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Those Who Worked, the second volume of Peter Speed's three-volume series of medieval sources in English translation includes a wide variety of readings from Britain and the Continent, is richly illustrated and provides an ideal introduction to classic sources and new trends in medieval studies for the student and general reader alike. Chapter topics include: agriculture from the late Roman Empire to the late Middle Ages; the village; towns; shopkeepers and craftspeople; conducting business; town government; trade, money and banking; families; food and drink; pastimes; the poor; the sick; plague and rebellion. 234 readings cover records; inventories; calendars, chronicles and histories; travelers' accounts; scientific treatises; biographies; letters and notebooks; poetry and plays. Preface, glossary, bibliography, and index. 95 illustrations, 2 maps

This is the summary policy report of the Eunamus project. Drawing together findings from all of the other project reports and conferences, it reflects upon the way histories are constructed and deployed in Europe's national museums. It sets out to address two questions: In what ways do national museums, and the histories they display, contribute to social division and cohesion? How might national museums be a force for greater social cohesion in Europe in the future? The report discusses how national museums perform, interpret and narrate meaningful pasts and how these acts of communication are perceived by visitors and citizens. The report concludes with eight policy implications: National museums need to be autonomous creative institutions National museums need to understand and be open about their performances National museums need to overcome national constraints National museums need to develop and share tools for establishing bridge-building narratives National museums need to review their impact on perceptions of citizenship National museums need to reach new audiences Regional and local museums hold great potential for international bridge building National museums can act as forums for contested issues The three-year research programme, EuNaMus – European National Museums: Identity Politics, the Uses of the Past and the European Citizen, is coordinated at Tema Q at Linköping University (www.eunamus. eu). EuNaMus explores the creation and power of the heritage created and presented at European national museums to the world, Europe and its states, as an unsurpassable institution in contemporary society. National museums are defined and explored as processes of institutionalized negotiations where material collections and displays make claims and are recognized as articulating and representing national values and realities. Questions asked in the project are why, by whom, when, with what material, with what result and future possibilities are these museums shaped.

The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights has been incorporated into European constitutional law ten years after it was adopted by the EU institutions. In that time the Charter developed from a 'solemn proclamation' to a persuasive authority before the European Courts and now a binding Charter for the EU. It has been referred to in the case-law of both the European Court of Justice and the European Court of Human Rights. However, the Charter's history and future are the subject of political contest and academic debate. Along with the accession to the European Convention on Human Rights, it is likely to provide much scope for debate in coming years. This paper assesses the Charter's development from a proposal to increase EU legitimacy to its current status as the Union's own Bill of Rights. It examines the rights protected by the Charter, their sources and how they may be interpreted in light of the 'Explanations' in the Official Journal. The case-law of the European Courts on the Charter is catalogued and analysed to determine the Charter's likely value in human rights litigation. Finally, the chapter analyses the application of the Charter across the EU and considers its implications in the Member States that have limited its effect. Three related themes are woven throughout the analysis: the conflicting motivations of the Member States and the EU institutions, the potential for broadening and strengthening human rights protection in the EU and the Charter's relationship with the European Convention on Human Rights.

"This series of documents, covering the first hundred years after the Provisions of Oxford in 1258, is given in translation so that all who are interested in the history of parliament but have little Latin and less Old French may consult them."--Bloomsbury Publishing

"References" at end of chapters. ; v. 1. France under Louis XIV -- Europe and Louis XIV -- Reconstruction of Europe at Utrecht -- Russia and Prussia become European powers -- The wars of Frederick the Great -- The struggle between France and England for India -- The rivalry of France and England in North America -- The old regime in Europe -- The spirit of reform -- The enlightened despots of the eighteenth century -- The eve of the French Revolution -- The French Revolution -- The First French Republic -- Napoleon Bonaparte -- Europe and Napoleon -- The reconstruction of Europe at the Congress of Vienna -- v. 2. Europe after the Congress of Vienna -- The Industrial Revolution -- Revolution of 1848 in France -- Revolution of 1848 : Austria, Germany, Italy -- The unification of Italy -- Formation of the German Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Union -- The German Empire -- France under the Third Republic -- Political reforms in England -- Social reforms in England -- The British Empire in the nineteenth century -- The Russian Empire in the nineteenth century -- Turkey and the Eastern Question -- The expansion of Europe in the nineteenth century -- Some of the great problems of today -- Appendix 1 : List of rulers -- Appendix 2 : List of books. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1: Europe in Decline (But Not Yet Finished) -- Europe-Th e Years Ahead -- Better Fifty Years of Europe than a Cycle of Cathay (Locksley Hall) -- No Abyss, No Apocalypse -- Islamic Fascism, Islamophobia, Anti-Semitism: A Postscript -- Lessons from Oslo -- The Refugees are Coming -- Muslims in Europe -- "An Anxious Continent" Spiegel Interview, July 26, 2013 -- Chapter 2: Jews in the Twentieth Century -- Degenerate Art and the Jewish Grandmother -- The Terrible Secret: A Second Look -- Love in the Shadow of Death -- The Scholems -- On Russian Jewry Today -- Timothy Snyder: Th e Newton of the Holocaust? -- The Walter Benjamin Brigade -- Hitler's Jews: Max von Oppenheim and the Myth of German Jewish Guilt -- Oppenheim Biographer Lionel Gossman Responds to Walter Laqueur's Review -- Chapter 3: Russia after the Soviet Union -- Détente Plus? How Should the West Deal with Russia? -- The Russian Enigma: Is the Bear Turning East? -- Anti-Semitism and the New Russian Idea -- Confabulation? -- Russian Nationalism: Going Back to the Roots -- The Russian Party under the Soviets -- Central Asia-Toward 2050 -- Toward a New Russian Ideology -- Author's Postscript -- Chapter 4: Observations -- Cyber Warfare -- Nazi Germany: Secret Reports? -- Who Needs Geography? -- Luethy and Brecht: Martyrdom in Hollywood -- Megaloglossa -- Old Age -- A Historical Education: A Wanderer between Several Worlds -- Notes -- Bibliography

ABSTRACTBased on archival research in several Italian city-states, this article examines medieval prison life, its attendant pains, and inmate coping strategies by substantially engaging the variety of scholarship on modern incarceration. It demonstrates the limited degree to which current hardships overlap with those of earlier forms of captivity, and underscores the diversity of inmates' social positions in both eras. Medieval prisoners were marginalized, but they avoided social liminality (a major present-day risk) largely thanks to their visibility, accessibility, and frequent interaction with free society.