Suchergebnisse

The locus in this study is the disaster-affected area in middle Sulawesi. Palu, Sigi, and Donggala were some of the areas that were badly damaged as a result of the earthquake, tsunami and liquefaction that occurred in September 2018. In addition to the loss of life, the disaster caused several public facilities to be seriously damaged (broken electricity and telecommunications networks). School buildings, hotels, hospitals, offices, malls and several roads were badly damaged. Various national and international aids, both government and non-government, have contributed. The Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) is one of the international agencies involved from emergency response to recovery with a build back better concept in the Palu, Sigi, and Donggala (PASIGALA) areas. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method which will analyze the extent to which JICA's role as one of Japan's International Cooperation agencies is involved in providing post-disaster assistance. The Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) is one of the international agencies involved from emergency response to recovery with a build back better concept in the Palu, Sigi, and Donggala (PASIGALA) areas. In this study, in addition to primary data, secondary data in the form of books, documents, news, and journals are also complementary to the analysis. Descriptive qualitative method is used in analyzing the extent to which JICA's role as one of Japan's International Cooperation agencies is involved in providing post-disaster assistance. The results of this study explain that JICA is one of the donor agencies that has a role and several programs in reorganizing middle Sulawesi after the disaster.Keywords: Disaster Relief, International Agenc, JICA Abstrak.Lokus dalam penelitian ini adalah wilayah yang terdampak bencana di Sulawesi Tengah. Palu, Sigi, dan Donggala merupakan beberapa daerah yang rusak parah akibat dari gempa, tsunami, dan likuifaksi yang terjadi pada September 2018 lalu. Selain korban jiwa, bencana tersebut ...

Threats in the field of information security are among the most serious problems of the modern system of world order. Information and cybersecurity are being considered as a strategic issue. The transboundary nature of threats makes the countries of the world closely interact with each other. The actors of international relations agreed that only joint efforts and on the basis of international law can solve problems in the political, economic, security and other spheres of society life.Especially effective is cooperation within different international organizations that have greater potential to deal with threats in the information sphere. Through the international organizations and through the mechanisms of international organizations, the international community demonstrates a desire for large-scale cooperation, united efforts, collaboration, joint participation, openness and transparency, responsibility and innovation in solving the common problem of a secure world. The article is devoted to consideration of international cooperation in the field of information security within the United Nations, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the European Union.Keywords: information security, cybersecurity, international cooperation, the UN, NATO, EU ; Загрози в сфері інформаційної безпеки відносяться до числа найбільш серйозних проблем сучасної системи світопорядку. Інформаційна та кібербезпека розглядається як стратегічна проблема. Транскордонний характер загроз змушує країни світу тісно взаємодіяти між собою. Актори міжнародних відносин дійшли згоди, що лише спільними зусиллями та на основі міжнародного права можливо вирішити проблеми у політичній, економічній, безпековій та інших сферах життєдіяльності суспільства. Особливою ефективністю відрізняється співпраця в рамках міжнародних організацій, які мають більший потенціал для боротьби з загрозами в інформаційній сфері. Міжнародна спільнота в рамках міжнародних організацій та завдяки механізмам міжнародних організацій демонструє прагнення до масштабного співробітництва, об'єднання зусиль, взаємодії, спільної участі, відкритості та прозорості, відповідальності та інноваційності у вирішенні спільної проблеми безпечного світу. Стаття присвячена розгляду міжнародного співробітництва в галузі забезпечення інформаційної безпеки в рамках Організації Об'єднаних націй, Організації Північноатлантичного Договору та Європейського Союзу.Ключові слова: інформаційна безпека, кібербезпека, міжнародне співробітництво, ООН, НАТО, ЄС

Recognition of States in international law is a political act based on interests and assessments made by states individually. However, in granting recognition, it is the legal arguments that must prevail. The recognizing State should base its decision on a legal framework which makes the act of recognition valid and credible. At the same time, such political decision supported by legal arguments may in no way threaten international peace and security, and may not be in collision with the peremptory norms of international law. Following is a paper on recognition of States in international law as seen from the aspect of international peace and stability. The primary objective of the international community, particularly since the establishment of the United Nations Organization, has been the maintenance of peace and security in the world. Therefore, the international recognition of entities that have demonstrated wide and strong capacity to be states, and whose attitude has been to serve the greater interests of peace, security, harmony and prosperity among people, must be a principled decision, not conditioned by mere political interests. International recognition of states is a precondition for the prosperity of new states. As such, it must obtain the status of a stabilizing instrument of new entities as well. When it comes to small states, this act is even more significant, for it secures and protects them from potential threats, hence strengthening the commitment for peace and stability. In the context of European Union membership process, it must be underlined that recognition may not become an obstacle to the aspiring States, though it seems to be the case at present. Macedonia and Kosovo are case in point. Recognition must become a catalyst and incentive for a quicker, more efficient and full-fledged euro-integrating process, which is crucial for preserving long-term stability, functioning democracy and peace and understanding among people.

ABSTRACT
The classic political economy of trade models state behavior on the international plane by reference to the formation of domestic interests. Voters, interest groups, and politicians are rational actors in this model, pursuing their economic preferences without cognitive or motivational distortions. This article questions the sufficiency of the rational choice model in the formation of contemporary trade policy. Starting from the classic political economy story, this article explores real-world deviations from rationally expected outcomes by drawing on cognitive psychology. Using both theoretical and empirical analysis, we seek to identify key distortions that can better explain voter and politician behavior in the current trade wars. We begin with loss aversion in that individuals have asymmetrical attitudes towards gains and losses. Rising inequality within the rich world amounts to a perceived relative loss particularly for middle-class citizens. Combined with the absolute rise of equality between countries, this can trigger a double loss frame—both as an individual loss and a national loss—that can profoundly shape anti-trade preferences in certain countries. Framing trade as a security threat also invokes powerful hawkish biases. Lastly, the availability bias can be provoked by social media mechanisms making people tend to focus on particular risks and overweight their import.

Los determinantes de las migraciónes de trabajo Internas e Internationales del Norte de India 1881-1911
Pradipta CHAUDHURY
En este articulo, las opiniones existentes a propósito de las características socio económicas de los migrantes empleados agricolas y a propósito de las causas de la emigración en India durante la época colonial se analizan en el contexto de la emigración de la mano de obra de las Provincias Unidas Orientales, zona de la mayor contratación de obreros para las «colonias azucareras de Ultra Mar» y las principales regiones interiores. Mostraremos que los migrantes son, en su mayoria, pequenos campesinos y trabajadores agricolas de las castas altas, madias y bajas. Pero los más pobres entre los pobres del campo y los trabajadores contratados no emigraban. Las explicaciones de la emigración en términos de presión demográfica y de tipos de cultura están rechazada. En realidad, la zona de contractación de la mano de obra en aquella epoca habia sido una de las más prósperas desde hacia un siglo. Por culpa del declive de la industria indigena, de la auscencia de inversiones del estado colonial y del agotamiento de las posibilidades de extension rural, las Provincias Unidas Orientales se han convertido en una de las zonas mas pobres a lo largo de la segunda mitad del siglo 19. Factores institucionales específicos han reducido una parte importante de la población al minimo vital ; los emigradospertenecen a esta categoria de individuos. Sim embargo, las migraciónes no sólo se pueden explicar por la diferencia de tasas de sueldos entre las zonas de contratación y de destino.

The dispute between the United States and Canada regarding the apportionment of the Columbia River is not settled. In March 1959, pursuant to the 1944 reference, the International Joint Conimission submitted to the governments of Canada and the United States a comprehensive engineering report on "Water Resources of the Columbia River Basin" prepared by the International Columbia River Engineering Board. This report contains three plans for utilizing the resources of the Columbia. Two of these plans include diversion of part or all of the Kootenay River into the Columbia at Columbia Lakes. All three plans would develop about the same amount of power and flood control benefits. Interestingly, none of them mentions the sometimes threatened diversion of the Columbia into the all Canadian Thompson and Fraser Rivers.

Discusses whether international law agreements effect domestic courts and law making in sovereign states. Bangalore Principles adopted in Bangalore, India, Feb. 1988.

Inside the science teacher training on Computer Aided Teaching (CAT) teacher training, research of this dissertation was focussed on an in-depth analysis of informal communication processes between participants as well as trainers, that occurred outside the formal session times. The international science teacher training had been designed in a blended-learning structure with two online phases and – in between – one face-to-face week, including lectures, seminars and workshops. The communication processes analysed were consentaneously recorded by the participants themselves in informal conversations between participants (and trainers). The informal conversations were transcribed and coded according to the topics informally addressed by means of a Qualitative Content Analysis (inductive form) [Mayring, 2010, p. 67 and 83ff.]. The topics were analysed in terms of occurrence according to time, location and situation. Algorithmicallyfiltering out communication partners based on a simplified communication model suited for algorithmic "big-data"-analyses a matrix of communication partners could be constructed and was used for network visualisation and analyses. Dataindicated that informal communication was influenced by situational aspects, that science teachers spend around a quarter of the recorded conversations reflecting on their personal professional situation in the informal spaces of the training. Theinformal conversation network indicated a connected network that showed signs of homophily with regards to mother tongue and age. Professional conversations ranked high in the mornings and decreased over the day. Social aspects seemed to increase over the day. TALIS (Teacher and Learning International Survey) data was used to get more comprehensive understanding of the science teacher population and their working conditions. It also provided insight on the effects on PD relevant educational policies (e.g. PD support). (DIPF/Orig.) ; Anhand einer internationalen Naturwissenschaftslehrerfortbildung zum Computergestützten Arbeiten im naturwissenschaftlichen Unterricht (CAT) konzentriert sich diese Arbeit auf eine tiefere Analyse der informellen Kommunikationsprozesse zwischen Teilnehmer/innen gleichwie auch Fortbildner/innen, außerhalb formaler Fortbildungssitzungen. Die internationale Naturwissenschaftslehrerfortbildung war als "Blended Learning"-Kurs mit zwei Onlinephasen und – dazwischen – einer Präsenzwoche mit Vorlesungen, Seminaren und Workshops konzipiert worden. Während dieser Woche wurden Kommunikationsprozesse einvernehmlich, während informeller Gespräche zwischen Teilnehmern/innen (und Fortbilder/innen) von den Teilnehmer/innen selbst aufgezeichnet. Die informellen Unterhaltungen wurden transkribiert und anhand der Themen mithilfe einer Qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse (induktive Variante) nach Mayring [2010, S. 67 und 83ff.] kodiert. Die Themen wurden nach Häufigkeit ihres Auftretens in Bezug auf Zeit, Ort und Situation analysiert. Algorithmisch wurden Kommunikationspartner auf Grundlage eines vereinfachten Kommunikationsmodells, welches sich für "big-data" anbot, ermittelt. Auf diese Weise konnte eine Matrix von Kommunikationspartnern erstellt und für Netzwerkvisualisierung und Analysen genutzt werden. Die Datenlage legt nahe, dass die Kommunikation von situativen Aspekten abhängt und dass Naturwissenschaftslehrkräfte rund ein Viertel der aufgezeichneten Gespräche in informellen Räumen dazu nutzten, ihre persönliche berufliche Situation zu reflektieren. Das informelle Gesprächsnetzwerk ist ein verbundenes Netzwerk, welches sich gegenüber Muttersprache und Alter sozial homophil verhielt. Professionelle Unterhaltungen ergaben sich insbesondere in den Morgenzeiten und nahmen über den Tag hinweg ab. Soziale Aspekte schienen im Tagesverlauf an Bedeutung zu gewinnen. TALIS-Daten (Teacher and Learning International Survey) wurden verwendet, um ein umfassenderes Verständnis von Naturwissenschaftslehrkräften und ihren Arbeitsbedingungen zu erhalten. Sie erlauben ebenfalls Einblicke in die Wirkungen von weiterbildungsrelevanten Aspekten der Bildungspolitik (z.B. Unterstützung von Weiterbildungsmaßnahmen). (DIPF/Orig.)

AbstractThe paper presents a theory of the moral structure of international human rights. It proceeds by drawing on recent scholarship on the philosophy of national constitutional rights, which has shown that there is now an emerging global consensus on certain structural features of constitutional rights; in previous work I have summarized this under the label 'the global model of constitutional rights'. Starting from the theory of rights underlying the global model, the paper asks what modifications, if any, are required to turn that theory into a suitable theory of international human rights. In particular, it examines the widely held view that international human rights are more minimalist than national constitutional rights. Discussing recent work by Ronald Dworkin (on political/constitutional versus human rights) and Joseph Raz (on legitimate authority versus national sovereignty), the paper concludes that it is not possible to make rights more minimalist than they already are under the global model. It follows that the moral structures of national constitutional rights and international human rights are identical. The final section of the paper examines some implications of this result, addressing the issues of the workability of the proposed conception of international human rights in practice, its point and purpose, and discussing the obligations of states to participate in international mechanisms for the protection of human rights.

Although CO2 capture and storage(CCS) technologies are heatedly debated, many politicians and energy producers consider them to be a possible technical option to mitigate carbon dioxide from large-point sources. Hence, both national and international decision-makers devote a growing amount of capacities and financial resources to CCS in order to develop and demonstrate the technology and enable ist broad diffusion.The presented report concentrates on the influence of policy incentives on CCS diffusion and examines the following research question: Which policy strategy is needed to stimulate the international diffusion of carbon capture and storage technologies in the power sector? Based on the analysis of innovation-specific (e.g. CCS competitiveness and compatibility), market-related (e.g. national CO2 discharges and storage capacities) and institutional determinants (e.g. existing national and international policy frameworks) of CCS diffusion, the paper discusses the suitability of various national and international policy instruments to induce the international deployment of CCS. Afterwards, three CCS diffusion paths are derived from fundamentally different carbon stabilisation scenarios which include climate policy measures to stimulate the adoption of CO2 mitigation technologies. ; Als Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) wird die Abtrennung von Kohlendioxid aus Rauchgas-, Brenngas- oder Industriegasströmen und dessen anschließende langfristige Verwahrung in geeigneten Lagerstätten bezeichnet. Im Wuppertal Paper Nr. 162 geht Daniel Vallentin der Frage nach, welche Handlungsstrategien die internationale Diffusion von CCS-Technologien herbeiführen. In diesem Kontext stellt er unter anderem verschiedene Fallstudien sowie potenzielle Märkte für CCS-Technologien vor.

At head of title: Congrès international des orientalistes. XIe session. Paris, 1897. ; Mode of access: Internet.

The Sovereign Military Order of St. John of Jerusalem (of Malta)–a charitable organization dating back to about a thousand years ago, and still in existence –received Papal recognition as an autonomous organization in 1113, having previously been admitted as such by the King of Jerusalem. Shortly afterwards, the Order was granted its first supranational statute. From that viewpoint the institution, the principal aim of which was, and still continues to be, to assist the sick and the poor on an international basis, can be regarded as the oldest–after the Holy See— international organization recorded in history. Does not the XIVth-century chronicle of the Masters of the Order refer to "our lords, the sick," their motto for centuries having been "Infirmes et infirmas benigne reci, pere"? In this respect the Order of St. John can be regarded as the forerunner of the Bed Cross with the object of giving assistance through charity to human beings; from the outset the members of the Order founded innumerable institutions and hospitals, including those in the field, and, during military campaigns in more recent times, sanitary trains and hospital ships.