Suchergebnisse

Fracture-related infection (FRI) is a common and serious complication in trauma surgery. Accurately estimating the impact of this complication has been hampered by the lack of a clear definition. The absence of a working definition of FRI renders existing studies difficult to evaluate or compare. In order to address this issue, an expert group comprised of a number of scientific and medical organizations has been convened, with the support of the AO Foundation, in order to develop a consensus definition.The process that led to this proposed definition started with a systematic literature review, which revealed that the majority of randomized controlled trials in fracture care do not use a standardized definition of FRI. In response to this conclusion, an international survey on the need for and key components of a definition of FRI was distributed amongst all registered AOTrauma users. Approximately 90% of the more than 2000 surgeons who responded suggested that a definition of FRI is required. As a final step, a consensus meeting was held with an expert panel. The outcome of this process led to a consensus definition of FRI.Two levels of certainty around diagnostic featu

Civil wars occur in some countries at some times and not in other countries at other times. This articleexamines how the potential for large-scale external intervention can prevent civil wars. The authorargues that intervention by external states in civil war can be so overwhelming that it reduces one side's probability of victory to essentially zero. When dissidents expect this type of intervention on the side of government, they anticipate no chance of achieving success through violence and do not initiate civil wars. When governments anticipate this type of intervention on their behalf, they feel protected from internal threat and are less constrained in their dealings with their populations. This repression increases grievances, leading dissidents to engage in strategies of dissent other than civil war. The authortests three implications of this argument-that states in more hierarchical relationships will experience civil war at lower rates, be more repressive, and experience other forms of dissent at higher rates-and finds strong support for it.

More sharply now than ever before, the world is divided into its more and its less developed parts—into relatively stable and fundamentally unstable communities—and the prospect before it is one of unavoidable but limited disturbance in and between its less developed societies, for as long as makes no matter, and of inescapable choice for its more advanced states between uncontrollable violence and abstention from war.

Pendant longtemps, on a considéré au CICR, comme d'ailleurs dans la plupart des autres institutions internationales, que la tâche d'un service d'information consistait à diffuser, à sens unique, des informations sur les activités en cours et sur les buts généraux de l'institution. On ne se preoccupait guère, alors, des besoins réels des publics récepteurs pour ne tenir compte que des intérêts à court terme de l'institution. Ce processus lineaire de la communication mettait ces publics en demeure de subir passivement ce flux d'informations sans pouvoir faire connaître leurs reactions. Il n'y avait done en retour aucun feed back, pour utiliser une expression anglo-saxonne.

Cet article traite des problèmes théoriques et méthodologiques soulevés dans le cadre d'une étude portant sur l'utilisation du droit international par la Communauté européenne à des fins de légitimation, en se focalisant sur le cas du démembrement de la Fédération yougoslave. Après avoir constaté le manque d'outils et de concepts pertinents dans le champ scientifique des relations internationales pour comprendre ce phénomène, il tente de transposer l'idéal-type wébérien de « domination légale » aux relations entre la CE, ses États membres et la Yougoslavie a priori peu susceptibles d'être appréhendées par un tel outil. Cet exercice apparaît fécond en ce qu'il permet de fournir une hypothèse d'explication des raisons pour lesquelles la légitimation par le droit a pu fonctionner dans certaines circonstances et pas dans d'autres.

What is feminist peace? -- Feminist critical methodology, peace and social change -- Evidence of things unseen: WILPF and disarmament -- What is violence? WILPF and decolonization -- Orientalism and peace: WILPF in the Middle East -- Conclusion: feminist ways to peace.

Abstract
Existing research on mediation finds that mediation by a strong mediator is both more prevalent and more conducive to a negotiated settlement. However, why disputants select a weak mediator remains unclear. From the perspective of the uncertainty mechanism, the nature of mediation is a procedure for sharing private information and reducing disputants' uncertainty regarding the resolve to continue fighting. Disputants can benefit from mediation through gaining a comparative advantage regarding uncertainty by focusing on either controlling the sharing of their own information or increasing their opponents' sharing of information. With regard to these two strategic choices, this article argues that the selection of a weak mediator is more likely when disputants prefer controlling the sharing of their information to expanding their opponents' information sharing. Correspondingly, three potential factors that influence the disputants' strategic choice of gaining a comparative advantage regarding uncertainty are applied, namely, a previous mediation in the dispute; the dispute's level of hostility; and the power disparity between the disputants. The author compiles data from the International Crisis Behaviour (ICB, 1918–2015) data set and the International Conflict Management (ICM, 1945–2003) data set for the empirical analysis. The results show that mediation by a weak mediator is more likely when it is the first time that the disputants have submitted to mediation in the dispute and when the dispute's level of hostility is low. In some cases, a large power disparity between the disputants also makes the selection of a weak mediator more likely.

Les jeunes issus de l'adoption internationale, en Catalogne, convoquent de manière paradoxale la figure de l'étranger décrite par Simmel : à la fois proches et lointains ; semblables pour avoir vécu la majeure partie de leur vie au sein de la population dont leurs parents sont originaires et pourtant souvent considérés comme différents. En effet, bien qu'ils soient pleinement citoyens du lieu où ils ont grandi, bon nombre d'entre eux ne sont pas perçus de cette manière par leurs concitoyens dans les lieux publics. C'est ce paradoxe que nous analyserons ici. Comment ces jeunes adoptés négocient-ils leur présence au sein de la société catalane et quelle place celle-ci leur réserve-t-elle ?