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The article presents the results of a comparative analysis of the original and secondary texts of media discourse aimed at identifying the ways to localize and internationalize the verbal content of news websites. The study has been conducted on the material of news hypertexts in four languages – Russian, English, German and French, posted on the international Internet resource rt.com, Business Insider news portal, National Review newspaper, RTD Documentary Channel, L'Express journal. The authors substantiate the importance of using the terms 'localization' and 'internationalization' in translation studies to name inter-language transformations used in creating news messages, and analyze the definitions of these concepts in the frameworks of linguistics. The analysis shows that in many cases the standard translation model "source text – translation text", which presupposes a certain level of semantic equivalence, loses its relevance, since the secondary text is a new verbal product. It has been shown that the localized verbal space of the analyzed international media websites is created through the use of the following translation techniques: addition / omission of information in accordance with the pragmatic characteristics of readers, inclusion of culture-specific vocabulary in the secondary text, explication of toponyms and proper names, neutralization of imagery, omission of precision vocabulary, indication of a personal viewpoint of a secondary text's author, historical reference to allusions. It has also been revealed that internationalization of texts is performed through omission of cultural markers, addition of phrases emphasizing the view on the country "from outside", explication of toponyms, replacing proper names with generalized lexemes, as well as by indicating the positions of English-speaking countries on topical issues.

State succession — Succession with regard to contractual obligations — Merger of States — Breach, after merger, of contract made prior to merger — Whether successor liable for damages — Act of State — The law of India.

La plena participación de los y las estudiantes es un aspecto clave de la inclusión educativa, y sin embargo, son pocos los estudios que aborden esta dimensión de la inclusión desde la perspectiva de los estudiantes. El presente artículo se propone indagar en los significados sobre participación en estudiantes de enseñanza básica y media de la Región Metropolitana de Chile, con el propósito de aportar elementos para una revisión crítica de las políticas de integración escolar e inclusión educativa. Se presentan dos estudios en los que se trabajó con construcción de narraciones visuales, utilizando fotoelicitación y fotografía participativa como estrategias metodológicas para explorar la voz de los y las estudiantes. Los resultados que se presentan se basan en el análisis de las categorías "aprender y colaborar con otros" y "espacios de inclusión y exclusión", las que representan los significados de mayor relevancia a partir de la indagación de tres dimensiones conceptuales: sentirse parte, ser escuchado y tomar decisiones. El espacio escolar no aparece como un espacio significativo en el que los estudiantes se sientan parte y la convivencia parece tensionada entre el compañerismo y el maltrato. Estos resultados subrayan la importancia de la participación como diálogo, colaboración y apoyo mutuo.

Crises such as European debt crisis, Brexit, and COVID-19 have challenged established relations between finance and the state in attempts at mitigating a broad range of crises-related risks. We ask whether and how these altered relations in themselves constitute novel uncertainties and risks between the two fields. To better understand these dynamics, we introduce the concept of "risk entanglement" to complement financialization as a key concept presently capturing these relations. Based on qualitative research in the German finance-state nexus, we show how financial and state actors mutually construe each other as risks that need to be managed and mitigated to safeguard their particular, field-specific logics and ends. We focus on systemic risk and political risk as two cases of risk entanglement: whereas systemic risk reflects the threat of a potential financial meltdown to the state, political risk reflects how the state endangers established risk practices in finance.

Bekwarra migrants, wherever they settle in good numbers, engage in undying social practices that maintain their distinct ethnic identity. Such social practices include cultural dance, traditional marriage, New Yam Festivals, Age Grade system, burial rites and work songs. These practices perform functions that range from maintenance of their ethnic identity, socialization and enculturation of their children, social cohesion and literary aesthetics. This paper, using functionalism as its theoretical framework, examines such practices as are obtained in Ondo State in South West geographical zone and Nasarawa State in North Central geographical zones of Nigeria where they form clusters of populations that play prominent roles in socio-economic and political roles in their host states. The paper concludes that the maintenance of ethnic identity among the rural migrants in Nigeria is a social security system that served the purpose of giving them self-identity in a hyper, multi-ethnically complex country.

Abstract
This article examines the building of Communist surveillance networks in Czechoslovakia and Poland in the early 1950s, focusing on the methods employed by the operational divisions of the secret police in these countries and their system of "preventative policing," and shows how the secret police networks shaped the information reaching Communist party leaders and Soviet advisers in East-Central Europe during the Stalinist period. By examining how the regimes collected information on the economy, religious institutions, higher education, and other areas of everyday life, the article traces how blanket surveillance networks became more institutionalized, insular, and scripted over time, hindering the state's ability to collect and process meaningful information. These problems were symptomatic of larger informational barriers facing Soviet-style regimes.

Following the EC SET-Plan Education and Training Roadmap, the goal of INPATH-TES is to create a network of academia, research institutes and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to implement a joint PhD programme on Thermal Energy Storage (TES) technologies. The project consortium consists of 22 partners from academia, industry and SMEs from 14 different countries. The final result of such a network is to educate professionals on these technologies for the European research and industry institutions. Some of the main challenges identified so far consist of the development of the programme, the implementation of the programme in each country/institution, and to ensure the continuity of the programme after EU funding ends. ; The authors would like to thank the Catalan Government for the quality accreditation given to their research group (2014 SGR 123). GREA is certified agent TECNIO in the category of technology developers from the Government of Catalonia. This study has received funding from European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement Nº 657466 (INPATH-TES). The work is partially funded by the Spanish government ENE2015-64117-C5-1-R (MINECO/FEDER).

'Culture-organising': Joe Heenan and the Beginnings of State Patronage of the Arts

Long dismissed as unscientific, teleological explanation has been undergoing something of a revival as a result of the emergence of self-organization theory, which combines micro-level dynamics with macro-level boundary conditions to explain the tendency of systems to develop toward stable end-states. On that methodological basis this article argues that a global monopoly on the legitimate use of organized violence — a world state — is inevitable. At the micro-level world state formation is driven by the struggle of individuals and groups for recognition of their subjectivity. At the macro-level this struggle is channeled toward a world state by the logic of anarchy, which generates a tendency for military technology and war to become increasingly destructive. The process moves through five stages, each responding to the instabilities of the one before — a system of states, a society of states, world society, collective security, and the world state. Human agency matters all along the way, but is increasingly constrained and enabled by the requirements of universal recognition.

The problem of organization and implementation of patriotic education of the youth is of particular relevance nowadays due to the increasing importance of patriotism as a national idea for the state, society and every individual. Patriotism serves as a political and moral principle, social and moral imperative, an integrative personal quality, as a holistic phenomenon characterizing the symbiosis of its social and individual aspects. It is of special importance to form active patriotic position in young people as it enforces the progressive development of Russia. Thus, clarifying goals, main directions of patriotic education of youth is becoming an urgent problem. The aim of the article is to study the state of the theoretical aspects of the problem of patriotic education of schoolchildren. The content of the concepts of "patriotism", "patriotic education" were determined. The purpose, objectives, structure of patriotic education were clarified. The key characteristics of the concept of "patriotism" revealed the laws and principles of patriotic education. The results can serve as the basis for teachers, developing and implementing a program of civic and patriotic education of youth in educational institutions. ; Проблема организации и осуществления патриотического воспитания молодого поколения приобретает особую актуальность в современных условиях, что обусловлено повышением значимости патриотизма как национальной идеи для государства, общества и каждого человека. Патриотизм выступает как политический и нравственный принцип, социально-нравственный императив, интегративное личностное качество, т. е. как целостный феномен, характеризующий симбиоз его социальных и индивидуальных аспектов. Особенно важным становится формирование такого качества у молодого поколения, от активной патриотической позиции которого зависит прогрессивное развитие России. С этой точки зрения уточнение цели, основных направлений патриотического воспитания учащейся молодежи в современных условиях становится актуальной проблемой. Целью статьи является исследование состояния теоретических аспектов проблемы патриотического воспитания учащейся молодежи в современных условиях. Для достижения поставленной цели были использованы методы анализа научной литературы, синтеза философских и педагогических положений для определения сущности исследуемого феномена. Раскрыто содержание понятий «патриотизм», «патриотическое воспитание»; уточнены цель, задачи, структура патриотического воспитания учащейся молодежи в современных условиях. Определены ключевые характеристики понятия «патриотизм», выявлены закономерности и принципы патриотического воспитания, и представлено их содержание. Выделенные положения могут стать основой для педагогов-практиков, разрабатывающих и реализующих программы гражданско-патриотического воспитания молодежи в образовательных организациях.