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Following the change from over 350 years of colonial and apartheid rule in South Africa, thefirst democratically elected government that came into power in 1994 was faced with thechallenge of having to address vast levels of inequality and poverty. The distribution of wealthwere extremely skewed in terms of race, gender and region, with children growing up in rural,black and female-headed households disproportionately affected by severe levels of poverty(Cassiem, Perry, Sadan Streak, 2000; Landman, Bhorat, Van der Berg Van Aardt, 2003;May, 1998; UNDP, 2004). Consequently, child mortality and levels of stunted growth in SouthAfrica in general and amongst this group of children in particular were unacceptably high, and– by now constitutionally enshrined – children's rights and basic needs were unmet for themajority of South African children (Manuel, 2007). Poverty continues to be the biggestchallenge faced by the government: Brandon and Pather (2007) for example cite that 24 millionSouth Africans are living below the poverty line, half of whom are dependent on governmentgrants.

The article is dedicated to analyzing the phenomenon of premier-presidentialism as a system of inter-institutional relations both in theoretical terms as well as in the context of the real political process in European countries. In view of this, the author singled out institutional and procedural determinants of premier-presidentialism and stated that premier-presidentialism is a separate type of semi-presidential system of government. In this way, the institutional and political manifestations and the parameters of operationalization of premier-presidentialism in European countries were analyzed. The researcher singled out current and historical cases of premier-presidentialism in the analyzed region and, in view of this, found that premier-presidentialism is generally characterized by monistic collective responsibility of governmental cabinet solely to the legislature, by the president's ability to dissolve parliament and call early elections and hence by the dualism in the executive. It is concluded that premier-presidentialism is characterized not so much by transactional as by hierarchical relations in the triangle "president – governmental cabinet / prime minister – parliament".

The aim of this paper is to explore how classic upstream-downstream conflicts of water resources management can be interpreted more broadly in terms of spatial misfits and disparities between the river basin, territorial jurisdictions, degrees of political influence and socio-economic conditions. It applies the analytical concept of spatial fit in order to explore issues of governance in managing water in the Dongjiang River basin, selected by virtue of the huge political and economic asymmetries existing between the upstream Jiangxi Province and the downstream Pearl River delta region. Using the concept of spatial fit, the paper explores the complex environmental, socio-economic and political geographies which frame the interdependencies of water use and management within the river basin. It analyses attempts by stakeholders at different levels and locations in the basin to advance their own water-related interests and the initiatives some are developing to share benefits and costs more equitably across the basin. ; Peer Reviewed

Pearson, DH orcid:0000-0002-5374-7074 ; Due to the deterioration of small-scale agriculture in rural regions, and increasing concerns over population health, the local food movement in South Korea has recently attracted interest from many local governments and non-governmental organisations. This paper examines its potential to address some of the social and environmental challenges associated with current forms of food provisioning. This includes an assessment of farmers' markets, school meals, box schemes, and traditional markets. It concludes with identification of six issues that need to be managed for local food to continue expanding in South Korea. These being: reducing ambiguity surrounding the meaning of local food; greater sharing of production risks with consumers; improving coordination of government involvement; increasing up-take of appropriate production methods such as organic; maintaining opportunities for diversity of local food producers including small-scale family farmers; and finally, embracing local food sales in dominant retail outlets such as supermarkets.

During the 1970s and the 1980s, Latin America witnessed widespread violations of human rights. However, from the early 1980s, the beginning of democratic transition in the region led to an intense debate on impunity and the controversial "right to truth": the right to learn about what had occurred under past repressive rule. The research on impunity and the right to truth in Latin America has mostly been focused on national approaches or the efforts of the UN. Hitherto, the general role of the inter-American human rights system has barely been analysed, despite its remarkable role during the repressive period of the 1970s and early 1980s. Hence, this article will supplement existing research efforts by shedding some light on the performance of the Organisation of American States (OAS) regarding impunity and the right to truth. Whether there was a general strategy in the OAS to address the problem and what perspectives for the inter-American system exist in this regard are some of the main questions addressed by this article.

This paper aimed to compare the performance of Amil Zakat Board and Amil Zakat Institutions in managing zakat funds in the region of West Sumatra province, based on data in 2010. The Comparisons were made by measuring the performance of these two institutions which include five aspects of assessment namely 1) Performance of Shariah compliance, legality and institutional 2) Performance of Management 3) Financial Performance 4) Performance of economic empowerment and 5) Performance Social Legitimacy. The research was conducted with surveys and interviews using a questionnaire to four Amil Zakat Board and four Amil Zakat institutions. This study used the Mann Whitney U Test to see the significance of the difference. The results of analysis showed that significant difference between performance of zakat management at Amil Zakat Board and Amil Zakat Institutions in West Sumatera Province. The performance of Amil Zakat Board is better than the performance of Amil Zakat Institutions especially financial performance and the performance of social legitimacy.

The Peruvian Amazon is an important arena in global efforts to promote sustainable logging in the tropics. Despite recent efforts to achieve sustainability, such as provisions in the US–Peru Trade Promotion Agreement, illegal logging continues to plague the region. We present evidence that Peru's legal logging concession system is enabling the widespread illegal logging via the regulatory documents designed to ensure sustainable logging. Analyzing official government data, we found that 68.3% of all concessions supervised by authorities were suspected of major violations. Of the 609 total concessions, nearly 30% have been cancelled for violations and we expect this percentage to increase as investigations continue. Moreover, the nature of the violations indicate that the permits associated with legal concessions are used to harvest trees in unauthorized areas, thus threatening all forested areas. Many of the violations pertain to the illegal extraction of CITES-listed timber species outside authorized areas. These findings highlight the need for additional reforms.

The "Ruhuna Basins" defined for this case study encompass three of the main rivers that flow through ancient Ruhuna, including the longest and most important river in the region, Walawe. The Ruhuna basins are important in the broader Sri Lankan context, the basin being the location of a major hydropower plant, irrigation schemes that make a significant contribution to national food production, and important nature reserves. However, even before the proposed development begins to be implemented, the basins are experiencing major water resources problems, clearly demonstrated by the recent drought that led to reduction of water supplies to agriculture, insufficient domestic water supply, and which contributed to nationwide power cuts upto 8 hours a day. These challenging issues motivated the Government of Sri Lanka to select the cluster of three important rivers, Walawe, Menik and Kirindi, and the smaller basins confined by them as the area for the case study for the World Water Assessment Program.

This paper examines one instance in tropical West Africa where Development agents encouraged ley farming as a means of intensifying crop-livestock interactions and improving human welfare without adverse effects on the environment. The response of the farmer to the technology has been mixed. Adoption has been limited by high opportunity costs of growing forages, as well as inadequate technical knowledge and attempts on the part of Development agents to export technologies outside their ecozonal limits. Neverthless, evidence of voluntary and government-credit-backed adaptation of ley farming concepts to producer circumstances is not difficult to find in such West African countries as Nigeria and Mali. This should not, however, be construed as an indication of future trends in ley farming, since agricultural production in the region is subsistence oriented and farmers are content with the present livestock herding practices and see no urgency to introduce soil restoration alternatives, as there are no visible manifestations of rapid environmental degradation. Constraints to leys and technology transfer are discussed.

The backrgound of research is from Parson in Hettne, the statement is transition between capitalist ecology with socialist ecology of the nature management by state. This suggests is country through the government is required to issue a public policy in the environmental field. In Indonesia, this is already happening, the exsistance of environmental regulations 4/1982 until now to the preservation and protection of environmental regulations 32/2009. Location of the study was conducted in the Batu City. Where the famous BatuCitywas a rich natural potential of mountains, and in the upper Brantas river basin have great influence on other parts of East Java region. This study have qualitative methods and use spiral analysize of Craswell. Produce the following findings: the environmental office more than likes to use regulations 32/2009, without base on local act 16/2011; actions carried out by the implementing actors, environmental management, supervision and control of the environment and the conservation and rehabilitation of the activities undertaken by the implementer of the environmental policy in Batu city.

What are the sub-national implications, in policy and practice, of environmental policy integration (EPI) in EU and Swedish bioenergy policy? Focusing on the exceptional bioenergy expansion within the Biofuel Region in (North Sweden, this paper discusses cross-level implications of supranational and national policy decisions on bioenergy ( whether environmental perspectives are observable also in sub-national bioenergy discussions ( and explores the drivers of sub-national bioenergy development in a multi-level governance setting. The study finds that higher-level EPI plays an important role for sub-national bioenergy development. The degree of sub-national EPI in bioenergy and the type of renewables invested in is to a large extent set by top-down influence from the EU and national level through agenda setting, policy goals and economic mechanisms. Local policy entrepreneurs play an important role for finding 'win-win'-solutions that can help initiating local energy projects and ensure sub-national EPI, but environmental-economic - rather than merely economic - motives for getting involved are important to ensure long-term local commitment to renewable energy projects.

International audience ; The paper begins by introducing Nicolaus of Damascus, Herod the Great's secretary and author of a voluminous historical compilation comprising 144 books (FGrHist 90) from which more than 10 fragments have been identified as citations of Ephorus concerning the mythical (Return of the Heraclidae) and archaic Greece (tyranny). The article goes on to demonstrate that this already well known catalogue can be further completed with other echos, paraphrases or citations of Ephorus concerning Athens (the destitution of Hippomenes the Archon), Crete (its legislation and education system and practices) as well as the ways of life (mores) of Barbarians: Galactophagoi Scythians, Sarmatians and Mossynoikoi of the Pontus region, or to the West: Celtics and Iberians. Finally, we show that this repertory of fragments from Ephorus in Nicolaus of Damascus' Histories and Customs enriches the current Ephorus corpus by providing new fragments of Ephorus' work as well as adding to our current representation of his thought. In particular, these new fragments further the discovery of Ephorus'interest in geography and ethnography.

En el presente artículo se presenta un panorama general de los movimientos rurales en América Latina durante las últimas dos décadas, anclando los mencionados movimientos en la política continental y de sus respectivos países, tomando como referencia los problemas de la reforma agraria, las luchas de los pueblos originarios, la resistencia a la destrucción ambiental causada por el desarrollo del capitalismo en la región y también la participación de las mujeres.Palabras clave: Movimientos rurales – América Latina – Historia reciente – Reforma agraria. The rural social movements in Latin America. A recent history (1991-2011).The present article presents an overview of the latin american rural movements during the past two decades, analyzing the political role they play in their local countries as well as in the continental arena, in regard to the problems of agrarian reform, native americans' struggles, participation of women, and the resistance against the environmental destruction caused by the capitalist development in the region.Keywords: Rural movements – Latin America – Recent history – Agrarian Reform.