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Existing research on the international transfer of climate technologies has so far largely concentrated on the transfer of mitigation technologies. However, the UNFCCC's decision to adopt the Cancún Adaptation Framework reflects the increasing political priority that is given to climate adaptation in general, as well as to the development and transfer of adaptation technologies. Given this situation, the objective of this case study is to explore the specific drivers and barriers pertaining to the international transfer and diffusion of membrane bio-reactors (MBR), a water treatment technology that enables the reclamation and reuse of water and helps to reduce the negative impacts of climate change. While this technology has largely been developed in industrialized countries, many of those countries that are most vulnerable to draughts and water scarcity belong to the developing world. Therefore, this case study analyzes the international transfer of MBR technology to two emerging economies, Brazil and China. Methodologically, the case study combines quantitative evidence, e.g. trade and patent data, with qualitative evidence gained from the analysis of the relevant legal and political framework in Brazil and China, as well as from insights gained from eight personal interviews with experts representing MBR companies and policy makers.

This article deals with the development of women's sector in international cooperative movement in the first third of the XX century, with national aspects of women's cooperation under conditions of civilization indignations being highlighted. The effort to analyze the transformation of cooperation's constituents and its values under the influence of economic interests and political ambitions of governments of European countries is made. The main factor of changes of gender part of the world's cooperative movement is seen in the initiative of women to assert theirs civil and economic rights and in the desire to become an active member of civilization processes.

The information and views set out in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the company (British American Tobacco). ; The objective of this article is to present an overview, the advantages and disadvantages of the International Registration of Marks under the Madrid System. With over 1.3 million trade marks registered, the Madrid System is the top choice for international trade mark registration among multinational companies. There are three possible routes that traders might take to register a trade mark: national, European or international. A national registration system for trade marks provides protection at a national level only. Registration at the EU level through a single application to the European Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO) in Alicante, Spain provides protection in all 28 EU Member States. International registration of marks under the Madrid System, administered by the International Bureau of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) in Geneva, Switzerland enables traders to obtain protection in a number of different jurisdictions via a single application. This article will focus on the description of the main features of international registration of marks under the Madrid System, its advantages and disadvantages which should be considered by traders before deciding which route to take in order to protect their trade mark. ; agnieszkaprzygoda@gmail.com ; Assistant Trade Mark Counsel (British American Tobacco, London), Chartered UK Trade Mark Attorney, Professional Certificate in Trade Mark Practice, Nottingham Trent University, Certificate in Trade Mark Law and Practice, Queen Mary University of London, Master in Intellectual Property, University of Alicante. ; British American Tobacco, London, United Kingdom ; Bently, L., & Sherman, B. (2014). Intellectual Property Law 4th Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ; Birkbeck, C. D. (2016). The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO): A Reference Guide. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. ; Cohen Jehoram, T., Van Nispen, C., & Huydecoper, T. (2010). European Trademark Law: Community Trademark Law and Harmonized National Trademark Law. Kluwer Law International. ; Davis, R. D., St Quintin, T., & Tritton, G. (2018). Tritton on Intellectual Property in Europe. 5th Edition. London: Sweet & Maxwell. ; Dinwoodie, G. B., & Janis, M. D. (2008). Trademark Law and Theory. A Handbook of Contemporary Research. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. ; Eastaway, N., Gallafent, R., Dauppe, V., & Kimber, J. (2013). Intellectual Property Law and Taxation. 8th Edition. London: Sweet & Maxwell. ; EUIPO. (2017). Guidelines for Examination of European Union Trade Marks Part B Examination Section 4 Absolute Grounds for Refusal Chapter 4. Retrieved from EUIPO: https://euipo.europa.eu/tunnel-web/secure/webdav/guest/document_library/contentPdfs/law_and_practice/trade_marks_practice_manual/WP_2_2017/Part-B/04-part_b_examination_section_4_absolute_grounds_for_refusal/part_B_examination_section_4_chapter_4/part_B_ex. ; EUIPO. (2017). Guidelines for Examination of European Union Trade Marks Part D Cancellation Section 2 Substantive Provisions. Retrieved from EUIPO: https://euipo.europa.eu/tunnel-web/secure/webdav/guest/document_library/contentPdfs/law_and_practice/trade_marks_practice_manual/WP_2_2017/Part-D/02-part_d_cancellation_section_2_substantive_provisions/part_d%20cancellation_section_2_substantive_provision. ; EUIPO. (2017). Guidelines for Examination of European Union Trade Marks Part M International Marks. Retrieved from EUIPO: https://euipo.europa.eu/tunnel-web/secure/webdav/guest/document_library/contentPdfs/law_and_practice/trade_marks_practice_manual/WP_2_2017/Part-M/01-part_m_international_marks/part_m_international_marks_en.pdf. ; Gilson, J., & Gilson Lalonde, A. (2003). The Madrid Protocol: A Slumbering Giant Awakens at Last. Newark, San Francisco: Matthew Bender & Company, Inc. ; Jacob, R., Alexander, D., & Fisher, M. (2014). Guidebook to Intellectual Property. Sixth Edition. Hart Publishing. ; Keeling, D., Llewelyn, D., Mellor, J., Tom Moody-Stuart, Q., Berkeley, I., Chantrielle, A., & Duncan, W. (2018). Kerly's Law of Trade Marks and Trade Names 16th Edition. London: Sweet & Maxwell. ; Liss, E., & Adin, D. (2012). Intellectual Property Law and Practice in Israel. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ; Merges, R. P., & Haiyan Song, S. H. (2018). Transnational Intellectual Property Law: Text and Cases. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. ; Michaels, A., & Norris, A. (2014). A Practical Guide To Trade Mark Law Fifth Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ; Seville, C. (2009). EU Intellectual Property Law and Policy. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. ; Von Mühlendahl, A., Botis, D., Maniatis, S., & Wiseman, I. (2016). Trade Mark Law in Europe. Third Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ; WIPO. (2013). Protecting your Marks Abroad. The Madrid System. Retrieved from WIPO: https:// www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/marks/1039/wipo_pub_1039.pdf. ; WIPO. (2016). The Madrid System for the International Registration of Marks. Objectives, Main Features, Advantages. Retrieved from WIPO: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_418_2016.pdf. ; WIPO. (2017). Madrid Yearly Review 2017. Retrieved from WIPO: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_940_2017.pdf. ; WIPO. (2017). WIPO IP Facts and Figures 2017. Retrieved from WIPO: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_943_2017.pdf. ; WIPO. (2018). Guide to the International Registration of Marks under the Madrid Agreement and the Madrid Protocol. Retrieved from WIPO: https://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/madrid/en/guide/guide.pdf. ; WIPO. (2018). Madrid Yearly Review 2018. Retrieved from WIPO: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_940_2018.pdf. ; WIPO. (2018). Special Edition of the Madrid Highlights. The Japan Patent Office (JPO) as Designated Contracting Party (DCP). Retrieved from WIPO: https://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/madrid/en/highlights/2018/madrid_highlights_1_2018.pdf. ; WIPO. (2019). How to Manage your International Registration: Change in Ownership. Retrieved from WIPO: https://www.wipo.int/madrid/en/how_to/manage/ownership.html ; WIPO. (2019). How to Manage your International Registration: Overview. Retrieved from WIPO: https://www.wipo.int/madrid/en/how_to/manage/ ; WIPO. (2019). How to Use the Madrid System: Benefits of the Madrid System. Retrieved from https://www.wipo.int/madrid/en/how_to/use/benefits.html ; WIPO. (2019). Madrid Member Profiles. Retrieved from WIPO: https://www.wipo.int/madrid/memberprofiles ; WIPO. (2019). Members of the Madrid Union. Retrieved from WIPO: https://www.wipo.int/madrid/en/members/ ; 3 ; 1 ; 67 ; 79

This is the third and final part of a series of 'research note' articles looking at an AHRC funded project on the various research methodologies used by European Union and International Law researchers. The first part can be viewed at: http://www.jcer.net/ojs/index.php/jcer/article/view/50/53 and the second part can be viewed at: http://www.jcer.net/ojs/index.php/jcer/article/view/96/83

This is the third and final part of a series of 'research note' articles looking at an AHRC funded project on the various research methodologies used by European Union and International Law researchers. The first part can be viewed at: http://www.jcer.net/ojs/index.php/jcer/article/view/50/53 and the second part can be viewed at: http://www.jcer.net/ojs/index.php/jcer/article/view/96/83

The study was requested by the European Parliament's Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality and commissioned, overseen and published by the Policy Department for Citizen's Rights and Constitutional Affairs. This Study analyses the socio-legal status of the Mail-Order Bride industry in the EU, in terms of regulation, protection of rights, and the consequences of Mail-Order Bride relationships for women, men and children involved. It focuses on the United Kingdom, Germany, the Netherlands and Ireland; defines the Mail-Order Bride (MOB) phenomenon. The report uses a combination of sociological and legal research methods including desk research, expert interviews and a mapping of International Marriage Broker (IMB) websites. It finds that it is difficult to distinguish between MOB and other groups of female marriage migrants. The report identifies three main legal gaps, namely the lack of regulation of IMB activities, the lack of a harmonized regime for family reunification, and the lack of harmonized protective measures for women in case of relationship break up. There is a need for additional prevention and protection measures, since female marriage migrants are considered particularly vulnerable to domestic violence.

Central banking as an avenue of research has been of interest to scholars from International Political Economy (IPE) and Public Policy and Administration (PPA) disciplines. Nevertheless, there is very little dialogue between these two perspectives to bridge macro, meso, micro-level analyses and examine the reciprocal relationship between the global and domestic political economy context and monetary policy conduct. This article investigates the Turkish experience to bridge IPE and PPA scholarship on central banking in emerging economies. In doing so, we adopt an analytic eclectic approach combining multiple structural, institutional, and agential causal explanations with particular reference to the Structure, Institution, and Agency (SIA) theoretical framework. This is because analytic eclecticism complements, speaks to, and selectively incorporates theoretical approaches such as the New Independence Approach (NIA) of IPE and institutional and ideational PPA approaches. Drawing on the empirical context of the historical evolution of the Turkish political economy, we explore domestic and international interactions among micro, meso, and macro levels that shape central banking behavior. Our analysis also reveals how global dynamics are translated into domestic policy choices and how particular ideas influence the policymaking process. The analysis underscores the constraining and enabling influence of international dynamics, politics of ideas on emerging economy central banking, and the essential role individual and organizational agency play in the policymaking process. ; 2-s2.0-85114610827 ; WOS:000693971000001 ; Q1

Stephen Hall argues that democracies can preserve their norms and values from increasing attacks and backsliding by better understanding how authoritarian regimes learn. He focuses on the post-Soviet region, investigating two established authoritarian regimes, Belarus and Russia, and two hybrid-regimes, Moldova and Ukraine, with the aim of explaining the concept of authoritarian learning and revealing the practices that are developed and the sources of that learning. Hall finds clear signs of collaboration between countries in developing best survival practices between authoritarian-minded elites, and demonstrates that learning does not just occur between states, rather it can happen at the intra-state level, with elites learning lessons from previous regimes in their own countries. He highlights the horizontal nature of this learning, with authoritarian-minded elites developing methods from a range of sources to ascertain the best practices for survival. Post-Soviet regional organisations are crucial for the development and sharing of these survival practices as they provide 'learning rooms' and training exercises.