Search results

Purpose: to show dependency of health policy approaches on the financial component at primary care level. Materials and Methods. We use system analysis methods to analyze state health policy implementation through the reform of family doctors remuneration mechanism. Results. Based on a critical study and legislative framework analysis, the article shows features of primary care unit financing. We highlight some points of family doctors activity which are especially sensitive to the system's financial changes. Competitive environment in the relations between public and private institutions that will provide primary health care in Ukraine and the role of finance in the development of this relationship is shown. We propose ways to stimulate family doctors' interest in public health. Conclusions. It is shown that the key functional unit of primary health care today is a family doctor, and the guarantor of health care and medical care to the population is the head physician of the primary health care center. It was he who was entrusted with establishing a care system, equipping the institution, providing service conditions for patients and family doctors. ; Мета: показати пряму залежність в підходах до формування політики здоров'я від фінансової складової на рівні первинної медичної допомоги. Матеріали і методи. Використовуючи методи системного аналізу проаналізовано механізми реалізації державної політики охорони здоров'я через призму реформи механізму оплати праці сімейних лікарів. Результати. У статті на основі критичного вивчення та аналізу законодавчої бази показано особливості фінансування первинної ланки медичної допомоги. Виділено окремі моменти діяльності сімейних лікарів, які потенційно можуть впливати на стан здоров'я населення і особливо чутливі до фінансових змін системи. Показано конкурентне середовище у відносинах між державними та приватними закладами, що надаватимуть первинну медико-санітарну допомогу (ПМСД) в Україні, впливають на стан громадського здоров'я та роль фінансів у розвитку цих стосунків. Запропоновано шляхи стимулювання зацікавлення сімейних лікарів у розвитку превентивних заходів у ракурсі громадського здоров'я. Висновки. Показано, що ключовою функціональною одиницею ПМСД на сьогодні є сімейний лікар, а гарантом забезпечення охорони здоров'я та надання медичної допомоги населенню – головний лікар центру ПМСД. Саме на нього покладено налагодження системи надання допомоги, оснащення закладу, забезпечення сервісних умов для пацієнтів та сімейних лікарів.

The article presents the updated concept of the notion of internationalization of higher education and describes its peculiarities in modern society. Recently the most important factor of the formation of internationalization of higher education is considered to be globalization. According to the current-day concept in the foreign literature, internationalization of higher education is the intentional process of integration of international, intercultural or global dimensions into the purpose, functions, and delivery of post-secondary education to improve the quality of education and research and to make a meaningful contribution to the development of society.Between many fundamentally accepted academic advantages of internationalization, the most prominent is the improvement of quality of education and research. The aims of internationalization of higher education are divided into aims of social justice (general education of the public, support of active citizenship), economic development (support of the local economy, knowledge transfer) and public good (support of social integration, democracy, and peace, fight against xenophobia and radicalization, development of global citizens). The degree of participation of educational institutions in internationalization is determined by the fact whether internationalization activity is planned and strategic or the result of the initiative of separate individuals. Four broad categories for rationales of internationalization are determined: political rationales (foreign policy, national security, and peace), economic rationales (economy growth, competitiveness), social and cultural rationales (intercultural understanding, intercultural competence) and academic rationales (extension of the academic horizon, institution building, profile, status). The important factor for the successful introduction of internationalization is the availability of adequate institutional strategies.Despite the unfavorable political conditions recently and the COVID-19 pandemic this year internationalization remains the mainstream direction in the development of higher education. ; У статті на основі аналізу зарубіжних джерел уточнено сутність поняття інтернаціоналізації вищої освіти, представлено основні віхи її становлення, визначено зв'язок інтернаціоналізації з глобалізацією, прояви інтернаціоналізації, її переваги і цілі, ступінь участі закладів вищої освіти у її розповсюдженні, обґрунтування мотивації інтернаціоналізації і важливість стратегій університетів для її успішного впровадження. Встановлено, що, незважаючи на несприятливі політичні умови, в деяких країнах останнім часом, а також розвиток пандемії цьогоріч, інтернаціоналізація залишається у фарватері розвитку вищої освіти.

The democratic legitimacy of African executives has been called into question substantially over the last decade. Using the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) as a case study, this evaluative research seeks to analyse how African executives and political elites continue to play a crucial role in inducing civil unrest and electoral violence. For African democracy to develop, there must be enforced resolutions to eradicate issues facing both procedural and substantive democracy on the continent. This research examined electoral violence and unconstitutional acts that aggravate electoral system abuse and diminish the consolidation of democracy in sub-Saharan African states, in particular the DRC. A specific focus on the leadership of Joseph Kabila in the DRC forms the case study component of this research. In 2016, elections were postponed in the DRC and the DRC's constitutional court interpreted Article 70 and Article 73 of the constitution in a manner that allowed President Kabila to remain in office until a newly elected president was installed. The court's ruling and interpretation of Article 70 and Article 73 was an attempt to avoid a power vacuum. The study evaluated the components that trigger the escalation of electoral violence in Sub-Saharan African states. The study reports on different contributory factors, including but not limited to, the impact of predatory and rent-seeking leadership towards electoral manipulation; and the effect of patron-client relations on democratic institutions. Even though elections are not the only indicator of democracy stability in a state, this study demonstrated how electoral violence threatens the consolidation of democracy in sub-Saharan African states, in particular the DRC. In examining electoral violence, a desktop analysis method, which was used in the study, involved the collection of data from existing resources in order to provide a more critical lens to understanding electoral violence in the DRC. The theoretical analysis used in the study is the Höglund (2009) framework on electoral institutions which outlined how political violence remains a pervasive feature in Sub-Saharan countries by linking the framework to patron-clientelism. ; Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Humanities, School of Governmental and Social Sciences, 2020

In the Common Law system judges have the power to create subsidiary laws: they make rules in strict sense. This Kind of power responds to a special way in which the Common Law develops and adapts itself to achieve the best rules for a given society. Understanding how the Australian law system works, as an example of a common law structure, and how judges interact with the parliament in the creation of the best rules of law -which makes the process coherent- is paramount for other legal systems that have a mixture of legal institutions from both civil and common law systems, as Colombia. Colombia has an unclear mixture of law systems, which generates an uncertainty of the application of the law producing both by judges and parliament, and serious structural law problems; so, understanding the basis of the common law system it is important to clarify the limits in the competence of each authority and the interaction between the law made by the Parliament and the one that the judges produce. ; In the Common Law system judges have the power to create subsidiary laws: they make rules in strict sense. This Kind of power responds to a special way in which the Common Law develops and adapts itself to achieve the best rules for a given society. Understanding how the Australian law system works, as an example of a common law structure, and how judges interact with the parliament in the creation of the best rules of law -which makes the process coherent- is paramount for other legal systems that have a mixture of legal institutions from both civil and common law systems, as Colombia. Colombia has an unclear mixture of law systems, which generates an uncertainty of the application of the law producing both by judges and parliament, and serious structural law problems; so, understanding the basis of the common law system it is important to clarify the limits in the competence of each authority and the interaction between the law made by the Parliament and the one that the judges produce.

This study discusses financial accouting standarss that must be used by Zakat Management Organizations (OPZ) as a from of transparency, and accountability to the public and government.The standards initiated by the Indonesian Accounting Association (IAI) namely, PSAK of number 109 concerning Zakat, Infaq/Alms. Accounting includes recognition and measurement, presentation and disclosure. In addition, it can increase the trust of muzaki to give their funds to official zakat institutions. One of them, namely the Inisiatif Zakat Indonesia (IZI) which has received the title of Fair without Exception in 2017. So, the research objective is obtained to determine the suitability of the application with PSAK of number 109. The research method used is qualitative. The regarding the stage analysis carried out by describing the treatment of recording the financial statements of the Inisiatif Zakat Indonesia (IZI) the compare it with PSAK of number 109. The results of this tudy concluded that the financial report made by Inisiatif Zakat Indonesia (IZI) were in accordance with PSAK of number 109. ; This study discusses financial accouting standarss that must be used by Zakat Management Organizations (OPZ) as a from of transparency, and accountability to the public and government.The standards initiated by the Indonesian Accounting Association (IAI) namely, PSAK of number 109 concerning Zakat, Infaq/Alms. Accounting includes recognition and measurement, presentation and disclosure. In addition, it can increase the trust of muzaki to give their funds to official zakat institutions. One of them, namely the Inisiatif Zakat Indonesia (IZI) which has received the title of Fair without Exception in 2017. So, the research objective is obtained to determine the suitability of the application with PSAK of number 109. The research method used is qualitative. The regarding the stage analysis carried out by describing the treatment of recording the financial statements of the Inisiatif Zakat Indonesia (IZI) the compare it with PSAK of number 109. The results of this tudy concluded that the financial report made by Inisiatif Zakat Indonesia (IZI) were in accordance with PSAK of number 109.

L'entrée à l'université est considérée comme une des transitions scolaires les plus difficiles, caractérisée par de nombreux échecs et abandons. Force est de constater que les taux d'échec et d'abandon à l'université restent stables depuis plus de 25 ans. Face à cette situation, les institutions universitaires ont mis en place un ensemble de dispositifs d'aide à la réussite de l'étudiant. Néanmoins, l'efficacité de ces dispositifs reste encore floue aujourd'hui restreignant notre compréhension fine des meilleurs leviers d'actions pouvant être mis en place. Inscrit dans le troisième axe du colloque « Les dispositifs émergents en évaluation au service de la qualité de l'éducation et de la formation » ce symposium tentera d'approfondir l'analyse de ces politiques institutionnelles d'aide à la réussite étudiante en proposant 7 présentations provenant de 2 pays (Belgique et France) et en rassemblant des chercheurs et praticiens de 7 universités. Fondées sur des études empiriques, ces présentations consacrées à des évaluations sur les dispositifs d'aide à la réussite étudiants réalisées dans plusieurs universités belges et françaises feront l'objet d'échanges entre chercheurs et praticiens. L'animation des échanges par les organisateurs et les discutants permettra d'animer le débat entre les intervenants et l'audience. En outre, le recours à deux discutants (un belge et un français) étant des décideurs politiques dans leur université respective permettant d'introduire des dimensions ancrées sur des points de vue institutionnels susceptibles de dynamiser nos futures discussions scientifiques. Des éléments de réponses aux questions suivantes seront apportés : Les effets de ces dispositifs figurent-ils dans les objectifs des évaluations de la qualité de ces dispositifs ? Quelle est la place des mesures des effets dans l'évaluation de la qualité de ces dispositifs ? Quels types de mesure sont utilisés et non utilisés pour appréhender les effets de ces dispositifs, que ce soit à un niveau micro ou macro ? Quels sont les effets recherchés dans les évaluations de ces dispositifs ? Comment appréhender la pluralité des effets de ces dispositifs sur de multiples acteurs et de multiples institutions pour essayer de cerner certaines formes de qualité de ces dispositifs ? Quels sont les résultats des évaluations des dispositifs d'aide à la réussite, y compris les répercussions de ces évaluations ?

Sukuk is a form of investment that has an impact on the national economy which is currently weakening due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Covid 19 has had an impact on the faltering of the people's economy from business to financial institutions (sharia and conventional). The state has the need to fulfill the state budget in order to address the problem of the impact of covid 19 quickly. This paper is intended to analyze the impact of sukuk on economic growth during the covid pandemic 19. The process of collecting data is done by analyzing data observed through OJK statistics and collecting various information related to covid-19 and the data are analyzed qualitatively. Based on the results of the study it was found that Sukuk became a source of funds for the government to finance development, thus creating new jobs for the community in the long run. Sukuk provide benefits for the liquidity of Islamic financial institutions due to the impact of covid 19, and also investment facilities for the community. Key Words: Impact; Sukuk; national economiy; Covid-19. Abstrak: Sukuk termasuk bentuk investasi yang memberikan dampak bagi perekonomian nasional yang saat ini melemah karena adanya pandemi Covid-19.Covid 19 telah memberikan dampak bagi tersendatnya perekonomian masyarakat mulai bisnis hingga lembaga keuangan (syariah dan konvensional). Negara memiliki kebutuhan pemenuhan APBN guna menjawab masalah dari dampak covid 19 secara cepat. Paper ini dimaksudkan untuk menganalisis dampak sukuk bagi pertumbuhan ekonomi di masa pandemi covid 19. Proses pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara menganalisis data yang diobservasi melalui statistik OJK dan mengumpulkan berbagai informasi terkait covid-19 dan data dianalisis secara kualitatif. Berdasarkan hasil pengkajian diperoleh bahwa Sukuk menjadi sumber dana bagi pemerintah untuk membiayai pembangunan, sehingga menciptakan lapangan kerja baru bagi masyarakat dalam jangka panjangnya. Sukuk memberikan kemanfaatan bagi likuiditas lembaga keuangan syariah akibat dampak covid 19, dan juga sarana investasi bagi masyarakat. Kata Kunci : Dampak; Sukuk; Perekonomian Nasional; Covid-19.

This article explores the problem of whether the enforcement of judgments belongs to civil process stage, its importance as an integral part of the process. The legislator distinguishes this stage of the process among others, which implies that enforcement proceedings are a relatively independent institution. This article calls into question such autonomy because we consider that pointless to single out a stage whose implementation is impossible without those that precede it. All stages of civil process is considered as a single system, parts of whom closely related to each other and there is no need to isolate them. In our opinion, all elements of that system – civil process stage – should be treated as one thing that exist for achieving a common goal. Judicial protection is the highest guarantee of the rights and freedoms of citizens and legal entities. It is carried out with the help of justice as a form of exercise of the judiciary, aimed at the protection and protection of civil rights and interests through the consideration and resolution of civil cases. According to the Constitution of Ukraine (hereinafter - the Constitution) everyone has the right to go to court to protect their violated rights. It can be argued that the right of such an appeal, as well as the direct examination of the case and adjudication, is a right guaranteed by the Constitution, but not fully implemented. The actual exercise of such a right occurs at the stage of execution of court decisions, and therefore the main purpose of justice is carried out. Since judicial proceedings by themselves are not characterized by the final restoration of the infringed right, it can be said that the civil right is not renewed during civil proceedings. Therefore, there is a need to distinguish enforcement proceedings not as an independent institution, but as an integral part of the civil process, the stage at which such a process ends. And despite the fact that each stage has its own functional purpose, they are all designed to protect the rights and ...

The appointment in 2019 of Gita Gopinath as Chief Economist of the IMF is a milestone. She was born in India, in the state of West-Bengal – the same state where Amartya Sen was born. And she is the first woman in this position. Her appointment means that the chief economists of the world's three most influential international economic institutions – IMF, World Bank, and OECD – are currently all women. Equally striking, but generally less noticed, is that more economists from the global south are appointed at top positions of important international economic policy institutions. One of Gopinath's predecessors was Raghuram Rajan, the first in this position who was born in India . He became well known for his speech at the annual gathering of central bankers in Jackson Hole in the US in 2005. There he warned of the increasing instability of the global financial system. Equally well known is the dismissive response he received from the central bankers. These appointments signal two things about the field of economics today. First, that finally some demographic diversity is beginning to emerge, both in terms of gender and of geographic origin. I use the terms global north and global south recognizing that they overlap in the sense that we find poverty and social exclusion in the global north and elites in the global south. Second, that even though the top in the economics discipline largely remains male and white, it is in the policy world that diversity is now seriously making headway. Of all the Nobel Prizes in economics, only two have been awarded to a woman – Elinor Ostrom and Esther Duflo – and three to economists from the global south – Arthur Lewis, Amartya Sen and Abhijit Bannerjee. But in the policy world, the increasing complexity of the global economy has recently been paralleled by diversity among those responsible for policy research and policy making. Is this diversity limited to gender and geography, or does it also imply epistemic diversity, that is, pluralist economic perspectives? Is the diversity a trend or a coincidence? Or perhaps sheer necessity?

This article based on research carried out in Januari-Juni 2019 among the Baha'i religious community in the village of Cebolek Kidul, Pati Regency, Central Java. Data of this article were collected through interviews, observations, documentations, and focus group discussion by qualitative approach. In Cebolek, there are 27 people of 9 families. Baha'i is an independent religion that was first known in Persia in 1840s and came to Indonesia in 1870 brought by joint medical experts in the UN program so that the villagers of Cebolek knew the Baha'i teachings through the Baha'is. In the era of the Old Order and the New Order, Baha'i organizations were banned by the state so they sought protection from NGOs and government institutions even though their efforts were unsuccessful. In the era of President Gus Dur, the president revoked the ban, although negative views by the public and the government still exist today. In the midst of their life, the Baha'is in Cebolek Village have now been responded positively by Nahdliyin (NU) in the form of (1) tying the tomb and attending the funeral when the Baha'i died, (2) praying (reading tahlil) at the house of Baha'i after the funeral. The Baha'is feel comfortable because of the following reasons: (1) NU embodies the teachings of ahlussunnah wal jamaah, (2) there are no 'defenders of Islam' in the Baha'i, (3) a way of thinking figur NU is moderat, (4) Baha'is always ready to give the construction of public facilities and places of worship for the NU. Baha'i people who have funds and land, provide capital to their neighbors (NU) who wish to raise cattle, work on rice fields and shrimp farms with a profit sharing system. Good interaction between the financiers and the capitalists creates positive interactions in the neighborhood. Convenience was preserved because the Baha'i: (a) began to do good with NU in the cultural forum of rural residents accommodated by NU, (b) together with the Baha'i institution, opening themselves to the public for their teachings, and (c) no longer complaining about their problems to NGOs and the government.

Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) provide services such as microcredit, savings, insurance, and Business Development Services (BDS) to low-income people in order to start new businesses and expand existing businesses. MFIs cater to micro-enterprises. A microenterprise is defined as an owner-managed business that has fewer than 10 employees. The studies show that microenterprises not only need microcredit but also BDS in order to grow their businesses. This study focuses on BDS. BDS are non-financial services such as management training, vocational training skills, marketing assistance, and technology access provided to owner-managers by MFIs. MFIs could provide BDS to owner-managers/clients using business counseling. A good relationship between the counselor and the client can be considered a defining feature of any successful counseling intervention. This interpersonal relationship enhances the co-production of BDS in counseling. Therein, the objectives of this study are; to identify the factors that enhance the interpersonal relationship between the counselor and the client in microfinance settings that result in enhanced co-production, to identify how interpersonal relationships enhance co-production, and to understand how organizational factors affect interpersonal relationships. The multiple case study method was used to conduct the study and six (6) Sri Lankan Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) were chosen as cases and data were collected by holding in-depth interviews. Findings show that factors such as the expertise of the counselors, social interaction, similar attitudes, intensity of contacts, and power distance influence the relationship between the counselors and the clients. As a result of the enhanced interpersonal relationships between counselor and client, parties exchange personal and communal favors thereby further enhancing co-production as well as improving the provision of information by clients. The findings further reveal that interpersonal relationships could be affected by organizational factors such as the type of MFI and type of linkages. Therefore, the findings of this study will enable MFIs to improve the counseling intervention and will further contribute to the microfinance knowledge and practice domains. Keywords: interpersonal relationship, co-production, counseling, microfinance, business development services (BDS).

When researching multiculturalism and the process of Europeanisation in
Serbia and countries of the region, one must first examine the status of
multiculturality and multiculturalism, from the normative framework to
states? policies which decidedly determine the nature and functioning of a
political community. Starting from the fact that the context, nature and
structure of a political community determines the essence of rights and
freedoms stipulated by the constitution and laws, as well as that a synergy
of good laws and sound policies enables an effective policy of
multiculturality, integration and interlacing of cultures of diverse
national communities in a society, the proclaimed multiculturalism was
studied in this paper, with a view to ascertain whether such constitutional
and legislative framework and policies exist, and if they did, whether there
was concerted action between them. The key finding was that the states of
the region support a civil state in principle, that they are exclusively or
predominantly nationally legitimised by the highest legislative acts and
that the factual state is marked by various national cultural identities
that are not integrated into the model of plural citizenship. The paper
shows that there is a lack of political will to transform the declared
support for a pluralistic civil state into public policies affirming the
values of multiculturalism, as well as that there is a lack of strong
institutions to support such policy. Creating civil awareness, strengthening
civil values and virtues are not priorities for state institutions or media
controlled by governments. Rather than that, their priority is to strengthen
national identities. Hence, based on the above, we can affirm that civil
states, civil values and civil identities are only at initial stages, i.e.
that they are still, only occasionally, at the level of general programme
orientation and set aims. The necessary ingredient for their firm
establishment is a consolidated democracy and acceptance of universal values
of developed democracies, such as the rule of law and protection of human
rights and freedoms.

Schwerpunkte der Befragung waren die Einstellungen der Befragten zum Staat und Vertrauen in Institutionen, zu Akteuren und Maßnahmen in der Corona-Krise (COVID-19), ihr Gesellschaftsbild und aktuelle Einstellungen, ihr persönliches Befinden und ihre Erfahrungen in der Corona-Krise sowie die Mediennutzung.

Themen: Größte persönliche Belastung bzw. Einschränkung wegen der Corona-Krise (1. Nennung, 2. Nennung); Institutionenvertrauen (Gerichte, Wissenschaft und Forschung, Kirchen, Polizei, Bundesregierung, Politiker, Parteien); Demokratiezufriedenheit; Meinung zur Demokratie in Deutschland als beste Staatsform; Einstellung zum Sozialstaatsprinzip; Gesellschaftliche Konfliktlinien: Stärke der Konflikte zwischen verschiedenen gesellschaftlichen Gruppen (Arm und Reich, Arbeitgebern und Arbeitnehmern, Jungen und Alten, Ausländern und Deutschen, Ostdeutschen und Westdeutschen, Frauen und Männern); richtige Personen in den führenden Positionen in Deutschland; Zustimmung zu Aussagen über Staat und Politik (Der Staat mischt sich in der Corona-Krise zu sehr in unser Leben ein, Bürger werden von der Politik gut über die aktuellen Maßnahmen in der Corona-Krise informiert, Sorgen, dass viele Maßnahmen und Einschränkungen nach der Corona-Krise nicht zurückgenommen werden, die Politik in Deutschland macht bei der Bewältigung der Corona-Krise das meiste richtig); Bewertung der Zusammenarbeit des Bundes mit Ländern und Gemeinden; Meinung zum Umfang der Gesetze und Vorschriften wegen der Corona-Krise; Beurteilung der Unterstützungsmaßnahmen der Bundesregierung für Unternehmen und Betriebe, für Beschäftigte in Gesundheits- und Pflegeeinrichtungen, zum Schutz der Gesundheit der Bevölkerung sowie für die wirtschaftliche Lage der Bevölkerung; Ausmaß der empfundenen Einschränkung im eigenen Leben durch die Corona-Krise; Auswirkungen der Corona-Krise auf die eigene wirtschaftliche Lage; persönliche Erfahrung mit Behörden und Institutionen im Rahmen der Corona-Krise (Gesundheitsamt, Arbeitsagentur, zuständige Behörden für Zuschüsse und Unterstützungsleistungen der Wirtschaft, Polizei oder Ordnungsamt bei einer Kontrolle zur Einhaltung der Corona-Maßnahmen) und Bewertung dieser Erfahrungen; Einschätzung des Zusammenhalts in der Gesellschaft im Rahmen der Corona-Krise; erwartetes Anhalten des größeren bzw. geringeren Zusammenhalts in der Gesellschaft auch nach der Corona-Krise; Beurteilung des Verhaltens der Menschen in der Corona-Krise als eher vernünftig oder eher unvernünftig; Einschätzung des Verhaltens der Menschen, wenn es statt Vorschriften und Regeln durch den Staat nur Empfehlungen gäbe; Informationsquellen und Häufigkeit der Mediennutzung für Nachrichten und Informationen zu Corona (Fernsehen, Radio oder Zeitung, offizielle Seiten z.B. der Bundesregierung oder des Robert-Koch-Instituts im Internet, soziale Netzwerke wie Facebook oder Twitter); Beurteilung dieser Informationen als eher richtig oder eher nicht richtig; Häufigkeit von Gesprächen mit Familie und Freunden über Corona; Beurteilung der Informationen über Corona in diesen Gesprächen als eher richtig oder eher nicht richtig; Parteisympathie; Lebenszufriedenheit; Zukunftsoptimismus.

Demographie: Geschlecht; Alter (klassiert); Bildung: Schulabschluss bzw. angestrebter Schulabschluss; Hochschulabschluss; Berufstätigkeit; Sicherheit des Arbeitsplatzes; ´systemrelevante´ Tätigkeit; berufliche Stellung; Haushaltsgröße; Anzahl der Personen im Haushalt ab 18 Jahren; deutsche Staatsbürgerschaft.

Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: Befragten ID; Bundesland; Berlin Ost/West; Ortsgröße; Gewichtungsfaktoren; Informationen für Dual-Frame-Gewichtung: Frame: erreicht über Mobilfunk oder Festnetz; Anzahl der Festnetznummern und Mobilfunknummern über die man erreichbar ist; nur Mobil: zuhause oder woanders erreicht; über eine zusätzliche Festnetznummer (Homezone oder ZuhauseOption) auf dem Handy erreichbar; Festnetzanschluss im Haushalt; weitere Handynummer; nur Festnetz: Handybesitz.

Visuals can be effective tools for educating an audience about peacebuilding and the need to engage with a nation's violent past. However, research on visuality has pointed to the ambivalence visuals can develop through audiencing and the dominant political discourse. Building on this, this article argues that ambivalence can also occur between narratives by different media although the same institution produced them, and that such inherent contradictions can limit the institution's effectiveness. The analysis centers upon a case study of the East Timorese Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation (CAVR) that compares the commission's documentary dalan ba dame ("road to peace") with its final report about peace and the human rights violations committed in the territory between 1975 and 1999. While the commission's final report stresses the individual responsibility of members of the Indonesian military and formulates the need for an institution‐based liberal peace, the documentary communicates the message that all parties to the conflict are guilty of committing crimes and that peace has already been created, mitigating the need to further engage with the violent past. The analysis identifies the media's different formats and their different agendas as reasons for the creation of these contradicting messages. Based on an assessment of the dissemination of both media and their reception within the political discourse in Timor‐Leste, the implications of these conflicting narratives for educating an international audience are discussed. Since the final report is difficult to access due to its length and its legal language, the documentary remains the more accessible medium to educate an international audience about the nation's violent past. However, due to the narrative it conveys, the documentary's ability to mobilize an international audience is limited. Thus, the article argues for considering three aspects when designing visuals for peace education: the intermediality of visuals with other media and its potential effects concerning the communication of a specific message, the reception of the message by the target audience, and the reception of the message by broader audiences when the visual is distributed online.

Abstract
Between 1908 and 1966 the Dutch Jesuits founded five retreat institutions in the Netherlands to support the laity with spiritual care and to enable them to undergo (a part of) the Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius van Loyola (the founder of the Jesuits). Notwithstanding the enormous popularity of these retreat activities, especially in the first half of the twentieth century, this phenomenon has hardly been subject to academic research. With this article, being a part of my postdoc-research project at Tilburg University, I hope to give a start to this study. At the turn of the century, the group retreat work the Dutch Jesuits introduced for the male laity in the Netherlands originated in Belgium and France. During the years to follow this work became exceptional popular among Catholics living in the southern provinces of the Netherlands. Due to a high organisational level of Catholic social and political institutions and the involvement of the Catholic upper-class and local parish priests the propaganda of the Jesuits for their retreat work in the Southern provinces was extremely effective. The (industrial) employers as well as the Jesuits regarded the retreat work as a splendid opportunity to 'civilize' the Catholic working-class and to keep them away from communism and socialism. As a consequence of new theological and spiritual insights, after World War II things started to change in the traditional retreat work. In the fifties and sixties the retreats were transformed into meetings of spiritual reflection and counselling, at last becoming socio-cultural training courses from the seventies onwards. The lack of a straightforward underlying theological vision for these transitions on which all Jesuits could agree on, the rising costs, and the declining number of Jesuits members, resulted in 1974 in the ending of their participation in this group-organized work. However, retreats given on an individual basis continued and from the nineties new initiatives were launched to popularize the Spiritual Exercises using digital techniques and the internet.