contributes to this body of knowledge in the family business research by synthetizing and systematizing extant literature with a framework-based approach from the international business (IB) field. In so doing, this study builds a stronger link between these two areas of research. Finally, research gaps and promising research avenues for future studies are also presented.


Originality/value
This study responds to the call to create a dialogue between the FFs and IB fields by systematizing the extant body of knowledge and integrating the FF literature with one of the most widely used frameworks (Pan and Tse, 2000) on entry modes in the IB domain.

Legal restrictions on international capital movements are imposed in many countries in an attempt to (partially) insulate their economies from abroad and pursue some degree of domestic policy independence. But is the imposition of capital controls effective in achieving these goals? We investigate this issue from a new angle by linking de jure restrictions on three specific asset categories of outflows and inflows with the corresponding component of capital flows. The analysis is based on a novel panel data set of capital controls data, disaggregated by asset class and by inflows/outflows, and covering 74 countries during 1995-2005. Using panel LSDV regressions, and including a host of well-known determinants of capital flows, we estimate a model of capital flows with four categories: equity-like flows (including FDI) and debt for both capital inflows and capital outflows. The estimated effects of capital controls vary markedly with the type of controls imposed: they are binding on capital outflows (debt, equity and FDI); have no apparent effect on capital inflows of various types; and are less effective in low and middle-income countries. Moreover, there are no apparent substitution effects so that controls on debt and equity outflows change the volume and composition of capital flows as well as the net flow of capital in each asset class. The large differences across asset categories in the effects of capital controls suggest that the common use of aggregate capital control indicators can be misleading.

AbstractThis article discloses the fact that there have coexisted two Chinese texts of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. One of the texts has been widely used by the United Nations and in China for more than three decades. However, it is not the authentic Chinese text of ICCPR. The authentic Chinese text of the Covenant, as published in the United Nations Treaty Series, has been rarely referred to in Chinese literature on human rights. The article compares the two texts and points out a number of mistakes in the widely used text in the light of the object and purpose of the Covenant. The article also analyses the legal and practical consequences of the situation, and proposes both a legally justifiable and practically acceptable solution to the problem.

The main purpose of this essay is to sustain the thesis of the priority application of international law over domestic law through a methodical and systematic interpretation of the Spanish Constitution of 1978. This qualification is not exclusive of the Spanish case. Constitutional systems such as that applicable in Germany before reunification, both in the Federal and in the Democratic Republic established the equivalence of general international law and domestic laws and, as the case may be, the prevalence of conventional international law. Although pertaining to a different legal system, mention should be made of English common law, so as to point that the Spanish Constitution is not an isolated and unusual case among homogeneous legal spaces, but follows a tradition common to almost all present legal systems. ; El presente ensayo tiene como finalidad principal exponer la tesis de la aplicación constitucional preferente del derecho internacional respecto del derecho interno, acudiendo a una interpretación metódica y sistemática de la Constitución española de 1978. Pero esta cualificación no es privativa del ordenamiento constitucional español. Sistemas como el alemán anterior a la reunificación, tanto de la República Federal como de la República Democrática, imponían la equivalencia del Derecho internacional general respecto a los ordenamientos internos y, en su caso, la prevalencia del derecho internacional convencional. Es pertinente citar, aunque pertenezca a un conjunto jurídico distinto, el caso del common law inglés y con eso queremos señalar que la Constitución española no es un supuesto aislado y extraño entre espacios jurídicos homogéneos, sino que sigue una tradición común a casi todos los sistemas jurídicos actuales.

Since the early 1970s a considerable number of multilateral agreements have been concluded in the environmental field that establish a common pattern of institutional arrangements. The purpose of these arrangements is to develop the normative content of the regulatory regime established by each agreement1 and to supervise the states parties' implementation of and compliance with that regime. These institutional arrangements usually comprise a conference or meeting of the parties (COP, MOP) with decision-making powers, a secretariat, and one or more specialist subsidiary bodies. Such arrangements, because of their ad hoc nature, are not intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) in the traditional sense. On the other hand, as the creatures of treaties, such conferences and meetings of the parties, with their secretariats and subsidiary bodies, add up to more than just diplomatic conferences. Because such arrangements do not constitute traditional IGOs and yet are freestanding and distinct both from the states parties to a particular agreement and from existing IGOs, we have chosen to describe them as "autonomous." They are also autonomous in the sense that they have their own lawmaking powers and compliance mechanisms.

As part of a larger inquiry into the consequences of international migration for those who remain in the country of origin, 234 adults in four Turkish provinces were interviewed concerning matters (mostly opinions) pertaining to the status of women. Three migrant‐status categories were defined; (a) Returned migrants, (b) Non‐migrant close kin or friends of migrants, and, as a control group, (c) All others. Controlling for age, sex, urban‐rural residence, and schooling, group (a) was the most likely to express "non‐traditional" views, and group (c) the least. Group (b) was in between.Of the two possible explanations for such a pattern – recruitment and socialization – we found recruitment highly significant. The evidence for socialization, however, was decidedly mixed. Some of the considerable diversity of viewpoints pertaining to the status of women found in this inquiry are doubtless causally associated with the experience of migration, whether direct or indirect. But there is also evidence here of a society in the process of rapid change; and it is these more general social changes, not migration as such, that would appear to be more likely to affect the status of women.There is little support for the contention that the type of international migration that has involved so many Turks these past three decades – migration that has for the most part been temporary and economically motivated and has consisted of movements from relatively poor agricultural or but slightly industrialized areas to rich, highly industrialized ones characterized by marked differences in language, religion, and overall culture – is going to result in moving the status of women from a more to a less "traditional" plane.

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the antecedents and outcomes of international opportunity identification (IOI) in export-manufacturing firms. The fundamental question addressed in this research is: How does dynamic managerial capability (DMC) of entrepreneurs contribute to IOI and success of the firms?Design/methodology/approachThe research model was tested through structural equation modeling among the readymade garment manufacturing firms in the least developed country, Bangladesh. A survey was conducted with a random sampling approach and responses were collected from 390 firms.FindingsThe salient findings are: DMC has direct and indirect impacts through IOI on financial and non-financial performance; IOI mediates the relationship between managerial social capital and non-financial performance and between managerial cognition and non-financial performance; IOI has a negative relationship with the financial performance of the firms; and scope of accelerated internationalization positively moderates the relationship between IOI and financial performance of firms.Originality/valueThis paper notably shows that DMC of export-manufacturing entrepreneurs leads to the identification of the right kind of opportunities, which, in turn, generate better performance. It is advantageous for this type of firm to operate a business in multiple countries.