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I connect the invention of Japanese 'religion' since the Meiji era (1868–1912) with the invention of other modern imaginaries, particularly the Japanese Nation State and Japanese History. The invention of these powerful fictions in Japan was a specific, localised example of a global process. The real significance of this idea that religion has always existed in all times and places is that it normalises the idea of the non-religious secular as the arena of universal reason and progress. The invention of Japanese 'religion' had—and still has—a significant function in the wider, global context of colonial capital and the continual search for new 'investment' opportunities. Meiji Japan illustrates, in fascinating detail, a process of cognitive hegemony, and the way a globalising discourse on 'progress' transformed the plunder of colonial sites into a civilising mission. The idea that there is a universal type of practice, belief or institution called 'religion' as distinct from government, 'politics' or 'science' was not only new to Japan. It hardly existed in England or more widely in Protestant Europe and North America until the eighteenth or even 19th century. The idea of a secular constitutional nation state was only emergent in the late 18th century with the Declaration of Independence and the US Constitution. Most of Europe—including the colonial powers England and France—were still Christian confessional church states through most of the 19th century. The franchise was granted only to Christian men of substantial property, and denied to women, servants, wage labour, colonised subjects, and slaves. This critical, deconstructive narrative helps us to see more clearly the ideological function of the generic category of religion in the wider configuration of modern secular categories such as constitutional nation state, political economy, nature, history, and science. I also discuss the relation between History as a secular academic science, and the invention of 'the Past' in universal Time. I argue here that ...

Responding to the current political climate of increased Islamist militancy, the growing influence of the Christian Right on US foreign policy and George Bush's war on terror, Media, Religion and Conflict offers a series of case studies reflecting on how the media covers religion as conflict within and between states. It challenges readers to critically examine how media reportage and commentary influences perceptions and responses to religion and security.

SMS vom PapstWandern auf dem Jakobsweg, New Age, Feng-Shui und Engelskult: Die individuelle Suche nach Spiritualität, so zeigt Hubert Knoblauch in diesem Buch, stellt die neue Sozialform des Religiösen dar. Ihren Kern bilden besondere Erfahrungen der Transzendenz, die nicht mehr nur in freikirchlichen Gemeinden oder esoterischen Zirkeln gepflegt werden, sondern tief in die Alltagskultur hineinreichen. Gleichzeitig nehmen heute auch die Kirchen gezielt Formen der populären Kultur auf, wie etwa die Auftritte des Papstes in den Medien zeigen. Hubert Knoblauch beleuchtet das ganze Spektrum kirchlicher, populärer und esoterischer Spiritualität in der Gegenwart. Angesichts dessen konstatiert er einen grundlegenden Wandel der Religion, der zur Auflösung der alten Grenzen von sakral zu profan geführt hat. Der gesellschaftliche Fluchtpunkt dieses Wandels ist das aufgewertete Subjekt und seine individuelle Sinnsuche.

Verschwindet die Religiosität in der Moderne oder ist im Gegenteil eine Rückkehr der Religionen zu verzeichnen? Das Handbuch beleuchtet die Dialektik von Säkularisierung und Revitalisierung der Religionen aus philosophischer, soziologischer und religionswissenschaftlicher Perspektive. Vorgestellt werden grundlegende Konzepte, z. B. von Durkheim, Weber, Habermas, Blumenberg und Luhmann. Der zweite Teil untersucht Begriffe wie das Böse, das Heilige, Pluralismus etc. in ihrer Bedeutung im Kontext der Säkularisierung. Abschließend geht es um Konflikte wie Glauben und Wissen, Religion und Menschenrechte oder Säkularisierung und die Weltreligionen

Die Bedeutung der Religion im öffentlichen Leben wird zunehmend größer. Doch handelt es sich hierbei wirklich um eine Renaissance der Religionen? Oder haben wir es lediglich mit einer verstärkten öffentlichen Debatte um Religion zu tun? Der Artikel skizziert diese Spannung, die in den aktuellen Religionskontroversen aufscheint.

Abstract
This article represents the results of analysis of data on religion for all of the countries of the world which appear in the World Religion Database (Johnson and Grim 2023). Data was collected at the national level from a number of sources including censuses, surveys, polls, religious communities, scholars, and others. After data collection and analysis, discrepancies were worked out and best estimates are made for each religion across a number of years. Results are presented for religionists and non-religionists as a whole as well as for each religious and non-religious category.

"Law, Religion and Homosexuality provides a systematic and nuanced analysis of how religion has shaped, and continues to shape, legislation that regulates the lives of gay men and lesbians in the United Kingdom. Arguing that religion remains at the heart of the relationship between law and homosexuality, the authors provide an in-depth study of the considerable authority of religion in lawmaking. Through an examination of how religious discourse influences the making of law in the form of official interventions made by faith communities and organizations, as well as by expressions of faith by individual legislators, the book shows how religion continues to be central to both enabling and restricting the development of lesbian and gay legal equality. Whilst some claim that faith has been marginalized in the legislative processes of contemporary western societies, Johnson and Vanderbeck show the significant impact of religion in a number of substantive legal areas relating to sexual orientation. Law, Religion and Homosexuality demonstrates the dynamic interplay between law and religion in respect of homosexuality and will be of considerable interest to a wide audience of academics, policy makers and stakeholders

The ties between religion & nationalist sentiment can be seen in many cases, including the current conflict in Ireland, German nationalism which often drew support from Lutheranism, & the Anglican base of English maritime nationalism. Dependence of nationalist groups on religion does not necessarily entail solidarity on an international basis; the converse is often the case. Thus, the Church is a strong force in Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece, & Rumania, yet there is much antagonism between religious & nationalistic forces in these countries. The development of Pan-Arabic sentiment has been based on the strong influence of Christian Arabs. Yet nationalistic movements may be in direct conflict with the aims of the larger society, & still draw strength from the religious base. In some cases, the religious hierarchy is in conflict with nationalistic movements. The leaders of the movements may even be nonreligious or openly atheistic. Yet these movements do not ignore, but rather make good use of religious feeling in their followers. Religious beliefs often contribute to the retention of national identity in a hostile environment, as in the US, where groups such as the Irish have lost their native language but retain their strong religious faith. Similarly, the Jews assimilated in large part the culture & languages of the countries to which they emigrated, but retained their religious faith as a common denominator. Religion can also be a source of linguistic affinity, as in the case of the Arab peoples, who would have few linguistic ties if not for the Koran. The relationship between religion & nationalism is a complex one, & the interplay of the two results in revolutionary & counterrevolutionary tendencies. HA Tr & Modified by B. Annesser.

This book brings together two scholarly traditions: experts in Roman, Jewish and Islamic law, an area where scholars tend to be familiar with work in each area, and experts in the legal traditions of South and East Asia, which have tended to be less interdisciplinary. The resulting mix produces new ways of looking at comparative law and legal history from a global perspective, and these essays contribute both to our understanding of comparative religion as well as comparative law

Despite the profound influence that religious organizations exert, religion occupies a curiously marginal place in organization theory. This volume aims to make available in one place existing knowledge on religion and organizations, encouraging more organization theorists to include religion as part of their research activities and agenda.

This book analyses the relation between state and religion in Indonesia, considering both the philosophical underpinning of government intervention on religious life but also cases and regulations related to religious affairs in Indonesia. Examining state regulation of religious affairs, it focuses on understanding its origin, history and consequences on citizens' religious life in modern Indonesia, arguing that while Indonesian constitutions have preserved religious freedom, they have also tended to construct wide-ranging discretionary powers in the government to control religious life and oversee religious freedom. Over more than four decades, Indonesian governments have constructed a variety of policies on religion based on constitutional legacies interpreted in the light of the norms and values of the existing religious majority group. A cutting edge examination of the tension between religious order and harmony on one hand, and protecting religious freedom for all on the other, this book offers a cutting edge study of how the history of regulating religion has been about the constant negotiation for the boundaries of authority between the state and the religious majority group

"Terrorism and Religion: An Overview" published on by Oxford University Press.

Abstract
The following tables represent the results of analysis of data on religion for all of the countries of the world which appear in the World Religion Database (Johnson and Grim 2008). These data are collected at the national level from a number of sources including censuses, surveys, polls, religious communities, scholars, and others.