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AbstractThree recent judicial or quasi-judicial cases deal with the question as to if provisional measures indicated by the respective body are binding on the parties to the dispute or not. In all three cases, the constitutive instruments under which the body acted were silent on the question of the binding nature of the measures at stake. Traditionally, the point as to the bindingness of such measures, in the absence of any special provision granting them a binding force, was extremely controversial. Now, through these three recent cases, the jurisprudence forcefully affirmed such bindingness. The reasoning on which the three cases are based is similar: according to the caselaw, teleological reasons compel to consider that the provisional measures indicated are binding, since to hold otherwise would allow one party to frustrate the object and purpose of the whole proceeding while the matter is pending. It may thus well be that these three recent precedents established a new (procedural) customary presumption, by a sort of quick speed customary law. Thus, in the absence of special provision to the contrary, provisional measures indicated by an international judicial or quasi-judicial body would be binding, at least when such measures are taken in order to safeguard the respective rights of the parties.

What are the implications of writing the history of legal issues? Eighteen authors from different legal systems and backgrounds offer different answers, by examining the history writing on issues ranging from slavery over the use of force to extraterritorial jurisdiction. Contributions show how historiography has often distorted or neglected regional cultures and suggest alternative methods and approaches to history writing. These studies are highly relevant for current international relations in which the fight over master narratives is especially fierce among governments, in different academic fields, and also between governments and academics

Kerner, M.: "Europa atmet wieder mit zwei Lungenflügeln" : der Aachener Karlspreis und Polen. - S. 105-117

In 2000 a new edition of the 'Guide to the International Archives and Collections at the IISH, Amsterdam' (henceforth cited as GIA) was published. This new edition differs from the 1989 edition by Atie van der Horst and Elly Koen in the following respects: summaries of documentation collections are inserted with the summaries of the other archives and papers (to be distinguished from these by a clause like 'collection of documents', or 'documents collected by'); collections on subjects have a chapter of their own now, next to the chapters 'Persons' and 'Organizations' and in a separate chapter summaries of papers, archives or collections are inserted, which are preserved in other institutions, but of which the IISH holds a reproduction, mostly in the form of microfilms or microfiches.

The Great Recession, Euro contagion, Middle East upheavals, nuclear proliferation, and expansion of rights, among others, highlight the centrality of diffusion to international studies. This Presidential Address outlines building blocks for a shared conceptualization of diffusion that is attentive to the initial stimulus; the medium through which information about the stimuli may/may not travel to other destinations; the political agents un/affected by the stimulus' positive or negative externalities, who aid or block the stimulus' journey to other destinations; and outcomes that enable discrimination among grades of diffusion and resulting equilibria. Various issue areas illustrate how initial stimuli may/may not change preferences, transform identities, trigger emotions, alter strategic choices, and affect outcomes. I advance three related considerations. First, to avoid selection bias, understanding what does not diffuse (the "Vegas counterfactual") should be as central as what does. Concepts such as firewalls and sedimentation are essential for gauging a medium's relative immunity/vulnerability to diffusion. Second, weaving domestic, regional, and global considerations into a single analytical framework reduces omitted variable bias and enables systematic cross-regional comparisons. Third, these building blocks imbue the study of diffusion with political dynamics-entailing strategic interaction, contingency, incomplete information, and unintended effects-that defy determinism, automaticity, or teleology. Similar causal mechanisms may yield different outcomes under different domestic, regional, and global conditions. And different mechanisms may yield similar outcomes under comparable circumstances. I highlight the challenges inherent in assessing the outcomes of diffusion given competing empirical findings, epistemologies, and normative readings of what does/does not and should/should not diffuse, and outline an agenda for future research. Adapted from the source document.

This paper assesses the rise and decline of international rule of law in the case of non-state armed actors. Both signs of rise and signs of decline of international rule of law show in the case of non- state armed actors. Signs of rise include the expansion of coverage of international humanitarian law (IHL) and international criminal law, as well as international legal argumentation and rhetoric made by non-state armed groups. Some non-state armed actors express that they are governed by IHL in public statements or bilateral agreements with international actors, partly acknowledging universality of international humanitarian norms, and sometimes act as such. Signs of decline in the international rule of law also show – although some of them can be seen as business-as-usual – privileging of military advantage, instrumental use of international law (as justification and local interpretations), as well as conflicting understanding of IHL between local and global norms. The multiplicity of non-state actors also portends the decline of international rule of law, with the proliferation of many non-organized groups without legitimacy-seeking motivations.

We use the PISA student-level achievement database to estimate international education production functions. Student characteristics, family backgrounds, home inputs, resources, teachers and institutions are all significantly related to math, science and reading achievement. Our models account for more than 85% of the between-country performance variation, with roughly 25% accruing to institutional variation. Student performance is higher with external exams and budget formulation, but also with school autonomy in textbook choice, hiring teachers and within-school budget allocations. School autonomy is more beneficial in systems with external exit exams. Students perform better in privately operated schools, but private funding is not decisive.