The overall objective of the study is to identify potential causes to the rapid increase in regional government surpluses. It will be shown that regional government surpluses have rapidly increased because of a confluence of three factors: (i) higher than expected revenue, (ii) lower than expected expenditure, and (iii) limited investments in financial assets. The study will identify potential causes for each factor by analyzing differences in actual and budgeted amounts of revenue. This report was presented to representatives of the Ministry of Finance and Decentralization Support Facility (DSF) in a meeting held on 30 May 2008. Comments and corrections of the attendants are reflected in this version of the report.
KURT JANISCH'S POWER AND SEXUALITY IN ELFRIEDE JELINEK'S GREED Annisa Firdausi English Literature, Faculty of Languages and Arts, Surabaya State University firdausi.annisa19@gmail.com Drs. Much. Khoiri, M.Si English Department, Faculty of Languages and Arts, Surabaya State University much_choiri@yahoo.com Abstrak Kekuasaan sering didefinisikan sebagai kemampuan seseorang yang kuat untuk mendapatkan keinginannya atas kehendak orang yang tidak berdaya. Orang-orang yang memiliki kekuasaan dapat menggunakan kekuasaan mereka untuk mengambil keuntungan untuk mereka sendiri, mengontrol orang lain dan dapat juga memanipulasi orang lain. Orang-orang yang memiliki kekuasaan juga seringkali menggunakan kekuasaan untuk memuaskan nafsu seksual mereka. Michel Foucault (1978: 83) berpendapat bahwa jika kekuasaan hanya dilihat sebagai kemampuan untuk memiliki keinginan, atau jika konstitutif pada keinginan sendiri , untuk afirmasi: anda akan selalu dan sudah terjebak. Skripsi ini difokuskan pada kekuasaan dan seksualitas Kurt Janisch di novel Greed oleh Elfriede Jelinek. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menggambarkan bagaimana kekuasaan Kurt Janisch yang digambarkan dalam Greed oleh Elfriede Jelinek, dan untuk mengungkapkan bagaimana kekuasaan Kurt Janisch mempengaruhi seksualitasnya. Skripsi ini menggunakan beberapa proses analisis, yaitu: (1) mengklasifikasikan kutipan yang relevan dan sesuai dengan rumusan masalah, (2) menggambarkan kekuasaan Kurt Janisch dengan menggunakan teori five bases of power oleh John RP French dan Bertram Raven , (3) mengungkapkan bagaimana seksualitas Kurt Janisch dipengaruhi oleh kekuasaannya dengan menggunakan circles of sexuality oleh Dr Dennis M. Dailey. Akhirnya, hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa dalam novel ini Kurt Janisch menyalahgunakan kekuasaannya. Dia menggunakan setiap kesempatan yang ada untuk memaksa orang dan mengintimidasi rekan-rekannya yang lebih muda. Dapat dikatakan bahwa ia menggunakan kekuasaannya secara paksa – itu termasuk dalam coercive power. Selain itu, perilaku Kurt Janisch dalam mengintimidasi rekan-rekannya yang lebih muda dapat diklasifikasikan sebagai legitimate power. Dia juga menggunakan jenis informational power karena ia menyembunyikan informasi yang dapat membahayakan dirinya. Dengan kekuatan yang dimilikinya, ia memaksa perempuan untuk berhubungan seks dengannya. Saat berhubungan seks dengan wanita, Kurt Janisch melakukan beberapa kekerasan seksual, pelecehan seksual kepada anak, dan perkosaan yang termasuk dalam lingkaran sexualization. Fakta-fakta tersebut adalah bukti bahwa Kurt Janisch menyalahgunakan kekuasaannya untuk mendapatkan kepuasan dalam hubungan seksual. Kata Kunci: Kekuasaan, Seksualitas, Greed, Circles of sexuality Abstract Power is often defined as the capability of someone strong to achieve his desires over the will of powerless people. Powerful people can use their power to take advantage for themselves, control people can even manipulate someone else. Powerful people also oftenly use power to satisfy their sexual appetite. Michel Foucault (1978: 83) argues that if power is seen as having only an external hold on desire, or, if it is constitutive of desire itself, to the affirmation: you are always-already trapped. This study focuses on Kurt Janisch's power and sexuality in Elfriede Jelinek's Greed. The purposes of this study are to describe how Kurt Janisch's power is depicted in Elfriede Jelinek's Greed, and to reveal how Kurt Janisch's power affects his sexuality. This study does some processes of analysis, they are: (1) classifying the relevant quotations which are in line with the problem of statements, (2) describing Kurt Janisch's power by using the theory of five bases of power by John R.P. French and Bertram Raven, (3) revealing how Kurt Janisch's sexuality is affected by his power by using Dr. Dennis M. Dailey's circles of sexuality. Eventually, the result of the analysis shows that Kurt Janisch power which is depicted in the novel is abusive. He uses every opportunity that he has to force people and intimidate his younger colleagues. It can be said that he uses his power coercively--it is the coercive power. Moreover, his behaviour in pressing his younger colleagues is classified as legitimate power. He also uses the kind of informational power because he hides informations that can harm him. With the power that he has, he forces women to have sex with him. While having sex with women, Kurt Janisch does some sexual violence, child abuse, rape and sexual harassment which are included in the sexualization circle. Those facts are proofs that Kurt Janisch is abusing his power to get his only satisfication in sexual intercourse. Keywords: Power, Sexuality, Greed, Circles of Sexuality INTRODUCTION Power is often conceptualised as the capacity of powerful agents to realise their will over the will of powerless people, and the ability to force them to do things which they do not wish to do. Power is also often seen as a possession, something which is held onto by those in power and which those who are powerless try to wrest from their control. In The History of Sexuality, Vol. I, Michel Foucault argue that if power is seen as having only an external hold on desire, or, if it is constitutive of desire itself, to the affirmation: you are always-already trapped. Moreover, one must not imagine that this representation is peculiar to those who are concerned with the problem of the relations of power with sex. (Foucault, 1978: 83). The act of using one's position of power in an abuse way is called power abuse. This can take many forms, such as taking advantage of someone, gaining access to information that shouldn'e be accesible to public, or just manipulating someone with the ability to punish them if they don't comply. Abuseis the improper usage or treatment of an entity, often to unfairlyor improperly gain benefit. Abuse can come in many forms, such as: physical or verbal maltreatment, injury, assault, violation, rape, unjust practices; crimes, or other types of aggression. Abuse of power is different from usurpation of power, which is an exercise of authority that the offender does not actually have. Sexuality is complex and spans a vast array of human experiences including family relationships, dating, sexual behavior, physical development, sensuality, sexualization, reproduction, gender, body image and more. It is a fundamental and natural part of being human, for people of all ages. Defining sexuality can be difficult, but it may help to think about Amy Schalet's description of sexuality as posted on medscape.com, "as the expression of an age-blind desire for meaningful intimacy and connection with others". Sexuality is much more than sexual feelings or sexual intercourse. It is an important part of who a person is and what she or he will become. It includes all the feelings, thoughts and behaviors of being female or male, being attractive and being in love, as well as being in relationships that include sexual intimacy and physical sexual activity. Jelinek's works are mostly concern on patriarchal hierarchies define the engines of commerce and commerce defines personal relationships, its individuals' sexuality. Besides The Piano Teacher and Women as Lovers, Greed is also regarded as one of her novels which concern on sexuality. So, this thesis will analyse Elfriede Jelinek's Greed in the terms of its sexuality. In Greed, Kurt Janisch has a big power over the country. Unfortunately, he uses his power to harm and threaten other people. Kurt Janisch is a greedy and ambitious man. He likes to have many properties. But the way he try to get it is so nasty. He uses his power as a country policeman to get properties. He is somehow uses his power abuse. At one time, he would like to have a drink without paying it. According to him, he does not need to pay the drink because he has an authority there. Kurt Janisch realizes that he has a big power. His power is, however, influence his sexuality. He would like to have sex with women in his country just to have their properties. The women, who realize that Kurt is a powerful man, can not reject his attitude. He sometimes stop a woman for speeding then have sex with her beside her car. After that, they went to her house and Kurt can have that woman's property. In accordance of background study above, it can be simplify to discuss among two problems that emerge as significant concern toward this novel. How is Kurt Janisch's power depicted in Elfriede Jelinek's Greed? How does Kurt Janisch's power affect his sexuality in Elfriede Jelinek's Greed? This study will uses two theories which are in line with the statement of the problems. The first problem is how Kurt Janisch's power depicted in Greed. This statement will use the concept of power. This concept is originally introduced developed by social pschologists named French and Raven. This concept is united and merged with the bases of social power which people use in their daily life. There are five kinds of power in this concept, they are coercive power, reward power, legitimate power, referent power and expert power. There is also an additional kind of power, which is the informational power. Then the second problem is how Kurt Janisch's power affects his sexuality. This statement will apply the concept of sexuality, especially in the circles of sexuality. This concept is developed by a man known as the pornographic professor, Dr. Dennis M. Dailey. It is about the circles of sexuality which is experienced by every human being. There are five circles, they are sensuality, sexual intimacy, sexual identity, reproduction and sexualization. RESEARCH METHOD Research methodolgy that used in this analysis here must be qualified as an applying in literary appreciation. The thesis is regarded as a descriptive-qualitative study and uses a library research. This study uses novel of Elfriede Jelinek entitled Greed that published Seven Stories Press, 140 Watts Street, New York in 2007 as the data source of this study. The datas are in the form of direct and indirect speech of the characters, dialogues, epilogues and quotations which indicate and represent aspect of power abuse and sexualization which is experienced by the main character. This thesis is using the library method in collecting the data. It does not use the statistic method. That is why it is not served in numbering or tables. Library research used an approach in analyzing this study. The kind of library research which is used here is intensive or closely reading to search quotations or phrases. It also used to analyze the literary elements both intrinsic and extrinsic. The references are taken from library and contributing ideas about this study from internet that support the idea of analyzing. The analysis is done by the following steps: (1) Classification based on the statement of the problems. This classification is used to avoid the broad discussion. There are two classifications in this study. They are the depiction of power and how it affects the sexuality. (2) Describing Kurt Janisch's power which is stated from the quotations or statements. (3) Describing how Kurt Janisch's sexuality which is stated from the quotations or statements. (4) Revealing the relations between power and sexuality. The quotations that showed how the character's sexuality is affected by his power are taken as data. (5) Drawing the conclusion based on the analysis which is in line with the problems. ANALYSIS The first section is about the describtion of Kurt Janisch's power as a country policeman. Kurt Janisch, the country policeman, is the main character in this story. For three generation, his whole family hold the power over the country. His father is a former police colonel while his son, Ernst Janisch, is employed by the Post Office as a telephone maintenance man. He attended a technical secondary school, whose graduates call themselves engineers. Being a country policeman makes Kurt Janisch hold a big power over his people. "Such a forceful, big man, who is capable of unleashing almost any kind of event." (Jelinek, 2007: 10). Kurt Janisch is described as a forceful man. This is deal with his job as a country policeman. He has quite an authority to control people in his country so he is also described as a 'big man'. He knew that he is the one who is more capable of making any decisions in his country and the people must live with his decisions. People mostly obey the figure of authority because they have been conditioned to do so. In this case, Kurt Janisch is in a position of power, so they are required to do so by law. Most citizens are afraid to disobey laws because they don't like the outcome or the embarrassment. The country policeman then uses his power to force his people. He forces everyone to get what he wants. From the way Kurt Janisch is described as a forceful man in using his power, it is shown that Kurt Janisch uses the kind of coercive power. As mentioned by French and Raven in the previous chapter, coercive power happens when a powerful man forces other people to do something they do not want to do (French and Raven, 1959: 87). In this case, Kurt Janisch forces his people (mostly women) to do sex and give him their properties. The behaviour of Kurt Janisch can be classified in coercive power because he is also 'capable of unleashing any kind of event'. It might be true that he is doing his job well by helping his people in any kind of situation. But on the other side, the word 'any kind of event' means that he can unleash people who is guilty by giving him somtehing in return. For Kurt Janisch, he only wants sex or properties. People are forced by him to do so, and they did it because they are powerless and have no other choices. Not only unleashing any kind of event, he could also 'create' event so that he would get what he wants. Kurt Janisch is sometimes also in charge of maintaining traffic order. Once in a while he stop the car and inspect it. He thinks, he will get a slight advantage from it. "The country policeman only has to take advantage of the opportunity, because in their own car everyone makes a mistake once." (Jelinek, 2007: 44). He believes that the termination of some cars, there will be some drivers who commit traffic offenses. They could be not carrying the driving license or they could even carrying drugs. If there is an offense, then he will offer them some choices. Such things like he will give him a ticket or they can give him a bribe. As a country policeman, Kurt Janisch may stop and search any person or vehicle for stolen or prohibited things. Generally weapons such as knives and guns that are made or adapted for use in accordance with certain offences which include fraud, criminal damage, theft, burglary and taking a motor vehicle without authority. But a police officer cannot simply stop and search anybody he likes. In this case, Kurt Janisch has proven that he is abusing his power. He stop and search without any reasonable grounds and he even take advantages from it. He can do this just because he has a warrant card which he shows them everytime he do stop and search. It makes people do not dare to reject him. Since Kurt Janisch has a greedy nature, he uses any ways to satisfy his ever-increasing demands. Because he is a country policeman, then he can use his power to fulfill his greediness. One of his ways is force women to give him properties. "His fingers are itching to angrily beat the woman if she doesn't want to give up her house voluntarily," (Jelinek, 2007: 278). There is no word 'to give up' in the Kurt Janisch's dictionary in getting properties. Therefore he does not hesitate to use violence to get it. In this sentence, it can be seen that Kurt Janisch had thought that he would hit the woman if she refused to give her home. However, he also forced her to hand it over voluntarily. It does not matter whether she is really voluntary or not. The important thing to him is that people know that she gave her house voluntarily. The forcing behaviour that Kurt Janisch did in getting a house can be classified in coercive power. He uses his power to force someone to do what he wants. He did not hesitate to commit coercion because he knew that he is powerful. Therefore, the people will not dare to report him. This action can also be called as an abuse of power. The effect of abuse of powerin the government is that the citizens suffer. When the government abuses their power, the society cannot benefit as it properly should because those in position to help are not staying within the realm of their job. Kurt Janisch is not only misusing his power to his people in his district. People in his office also admitted that he is quite powerful. "He is otherwise something of a disrespectful man, the country policeman, and so he demands all the more respect from the young recruits." (Jelinek, 2007: 195). Kurt Janisch is always look nice and warm in front of the women. But to his co-workers, he is described as a disrespectful man. He likes to putting someone down, trying to make them feel low and treating someone in a horrible manner. Sometimes he is also showing his co-workers that they mean less than nothing to him. He is both rude and ignorant towards another persons feeling. This behaviour is shown by Kurt Janisch mostly to the young recruits. He asked them to show him more respects. While in fact, he does not respect them as much as they do. He thinks that it should be the way, since he is a senior and they were just a young recruiter. What Kurt Janisch does to his young recruiters is included to legitimate power category. A leader who has ability to control other people's feeling by giving them rewards or punishment is a kind of leader in legitimate power. They can give them rewards or punishment to anyone. They also can do anything to them as punishment. The subordinates have no right to reject the rewards or punishments which the leader gives. According to French and Raven in this legitimate power theory, Kurt Janisch's subordinates will only obey him as a country policeman not spesifically in person. This power is therefore not strong enough to be Kurt Janisch's only form of influencing or persuading. Even so, he keeps doing it. For him, it is a matter of pride. "he will take every opportunity to press up against younger colleagues, to pass his hands over their hips and to let them properly feel his little fellow," (Jelinek, 2007: 298). From the sentence above, we can see that Kurt Janisch is sometimes does not hesitate to commit physical violence against his younger colleagues. Once his younger colleagues are making mistakes, he would give them some lessons rudely. He treated them that way in order to make sure that the will not do the same mistake twice. But somehow he became too far. It is shown that he would use every opportunity he has to press up his younger colleagues. However, he press up his colleagues violently. He put his hands around their hips and punch it. He punches them quite strong so they can feel how dissappointed he is. He thinks, if he do it that way, they will learn something. Kurt Janisch is granted many powers in order to keep the peace and protect the general public. There are, of course, limits on his behaviour and if people feel he has used unlawful practices, they should contact a lawyer for legal advice. But Kurt Janisch does not get any complaints for all his behaviors which are beyond the limits. "They have the power to make people disappear without trace forever." (Jelinek, 2007: 261). In addition to maintaining security and protecting the public, Kurt Janisch also sometimes assigned as an investigator. He admitted that policemen have a big power in almost everything. It is shown in the sentence above that they can make people disappear without any trace left. It means that he could kill people and no one will know that he is the culprit. He could use his power as an investigator to throw all the evidences. So people would not know how the victim died and who did it forever. For this, Kurt Janisch uses his power as informational power. He holds an information and he manipulated it to his people. Informational power is based on the potential to use information. Providing rational arguments, using information to persuade others, using facts and manipulating information can create a power base. In this case, Kurt Janisch is keeping the information secretly and even organizing it neatly as if nothing happened. Then, the second section will show the effects of power in Kurt Jansich's sexuality in the novel. Sexuality is also become the main idea in this novel. The country policeman is already married, but his sexual life with his wife does not appear much in this novel. However, his sexual life with other women is much exposed. It is so much easier for him to get any women when he comes in as a figure of authority. "These female proceedings have to be conducted and intimately handled, even if what the Janischs do is not described like that. They combine the pleasing with the useful." (Jelinek, 2007: 26). Everytime Kurt Janisch helps women, he proceeded them 'differently'. Not only him, but his son is also joining him in handling the women. People believed that both of them are treated them unfairly. However, the Janischs have their own argument. They think of it as give-and-take. Whenever they help women, those women have to please them. Kurt Janisch is the one who is quite influential here. He uses his power to manipulate women in his sexual experiences. His act of control and influence women unfairly means that he is in a sexualization cycle. In this cycle, people can do things like flirting or even rape to get what they want. It can cause the women to feel shame and humiliation, but since he is a country policeman, they can not do nothing about it. "What interests the country policeman about women also lies more below the waistline," (Jelinek, 2007: 199). Kurt Janisch is really do not care anything else when his lust is appearing. He's not interested in what she says. He's interested in what she has. More importantly, he is very interested in the women's organ right under their waistline. He thinks that if he can control their vagina, he can control her completely. He knows that once a lonely woman has been satisfied, he will get what he wants more easily. People in various professional and institutional settings endure many forms of unwanted sexual acts that are perpetrated against them by people in positions of power. These perpetrators abuse their power, authority, trust, influence, and dependence to obtain sexual intercourse. (Buchhandler and Raphael, 2010: 3). The act that Kurt Janish has been done is somewhat an act of disrespectful through women. Women needs to be taken care and be loved. Men are using sex instrumentally in order to obtain and retain power over women. An evolutionary perspective does not deny the linkage between power and sex but suggests that the direction of causation is misperceived. Rather than men using sex to obtain power, it is much more accurate to say that they use power to obtain sex. (Browne, 2006: 147). Even they are being treated harshly and disrespectful, these women did not protest or report. Most of them are even delighted that they can have sex with a country policeman. "Two legs spread, for him alone, just like that, and a whole house puts in an appearance right in the middle." (Jelinek, 2007: 117). It is easy for Kurt Janisch to get what he wants. With the power that he has, he only needs two legs spread, like it is stated on the sentence. It means that he can conquer and persuade women to have sex with him. Once the women were already conquered, then they will give him whatever he wants. This makes Kurt Janisch addicted. When he realized that he could get what he wants so easily, then he will do it continously. However, to get two legs spread, Kurt Janisch is forcing them to do so. This behaviour can be classified in the coercive power. It is so, because Kurt Janisch is forcing the women to act in an involuntary manner by use of intimidation and threats. Coercion is one method by which a powerful agent can exercise and maintain his dominance over another. When one has the power needed to credibly threaten another, one can use that power to impose one's will on her regarding many choices. In law, coercion is classified as a threat crime. Such actions are used as leverage, to force the victim to act in a way contrary to their own interests. Coercion may involve the actual infliction of physical pain or psychological harm. This act of coercion that has been done by Kurt Janisch in sex can also be called as the act of rape. Often those men who see women as sex objects and as inherently inferior to men are more likely to commit to rape. Men who hold these beliefs think that they are entitled to control women's sexuality, and to determine what a woman really wants. Such men also think they are entitled to shape women's sexual and nonsexual behavior, and to decide what is acceptable or unacceptable. Therefore, women should meet male needs on demand, men are entitled to force their desires onto women, and therefore, men are entitled to rape women. (Lowell, 2010: 160). Sexual abuse of power, like rape, constitutes serious harms to victims precisely because it typically violates these rights. The right to remain free from sexual coercion stands at the basis of these violations: sexual coercion occurs whenever a person engages in unilateral sexual acts with another person, by exploiting that other person's body for the purposes of his own gratification, arousal or one–sided sexual pleasure, against the will of that other person. A little blood is coming from her vagina. What has he stuck in there this time, bigger than a slap in the face, smaller than a tractor? Perhaps the neck of the beer bottle? (Jelinek, 2007: 82) Not only described as a forceful man when it comes to sex, but he is also described as a crude person. It is stated in the sentence above that after having sex with a girl, a little blood is coming from her vagina. She also feels a great painful when she woke up. She wonders why is that happen. It was not the first time she has sex, so it is obviously not a virgin blood. It can happen because of two things. Either she was on her period or Kurt Janisch was hardly forces his cock into her vagina. From the sentence, the right answer is the second one. She is wondering what he stuck in her vagina. The pain feels more painful than a slap in the face. She presumes that he inserted the neck of the beer bottle which is very hard and painful. This is also the act of sexual assault that has been done by Kurt Janisch. it is the act of having intercourse while doing a physical violence or using a tool. It can cause a great painful, a wound and even a fatal injury. Sexual assault can also included in case of rape because Kurt Janisch forces his cock that cause her to feel great pain in her vagina. This time, he uses his overpowering strength to the woman. It is classified in the sexualization cycle because he once again use his power to manipulate and harm his victim. Like the other victims, this woman is afraid to report him to the police officer. Eventhough she dares to report him, Kurt Janisch will take care of the case. He is also capable to remove all the evidences so that her accusation will not be proceed. As a figure of authority, Kurt Janisch has done too many crimes in his country. Not only raping, but he also done such act like sexual violence. He is surely has a sexual problem. "he's blowing his trumpet into such a young girl, she's no more than a child," (Jelinek, 2007: 83). Not enough with raping and sexual violence, he also dare to do a child abuse. It seems like his candidate for intercourse is not only adult women, but also a child. Through the statement above, we know that Kurt Janisch has an intercourse with a young girl who is described as no more than a child. This action can also be classified as raping. It was told in the story, an adult woman who has had sex with Kurt Janisch saw him having sex with a young girl. She was jealous and claimed that his trumpet is should be hers. Although Kurt Janisch has too many crimes, many women are still go after him. They all want to be treated by the country policeman. The fact that many women are after him, it makes him feels like he can own and control them. Moreover, he can control them because he is a country policeman. He did almost every crime in sexuality, like flirting, raping and even seduction. But his crimes are never been reported. His crimes are all covered by himself. He handles his own crime so nobody can jailed him. He is the one who can send people to jail and he obviously does not want to send himself. This is the power of authority, after one can control and manipulate someone, than everything can be done. Kurt Janisch has chosen to use his power to satisfy his need: sex. When his desire of sex is flaming, he would easily pick any woman to have sex with. His sexuality has become more complex lately. He would not care who the woman is, or does the woman wants it or not, he will just do it. "The age of the children is unimportant, they can be almost sixteen like Gabi," (Jelinek, 2007: 128). It gets worsen when he started to choose a young girl as a place to release his lust. It turns out that he did not do it once. He chose Gabi, who is almost sixteen to be his victim. Kurt Janisch admitted that he does not care about her age, evethough he knows that she was almost sixteen which means that she is still under age. All he cares about is just he has some place to release his lust, so any women will do. Kurt Janisch is now got into a serious problem. His act of raping a girl under age can be classified as child sexual abuse. Child sexual abuse is fundamentally an act of violation, power and domination. The sexual abuser's power, knowledge and resources are far greater thatn those of the child. So the abuser exploits this power difference to take advantage of the child. Children are dependent upon adults for their survival and for affection and understanding of the world. Kurt Janisch thinks that asking a girl who is in her puberty to have sex would be very easy. Girls that age are still fragile and tey can be easily manipulated. In this case, the one who manipulated her is someone who holds a big power over the country. This girl, who is known as Gabi, is just under sixteen. She is still innocent and easily trust any adults. That is why Kurt Janisch uses any tactics to get her. He gives her attention and gifts, manipulate and even threaten her. Gabi trusted him since he is the country policeman. But she never knew that he only wants her virginity. Kurt Janisch has done something terrible to Gabi. Girls at age 16 are emotionally unstable. He does not think that what he has done to her gave a big impacts in her life. Gabi does not want to let him go. She believed that she and Kurt Janisch has become a couple. But Kurt Janisch who only uses her as a relief from Gerti. He does not want that kind of relationship, so he dump her. Gabi becomes very depressed and aggressive. She still wants to be with him. However, she can not reported what Kurt Janisch has done to her. She was afraid to tell anyone. Besides, it was a shameful experience for her. So she just keep it to herself. CONCLUSION The conclusion is divided into two in accordance to the statement of problems. From the analysis that has been done, it can be conclude in the first conclusion that Kurt Janisch has a great power in the country. He is described as a forceful man because he oftenly forced people to do domething that he wants. People mostly obey him because they have been conditioned to obey the powerful people. Otherwise, people who disobey them will get a punishment. As a man who has power in his country, he tries to get any advantages he might get. He is powerful enough to get anything he wants from his people. He is described as a powerful man because he can unleash any kind of events. However, his way to unleashing any kind of events is by forcing people to have a sexual intercourse with him, otherwise, their driver's license will be taken. Whenever he has an opportunity to take advantages, he would go for it. He will make an entrance as a figure of authority. He even forces people in a bar to give him free drinks because he said that he is on duty. While he is on duty as a traffic cop, he would also like to take advantages from the women drivers. He knows that women drivers are mostly make mistakes. So there he goes, stop and search them, threaten them and finaly forces them to give him what he wants. Kurt Janisch's act of forcing people can be classified in coercive power. It can be seen that he oftenly forces people to do what they do not want to do. Besides using the coercive power, Kurt Janisch is sometimes also use the legitimate power. It is shown when he deliberately pressing up and beat his younger colleagues when they do mistakes and do notwant to obey him. He likes to show his seniority against his juniors in the police office. He wants to be respected, but he does not want to respect his colleagues. Kurt Janisch who is sometimes also in charge of search team uses the kind of informational power. He thinks that country policemen also have power to make people disappear without any trace left. He has the capability to hid and manipulate the information he gets to protect himself from any harm. That is why the crimes that Kurt Janisch's done are never been proceed in the court. So, Kurt Janisch's power that is described in this novel are very big. It can be said that Kurt Janisch is abusing his power. The second conclusion is about how Kurt Janisch power affects his sexuality. In the analysis chapter, it can be seen that Kurt Janisch likes to controlling another person in many cases. He also applied this act to have sex with women whom he forced. He likes to help women with their problems and ask them to have sex with him in return. The women can not refuse because they know that they are forced by someone with enormous power in their country. Since then, Kurt Janisch likes rough sex. He oftenly hitting the victim of both on the face and the mouth. This is the act of sexual violence. Then he also hurt the sex organs of a woman because he put his penis too hard. It causes the woman's vagina bleeding hard. In addition, he also did verbal violence by telling the women that they are just toys for Kurt Janisch which can be played at his will. The harshest thing that he did is child abuse. He raped an under-age girl named Gerti and Gabi and cause Gerti to commit suicide. All of his victims do not do any resistance. They have been threatened by Kurt Janisch to keep it. If they leak it, they will bear the severe consequences. Kurt Janisch can do violence to his victims because he feels that he is a powerful person. He can rule in all respects, including in sexual intercourse. In this case, he will not care about the effects that would arise from the sexual violence he was doing. The act of rape, sexual violence and sexual abuse can be classified in a circle sexualization. Sexualization is using sex or sexuality to influence, manipulate or control other people. So, with the power that he has, Kurt Janisch can easily rape any women and he likes to do rough sex. REFERENCE An Explanation of the Circles of Sexuality. Advocates for Youth. 2007. Web. November 27, 2013. Barnett, Jordan. Kaplan's Triphasic Model. Sex Wiki. April 11, 2011. Web. December 25, 2013. Browne, Kingsley R. Sex, Power, and Dominance: The Evolutionary Psychology of Sexual Harassment. Detroit: Wiley InterScience, 2006. Buchhandler, Michal and Raphael. Sexual Abuse of Power. Selected Works. March 2010. Web. April 15, 2014. http://works.bepress.com/michal_buchhandler_raphael/9 Foucault, Michel. The History of Sexuality, Vol. I. New York: Pantheon Books, 1978. French, and Raven. The Bases of Social Power. Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 1959. Hutchinson, Paul L. and Gage, Anastasia J. Power, Control, and Intimate Partner Sexual Violence in Haiti. Archives of Sexual Behavior, Vol. 35, No. 1, 2006. Jelinek, Elfriede. Greed. New York: Seven Stories Press, 2007. Lowell, Gary. A Review of Rape Statistics, Theories, and Policy. Undergraduate Review, 6, 158-163. 2010. Schalet, Amy. Must We Fear Adolscent Sexuality?. Medscape Multispecialty. December 30, 2004. Web. December 18, 2013. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/494933 Wrobel, Szymon. Power, Subject and the Concept of Rational Action, in: A Decade of Transformation, IWM Junior Visiting Fellows Conferences, Vol. 8: Vienna, 1999.
DON RIGOBERTO'S SEXUAL FANTASY IN MARIO VARGAS LLOSA IN PRAISE OF THE STEPMOTHER Dinda Anisa Larasati English Department, Language and Arts Faculty, State University of Surabaya dinda_kdy@yahoo.com Drs. Much. Khoiri M.Si. English Department, Language and Arts Faculty, State University of Surabaya much_choiri@yahoo.com Abstract Sexuality is seen as sinful thing which influences Christian to behave and act based on the society role. Some people tend to repress their sexual fantasy because sexual fantasy is a genre that can lend itself very easily to the sexual elements of life, the depraved, the debauched, or the downright saucy and controversial. The aim of this study is to describe how Don Rigoberto's sexual fantasy depicted in Mario Vargas Llosa In Praise of the Stepmotherand and to reveal how Don Rigoberto's sexual fantasy can impact on his wife. The data are in the form of quotation, fragments, and dialogues or monologues that indicated the thoughts and action concerning form of sexual fantasy.The data is applying the theory of fantasy by Jacques Lacan and supported with Baron. This study also uses the concept of anxiety and psychological trauma. Initially, Don Rigoberto obsessed with three things: Physical Hygiene, sex with his wife, and erotic paintings. He devotes a day a week for the care of a different member or organ.His love life with Lucrecia in a world more imaginary than real, of what he wishes she were than what she really is. He always lost in his dream which is imagined erotically things from some media and those can support his sexual fantasy. Don Rigoberto forced his wife (to have) sex with another man which can be deeply shocking for her. Those facts are proof that Don Rigoberto get his satisfaction from his obsession. Keywords: sexuality, fantasy, desire, anxiety, psychological trauma Abstrak Seksualitas dipandang sebagai hal yang berdosa yang mempengaruhi Kristen untuk bersikapdanbertindak berdasarkan peran masyarakat. Beberapa orang cenderung untuk menekan fantasi seksual mereka karena fantasi seksual adalah genre yang dapat menjatuhkan diri seseorang ke dalam unsur-unsurseksualkehidupan, buruk, yang tidak bermoral, dan kontroversial. Tujuan dari skripsi ini adalah untuk menggambarkan bagaimana fantasi seksual Don Rigoberto yang digambarkan di Mario Vargas Llosa In Praise of the Stepmother dan mengungkapkan bagaimana fantasi seksual Don Rigoberto yang berdampak pada istrinya. Di dalam data tersebut terdapat kutipan, fragmen, dan dialog atau monolog yang menunjukkan pemikiran dan tindakan mengenai bentukfantasi. Untuk data seksual menerapkan teori fantasi dari Jacques Lacan dan didukung dengan Baron. Analisis ini juga menggunakan konsep anxiety dan psychological trauma. Pada awalnya, Don Rigoberto terobsesi dengan tiga hal: Fisik higienis, seks dengan istrinya, dan lukisan erotis. Dia menjadikan satu hari dalam seminggu untuk melakukan perawatan pada anggota atau organ badan yang berbeda. Kehidupan cintanya dengan Lucrecia di dunia lebih kepada imajinasi daripada kenyataan, apa yang dia ingin adalah berada dari apa yang sebenarnya dia. Dia selalu terjebak dalam mimpinya, yaitu dengan membayangkan hal-hal erotis dari beberapa media dan mereka dapat mendukung fantasi seksualnya. Don Rigoberto memaksa istrinya untuk berhubungan seks dengan laki-laki lain dan hal itu sangat mengejutkan istrinya.Faktanya adalah bukti bahwa Don Rigoberto mendapatkan kepuasan melalui obsesinya. Kata kunci: sexuality, fantasy, desire, anxiety, psychological trauma Introduction Human cannot be separated with needs. There are three basic drives such as eating, sleeping, and sex. As a normal human being, sexuality is given from the beginning ourselves. Nietzche asserts that "we are not only rational out being, but we are also full of desire, with the drives and hidden longing, which formed, our ideas and views about the world" (O'Donnel, 2008: 41).In reality, sexuality describes a huge range of activities. This is half of dialectic, anything can be sex because sex has whatever meaning human experience moment by moment, and sex hasan infinite range of meanings because the scope of activities that can properly be called sexual is so vast. Lisa Downing says that sexuality is something that we ourselves create-it is our own creation, and much more than the discovery of secret side of our desire. Sex is not fatally, it is possible to creative life (Downing 2008:104). Sex can make people different. It means that sex is created because of love, relationship, and perhaps necesity or situation. Sex is not taboo anymore in this modern era, but sex can help viability in science. In psychoanalyticterms, sexuality plays an enormously influential rolein psychological development.From a veryearly age, how people experience their bodies in relation to the physical world as well as to the internal stimuli and feelings their bodies generate profoundly effects how they view the world and themselves.In particular,conscious and unconscious fantasies are about human's bodies and sexuality influence the development of stable patterns of sexual identity, and with that,sexual behaviors.(http://psychoanalysis101.org/psycho-sexual-development/). Sexual fantasies play a central role in mental life, despite – or rather: because of – the fact that they in particular meet the fate of repression, which is why Freud calls them "the weak spot in our psychical organization" (Freud, 1911: 223). This repression creates the psychic disposition towards neurosis in man, the conflict between unconscious desires and conscious control. That sexuality is actually the weak spot in man's psychical organization is proven by the fact that many (predominantly male) users of the Internet cannot resist the temptation to seek sexual pleasure via the computer screen. Sex is still the biggest business on the net, offering such a massive electronic hallucination of gratifying objects. In Praise of the Stepmother with Mario Vargas Llosa as the author, Mario Vargas Llosa, which reached worldwide recognition with his novels Pantoja and the Special Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter, The War of the Worlds.In Praise of the Stepmother, made a foray into a genre that is emerging in many of his works, the erotic. Sex in the novels may offend, amuse, or worse. As this study has come toexpect of VargasLlosa as the author of this novel, he uses a precisely structured form to present the distinct components of his story. Structure can be invaded or skewed which is an interesting way to make point innocence and morality are strong themes which are compound in unusual ways. In Praise of the Stepmother with Mario Vargas Llosa as the author, Mario Vargas Llosa, which reached worldwide recognition with his novels Pantoja and the Special Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter, The War of the Worlds.In Praise of the Stepmother, made a foray into a genre that is emerging in many of his works, the erotic. Sex in the novels may offend, amuse, or worse. As this study has come toexpect of VargasLlosa as the author of this novel, he uses a precisely structured form to present the distinct components of his story. Structure can be invaded or skewed which is an interesting way to make point innocence and morality are strong themes which are compound in unusual ways. Mario Vargas Llosa was born in Arequipa, the second city of Peru, in March 1936.In 1958 he travelled to Paristhanks to a prize won in a short story competition,and on his return to Lima he completed his higher education and received a grant to transfer to theUniversity of Madrid. A few months after arriving in the capital of Spain,he left his studies for the doctorate and settled in Paris, where he was to stay for seven years.In 1963 he published his first great novel, "La ciudad y los perros", with which he won several literary prizes, among them the "BibliotecaBreve" and "La Crítica".It has currently been translated into more than twenty languages. His second major work wastobe"La Casa Verde",published in 1966, the same year he moved to London, wherehewould teach at the university and contribute frequently to newspapers and magazines.Afterwritingone of his fundamental novels, "Conversación en la catedral", VargasLlosatravelled to Barcelona in 1970, where he was to stay for almost five years until in 1974 he put an end to his European exile and returned to Peru with the intention, for the first time, of settling down there. In 1973, his novel Pantaleóny lasvisitadoras, which was adapted for the cinema two years later, had come out.In 1975 he began a seriesof projects related with the cinema and in March of that year he was elected as numerary member of the Peruvian Academy of the Spanish Language. Two months later, he was appointed as president of Pen Club International, a post which he would hold until 1979. Mario Vargas Llosa began his political activity in 1987, due to the nationalization of thefinancial system in Peru. As candidate for the presidency of his country in 1989 with the centre-right coalition Frente Democrático, he was finally defeated in the ballot by Alberto Fujimori. Apart from the works mentioned above, the following works may be highlighted among the output of Mario Vargas Llosa: the novels "La tía Julia y el escribidor" (1977), "La Guerra del fin del mundo" (1981), "Historia de Mayta" (1984), "Quiénmató a Palomino Molero?" (1986), "El hablador" (1987) and "Elogio de la madrastra" (1988); in his facet as a playwright he has written "La señorita de Tacna" (1981), "Kathie y el hipopótamo" (1984) and "La Chunga" (1986) and as an essayist he has published important works such as "GarcíaMárquez: historia de un deicidio" (1971) and "La orgíaperpetua:Flauberty Madame Bovary" (1975)."In Praise Of The Stepmother" (1988). Mario VargasLlosa was a conservative candidate (Fredemo, the Democratic Front) for the Peruvian presidency in 1990.The development of his political convictions, from a sympathizer of Cuban revolution to the liberal right, has astonished his critics and has made it impossible to approach his work from a single point of view. Sabine Koellmann has noted that the publication of Vargas Llosa's La Fiesta del Chivo (2000, The Feast of the Goat) confirmed, "thatpolitics is one of the most persistent 'demons' which, according to his theory, provoke his creativity." (Vargas Llosa's Fiction & the Demons of Politics, 2002) Vargas Llosa was defeated by Alberto Fujimori, an agricultural engineer of Japanese descent, also a political novice, but who had a more straightforward agenda to present to the voters. Anunexpected twist in the plot of this political play occurred in 2000, when President Fujimori escaped to his ancestral homeland Japan after a corruption scandal. From 1991 to 1992 Mario Vargas Llosa worked as a visiting professorat Florida International University, Miami and Wissdens chafts kolleg, Berlin. In addition to the Nobel Prize, the author has received many other honors. Among other distinctions, he has received the "Ramón Godoy Lallana" Journalism Prize, the LiteraryPrize of the Italo-American Institute, the "Pablo Iglesias "LiteraturePrize, the "Hemingway"Prize, the Gold Medal of the Americas and the Max Schmidheiny Foundation Liberty Prize. Already a classic due to the scope and quality of his work, he is one of the Spanish-American writers who has most consistently and determinedly brought theresources of the 20th century literary avant-garde inour language. In Praise of the Stepmother is one literary work by Mario Vargas Llosa. In this novel, there are found many expressions by the characters Don Rigoberto is an art connoisseur and erotic explorer night by night as well as man obsessively devoted to the care of his own body. Lucrecia as a second wife of Don Rigoberto, she is a beautiful and passionate woman, and then his son Alfonso, known as Fonchito.The first character introduced to us in the novel In Praise of the Stepmother, Vargas Llosa takes on an expedition through the mind of Don Rigoberto, day by day an insurance executive, by night a pornographer and sexual enthusiast. Don Rigoberto is a member of Lima's well-heeled bourgeois society. He is the kind of man one sees at board meetings and cocktail parties. But by night Don Rigoberto sheds his conventional skin to pursue his true passions: erotic art and sexual fantasy. Rigoberto's love for Lucrecia is an addiction of her body parts, a revere or an objectification of her physical persona. This way of looking at love and people and considers women as their property, rather than primarily enjoying her body is part of her. He loves her as a compilation of body parts. In the novel In Praise of the Stepmother signals the historical endpoint to the popularity of the 1960s liberationist sexuality, especially female sexuality as a carrier of a symbolic charge of social freedom. This novel is a thought-provoking fantasia on innocence, sex, and art. It opens with a portrayal of a liberated sexual woman, Lucrecia, who is adored by her husband, Rigoberto. Don Rigoberto's and Lucrecia's erotic exploits which are modeled after paintings that are actually printed in the book. Through this story, Mario Vargas Llosa explores the ideas of the erotic imagination. Rigoberto creates erotic fantasies, the erotic and sexual lives of Rigoberto and Lucrecia, much of which is driven by Rigoberto's fantasies formulated from paintings. In this Story, Fonchito seems to corrupt innocence, live a harmonious sexual fantasy with her stepmother. Nothing inhibits them or stops them. Dona Lucrecia and stepson Fonchito are revealed in every detail. There is erotic novel. Sexual Fantasy of Rigoberto, a harmonious sexual fantasy of Alfonso to his stepmother, and sexual attraction Lucrecia to Alfonso. Sexual Fantasy is chosen where this study is taken because of the interesting case and the impact which make the wife had anxiety and psychological trauma. From the reading, the study can be interested in focus on the sexual fantasy experienced by the main character. In the novel In Praise of the Stepmother, this study would like to learn more, how Don Rigoberto's sexual fantasy. What are the activities of Don Rigoberto's Sexual Fantasy, what are the factors,the causes and the theory, which is matching discuss those cases istheory of Fantasy of Jacques Lacan, supported theory fantasy of Baron. Many kinds of Sexuality, there are Sexualization, Sexual health and Reproduction. Sexual identity, sensuality and intimacy. Sensuality involves human's level of awareness, acceptance and enjoyment of men's own or others bodies. In the circle of sexuality, fantasy is part of sensuality. Sensuality is match with Don Rigoberto's Sexual Fantasy. In the novelIn Praise of the Stepmother, Many statements which can prove that Don Rigoberto have an extreme sexual fantasy. One night, he said that Lucrecia is his fantasy not his wife. He imagined that Lucrecia is Venus, a person who is his fantasies. For the tittle of my thesis is "Don Rigoberto's Sexual Fantasy.DonRigoberto has an extreme sexual fantasy, he obsesses of three things: Personal Hygiene, sex with Lucrecia, and erotic paintings. His sexual fantasy actually impact on his wife, according to me that's so interesting.Because of those, thus this study directed to more examine about Don Rigoberto's sexual fantasy. In analyzing Don Rigoberto's sexual fantasy and Don Rigoberto's sexual fantasy impact on his wife, it is used some related concept and two theories. In this thesis, the problem statement is divided into two. The first problem statement deals with Don Rigoberto's sexual fantasy reflected in this novel. While the second problem deals with How does Don Rigoberto's sexual fantasy impact on his wife in Mario Vargas Llosa"In Praise of the Stepmother. Those problems can be analysed by using the theory fantasy of Jacques Lacan, supported with Baron and also using concept of anxiety and psychological trauma. The first statement is how Don Rigoberto's sexual fantasy reflected in In Praise of the Stepmother. This statement will use theory fantasy of Jacques Lacan and suppoeted with theory fantasy of Baron. Through fantasy, the subject attempts to sustain the illusion of unity with the other and ignore his or her own division. Fantasy originates in "auto-eroticism" and the hallucinatory satisfaction of the drive. Fantasies are the way in which subjects, structure or organize their desire: it is the support of desire. Then the second statement isHow does Don Rigoberto's sexual fantasy impact on his wife in Mario Vargas Llosa"In Praise of the Stepmother. This statement will also apply the theoryof fantasy of Jacques Lacan and also apply the concept of anxiety and psychological trauma. Actually, there are two impacts of Don Rigoberto's sexual fantasy. Methods Research methodolgy that used in this analysis here must be qualified as an applying in literary appreciation. The thesis is regarded as a descriptive-qualitative study and uses a library research.The data obtained to answer research question study. This study uses novel of Mario Vargas Llosaentitled In Praise of the Stepmother that published in 1988 as the data source of this study. The datas are in the form of direct and indirect speech of the characters, dialogues, epilogues and quotations which indicate and represent aspect of infidelity and love and will which is experienced by the main character. This thesis is using the library method in collecting the data. It does not use the statistic method. That is why it is not served in numbering or tables. Library research used an approach in analyzing this study. The kind of library research which is used here is intensive or closely reading to search quotations or phrases. It also used to analyze the literary elements both intrinsic and extrinsic. The references are taken from library and contributing ideas about this study from internet that support the idea of analyzing. Some steps of how the data is analyzed will be described as follows: Classification based on the statement of the problems. This classification is used to avoid the broad discussion. There are two classifications in this study. They are sexual fantasy and the main factor that lead to his sexual fantasy. Describing Don Rigoberto's sexual fantasywhich is stated from the quotations or statements by using theory of fantasy to be applied to the data.Describing Don Rigoberto's sexual fantasy impact on his wife which is stated from the quotations or statements by using theory of fantasy and the concept of anxiety and psychological trauma will to be applied to the data. RESULT 3.1 Reflection of Don Rigoberto's Sexual Fantasy Based on theory of fantasy of Baron, fantasy can be a kind of activity that permits the subject to escape, however briefly from the stresses and boredom of the subject's life. Schaefer and Millman support this theory by stating that fantasies provide "a strong feeling of satisfaction in comparison to the bedroom of everyday activities" as an escape of the continued failure of difficulties in their everyday life". (Baron, 1995: 31-32) Fantasy is used as an escape from responsibility or a harsh home or work situation. Then the person needs to begin to pray for favor on the job or at home, asking God to open hearts to each other's needs and binding out demonic forces. We have had great reports from this kind of prayer. Then as the stress is lifted and the relationships are made stronger, the desire to escape lifts as well. The fantasies are no longer a problem. 3.1.1.1 Fantasy escape Don Rigoberto from stresses and boredom of his life Don Rigoberto is the dull though the prosperous manager of a Lima insurance company. His life represented in the eyes of others, that routine existence as the general manager of an insurance company, he has many activities. Well-earned that he stress or bored with some of his activities as an insurance executive. He had found in his solitary hygienic practiced and all in the love of his wife appeared to him to be sufficient compensation for his normalcy. He creates erotic fantasies, and Lucrecia lives out the character she has been chosen to be. "Just a pinch of wisdom to use as a momentary antidote to the frustrations and annoyances that seasoned existence. He thought: Fantasy gnaws life away, Thank God" (Llosa, 1988: 104) From the statement above, Rigoberto seems like indeed the power of wisdom can be used as a momentary antidote to the frustrations and annoyances that seasoned existence, but it just can be a momentary antidote now the make frustrations and annoyances gnaws away. As a manager of a Lima insurance company, it is definitely that he has 1many activities so he needs something which can release him from the frustrations and annoyances. The word "Fantasy gnaws life away, Thank God", it shows that Don Rigoberto thinks that fantasy helped him out of the frustrations and annoyances thing which is part of being an insurance executive. He was thankful, fantasy make he enjoyed or even suspected as happiness. There is proof that Fantasy can escape from the stresses and boredom of life "[.] as though happy to rid itself of the policies and the detritus of the day's bussiness.Ever since, in the most secret decision of his life-- so secret that probably not even Lucrecia would ever be privy to it in its entirity-he had resolved to be perfect for a brief fragment of each day. (Llosa, 1988: 54) Rigoberto is obsessed with Personal Hygiene, he assumes that is the part of his sexual fantasy to get pleasure. According to him, the nightly ritual can as a though happy to a rid himself from detritus bussiness day. He had resolved to be perfect for a brief fragment of each day through nightly ritual. 3.2 Don Rigoberto's Sexual Fantasy impact on his wife In the novel In Praise of the Stepmother, Don Rigoberto focuses so completely on hisrich fantasy life - a fantasy life,multiplyed by his reproductions of smutty nudes by the likes of Titian and Jordaens (left), that he doesn't notice the risks that cause Dona Lucrecia anxiety. In this novel, there is no communication between Don Rigoberto and Dona Lucrecia about sexual fantasy, Don Rigoberto's intend for his wife disrupts into his fantasies—at times he is too impaired by sorrow and desire to go on. "The queen sometimes awakens at night, overcome with terror in my arms, for in her sleep the shadow of the Ethiopian has once again burst into flame on top of her." (Llosa, 1988: 20) This quotation above describes that Lucrecia feels anxiety, she always pictured events that foregoing Don Rigoberto forced Dona Lucrecia sex with Atlas, Don Rigoberto assumes that Atlas is the best endowed of his Ethiopian slaves. It can be explained through this statement : "One night-I was drunk-I summoned Atlas, the best endowed of my Ethiopian slaves, to my apartments, merely to confirm that this was so. I had Lucrecia bow down before him and ordered him to mount her.Intimated by my presence, or because it was too great a test of his strength, he was unable to do so. Again and again I saw him approach her resolutely, push, pant, and withdraw in defeat" (Llosa, 1988: 15) Fantasy is 'that thing is what can satisfy me' – objectivation of desire.This line of thought on perverse fantasy, that fixates desire onto a certain object and thus screens off from its infinity, make the interpretations understandable From the quotation above Don Rigoberto was fantasized and forced his wife into having sex with Atlas. There looks Rigoberto so rude to treat his wife, he made his wife as an object because he wanted to prove whether Atlas, the best endowed of my Ethiopian slaves can equals him and he merely to confirm that this was so. The Fantasy that is shown by Don Rigoberto occurs when he decided his wife sex with Atlas. Don Rigoberto feels satisfied and relieved after that incident. Because of that incident, he discovered that no one can equal him. Butitis notperceivedby Lucrecia, she feels not enjoy. "In order to fulfill my part of the offer, we were obliged to act with the greatest discretion. That episode with Atlas, the slave, had been deeply shocking to my wife. (Llosa, 1988: 19) In the statement above, He has also realized that the episode with Atlas makes Dona Lucrecia shock. In contrast, Don Rigoberto does not appreciate his wife. He just concerned with his fantasy and never regards Dona Lucrecia's pleasure. There is no communication between Don Rigoberto and Dona Lucrecia about sexual fantasy, Rigoberto just concerned with his fantasy and Dona Lucrecia only silent to face it. She did not attempt to revolt or reject command from her husband She never stated that she does not enjoy it. She feels anxiety until it can be said that she have psychological trauma. Lucrecia always awakens at night just because it was too painful for her. For Lucrecia it would be a deeply shocking. In the chapter twelve, Labyrinth of Love.Lucrecia expresses her feelings that she felt as fortunate victim, she just an inspiration. Until there show that she fantasized with herself "I know this because I have been the fortunate victim; the inpiration, the actress as well [.]. Myself, erupting and overflowing beneath your attentive libertine gaze of a male who has officiated with competence and is now contemplating and philoshopizing (Llosa,1988: 118) It shows that Dona Lucrecia feels that she just an actress who serve her husband for being another person, not being herself while they having sex. She was erupted and overflows, she wants to vent all her anxiety. Until she actually made masturbation to gained the power of magic, mystery and bodily enjoyment. "That woman is what I am, slave and master, you offering. Slit open like a turtledove by love's knife: I: cracked apart and pulsing. I:slow masturbation. I: flow of musk. I: labyrinth and sensation. I: magic ovary, semen, blood, and morning dew.That is my face for you, at the hour of the senses. I am that when, for you, I shed my everyday skin and my feast-day one. That may perhaps be my soul. Yours." (Llosa, 1988: 119) In the statement above, it is clear that Lucrecia uncomfortable with the sexual fantasy of his husband. She even feels the pleasure through masturbation. Because throughon masturbation, she could be herself, not as an actress or inspiration of her husband. Conclusions This last chapter is drawn to sun up the results of the analysis, which is presented in the form of summary. In this chapter, the conclusion will be divided into two, in line with the statement of problem. The first conclusion in terms of Don Rigoberto's sexual fantasy. For the second conclusion is Don Rigoberto's sexual fantasy impact on his wife. From the analysis that has been in the previous chapter, it can be conclude in the first conclusion that Don Rigoberto obsessed with three things, they are personal hygiene, sex with his wife and erotic paintings. Based on Don Rigoberto's it is found out that there are many habits and factors which are espouse his sexual fantasy. Besides, his character is his sexual fantasy done for his pleasure and cause of his desire. As aLima manager insurance, Rigoberto definitely has many activities, multiple frustrations and annoyances. So, the fantasy can help to escape him from that. In this study also reveal that Fantasy can make Rigoberto to be wise. He had rediscovered that wisdom all by himself, on his own and at his own risk. He did many habits like imagining erotically things about the media then sets the intent of those media into his mind.He reduces his wife as an object. He determines himselfbecome someone who is in the media, he proud of person in the paintings which can inflame his subject's imaginings then he changes himself as that person. In the novel In Praise of the Stepmother learn of the erotic and sexual lives of Rigoberto and Lucrecia, and which is driven by Rigoberto's fantasies formulated from paintings and other media. He showers her with affection, but the reader is left wondering if he truly knows her, or if he has created an illusion of her. Don Rigoberto's Sexual Fantasy happened because of any media, and he enjoyed his sexual fantasy by any media, like painting, poet and tried to take it into his mind, then reveal to his wife. His love life with Lucrecia in a world more imaginary than real, of what he wishes she were than what she really is. Don Rigoberto assumes that his wife is like another person who is in his mind, not the realism of his wife's self. He always lost in his dream which is imagined erotically things from some media and those can support his sexual fantasy. Don Rigoberto is compulsive about his personal cleanliness and his bodily functions. He appreciates them as impressive and necessary. He devotes a day a week for the care of a different member or organ: Monday, hands; Tuesday, feet; Wednesday, ears; Thursday, nose; Friday, hair; Saturday, eyes; Sunday, skin. Don Rigoberto is a sensualist of the highest order and, nightly, he and his wife have erotic heights. He did nightly ritual,all of those are the parts of his sexual fantasy. The pictures and roses of the painting are as an inspiration for him while having sex with his wife. Sexual fantasy can have a profound impact on a person's emotions. Sexual fantasy is articulated with anxiety and it is closest proximity to the psychological traumatic real, Lucrecia always be object of Rigoberto's sexual fantasy, she forced sex with Atlas, the best endowed of Ethiopian slaves. It shows that Don Rigoberto never worried about Lucrecia's anxiety. He actually lets Lucrecia having sex with another man, just for create pleasure Dona Lucrecia as his wife feel that she just an actress who serve her husband for being another person, not being herself while they having sex. She actually made masturbation to gained the power of magic, mystery and bodily enjoyment. She also did sexual attraction to her stepson, Fonchito. Because while having sex with her stepson, she feels splendid orgasm she is to be herself, she felt the pleasure and comfort thats he never got while having sex with Rigoberto, with Foncho, she feels that he is innocence and not seems like Rigoberto who makes she is an object imagination of anyone and object for him to get sexual satisfaction and pleasure. Don Rigoberto can do sexual fantasy to his wife because of his desire, he obsessed of personal hygiene,erotic paintings, then he makes his wife become the object of his fantasy and he wants to get pleasure which can alter his mood to be happy. The act of Don Rigoberto that forced his wife with another man can be classified as sexual violence which is the cause of psychological trauma. So, with the sexual fantasy of Don Rigoberto can impact Lucrecia has psychological trauma. Refferences Allen, Richard. 1995. Projecting Illusion. Film Spectatorship and the Impression of Reality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 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Gerrig, Richard. J. 1996. Psychology and Life. 14th ed. New York: Harper Collins Publisher. Giambra, L. 1974. Daydreaming across the life span: Late adolescent to senior citizen. International Journal of Aging and Human Development,5, 115-140. Hicks, T.V., and H. Leitenberg. 2001. Sexual Fantasies About One's Partner Versus Someone Else: Gender Differences in Incidence and Frequency. Jour. Sex Res, 38:43-51. Hollender, M. H. 1963. Women's fantasies during sexual intercourse. Archives of General Psychiatry, 8, 86-90. Homey, K. 1967. Feminine psychology. New York: Norton. Hurley, Robert. 2011. The Limits of Ferocity: Sexual Aggression and Modern Literary Rebellion. New York: Duke University Press Books. Jones, J. C, & Barlow, D. H. 1990. Self-reported frequency of sexual urges, fantasies, and masturbatory fantasies in heterosexual malesand females. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 19, 269-279. Kaplan, H. S. (1974, October). Fiction and fantasy: No-nonsense therapy for six sexual malfunctions. Psychology Today, pp. 77-86. Kartono, Kartini and Dadi Gulo. 1987. Kamus Psikologi. Bandung: Pionir Jaya. Lacan, Jacques. 1994. The Seminar, Book III .1955-1956. The Psychoses, ed. by Jacques Alain Miller,trans. by Russell Grigg. New York: Norton. Lacan,Jacques. 1978. Four Fundamental Concepts Of Psychoanalysis. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. Lacan, Jacques. 2005. Routledge Critical Thinkers Book. New York: Routledge. Laplanche, J.1986. Fantasy and the Origins of Sexuality, London: Routledge. Le Séminaire XIII: L'objet de la psychanalyse. 1965-1966. Unpublished transcript. Le Séminaire XIV: La logique du fantasme 1966-1967. Unpublished transcript. Meadows, Robert J. 2004. Understanding Violence and Victimization Third Edition. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Miller, Jacques-Alain. 1999. Les six paradigms de la jouissance. La CauseFreudienne, 42: 7-29. Nobus, Dany. 2002. 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1. IntroductionOver the last decade, increased attention has been paid to terrorism, particularly to the new wave of terrorist groups, fundamentalist movements, and extremist organisations such as Al‐Qaeda. September 11 marked the beginning of a turbulent phase in which states face a new kind of threat made up of a complex network of insidious revolutionary and nationalist forces. Such transformations have given rise to an unprecedented number of publications. However, both political violence and terrorism remain sources of endless disputes and controversies because of their political implications. At the same time, in the scientific community, terrorism studies lack conceptual and methodological uniformity. In his article, Domenico Tosini synthesises and discusses some major findings from this research. Courses using such a review will be confronted with the four major topics that any analysis of terrorism, to be comprehensive, should take into account: the definition of terrorism; its history and classification; its explanations; and an assessment of the consequences of counterterrorism policies.2. Literature recommendations Bjørgo, Tore (ed.) 2005. Root Causes of Terrorism: Myths, Realities and Ways Forward. London, UK: Routledge.In this book, based on the analysis of numerous case studies (e.g. Palestinian armed groups, the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, right‐wing extremists, state terrorism and state‐sponsored terrorism), experts in political violence examine the preconditions for the emergence of different types of terrorist organisations and the main factors that sustain terrorist campaigns. Cole, David 2003. Enemy Aliens: Double Standard and Constitutional Freedoms in the War on Terrorism. New York, NY: The New Press.Thanks to its analysis and evaluation of the consequences of counter‐terrorism measures, David Cole's Enemy Aliens is one of the most rigorous discussions of how states (like the United States since 2001) often combat terrorism by adopting emergency powers (such as the special detention at Guantanamo Bay), which, in turn, risk undermining civil liberties. della Porta, Donatella 1995. Social Movements, Political Violence, and the State. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Based on empirical research that compares the origins and development of left‐wing terrorism in Italy and Germany between the 1960s and the 1990s, della Porta offers a middle‐range theory of political violence that combines an analysis of the political opportunities and ideological frames exploited by armed groups, a profile of their organisational structures, and an investigation of the typical patterns underlying their recruitment processes. Gambetta, Diego (ed.) 2006. Making Sense of Suicide Missions. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.In this book, a number of distinguished social scientists, while examining the use of suicide missions by political and religious groups (such as the Japanese Kamikaze, the Tamil Tigers, Palestinian organisations, and Al‐Qaeda), specify and discuss the most important methodological questions associated with definitions, data collection, and explanations concerning this form of political struggle. Hoffman, Bruce 2006. Inside Terrorism. New York, NY: Colombia University Press.The book introduces the most important issues of terrorism studies: the controversial problem of the definition of terrorism; a history of terrorism, from anti‐colonial struggles to international terrorism; an examination and explanation of the most recent waves of religious extremists and suicide terrorism; an analysis of the ways terrorist groups exploit old and new media such as the Internet; and, finally, an overview of the strategies, tactics, and organisational aspects of modern and contemporary terrorism. Horgan, John 2005. The Psychology of Terrorism. London, UK: Routledge.Horgan presents a critical analysis of our understanding of terrorist psychology; many shortcomings emerge, particularly the limitations of personality theories in attempting to explain militancy. Based on interviews with terrorists, the book considers the most relevant psychological and social factors underlying involvement and engagement in political violence, and the process of leaving terrorist organisations. Kalyvas, Stathis 2006. The Logic of Violence in Civil War. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Scholars generally distinguish between terrorism and other forms of violence against civilians – tactics of guerrilla warfare or insurgency in civil wars, for example. However, this work makes a relevant contribution to terrorism studies. Kalyvas clarifies the rationality and micro‐processes of interactions during armed conflicts that account for indiscriminate and selective uses of violence against civilian populations by political actors. Kushner, Harvey W. 2003. Encyclopedia of Terrorism. London, UK: Sage.One of the most accurate and exhaustive dictionaries focusing on terrorism, with more than 300 entries concerning terrorist groups, key events, people, terms, and statistics, as well as biographical, historical, and geographical information. Free access is available at the Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism (MIPT) (http://www.terrorisminfo.mipt.org/eBooks.asp). Laqueur, Walter 2002. A History of Terrorism. London, UK: Transaction Publishers.Along with Laqueur's Guerrilla Warfare: A Historical and Critical Study (London: Transaction Publishers, 1998), this constitutes a pioneering history of armed organisations, from nineteenth century Europe, to the anarchists of the 1880s and 1890s, to the left‐wing clashes during the 20th century, and up to the most recent terrorist groups. Pape, Robert A. 2005. Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism. New York, NY: Random House.Over the last decade, suicide terrorism has become an alarming political threat and a crucial challenge for social scientists. In his work, which compares a number of organisations responsible for suicide attacks, Pape rejects the explanation of suicide terrorism based on religious fundamentalism. He argues for a correlation between the use of this tactic and specific kinds of groups engaged in separatist campaigns or in struggles for liberation from foreign occupiers. Ranstorp, Magnus (ed.) 2007. Mapping Terrorism Research: State of the Art, Gaps and Future Directions. London, UK: Routledge.In this book, distinguished scholars of terrorism studies discuss state‐of‐the‐art field research. In exploring new trends in this area – the most important questions about the explanation of recent terrorist organisations such as Al‐Qaeda, and about counterterrorism – these essays shed light on the strengths and weaknesses of our current knowledge of political violence. Reich, Walter (ed.) 1998. Origins of Terrorism: Psychologies, Ideologies, Theologies, States of Mind. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.This is another seminal work on terrorism, bringing together some of the most well known experts in political violence. The variety of approaches used in the explanations of terrorist organisations and in the analysis of counterterrorism paves the way for a real interdisciplinary setting, which is absolutely crucial once the multi‐faceted nature of terrorism is clear. Sageman, Marc 2004. Understanding Terror Networks. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.Based on the analysis of biographical data for nearly 200 members of global Islamist extremism (of which Al‐Qaeda is a part), Sageman accounts for the origins and developments of this movement and specifies the crucial role played by social networks in the recruitment of individuals as Islamist militants. Wilkinson, Paul 2006. Terrorism versus Democracy: The Liberal State Response. London, UK: Routledge.Wilkinson examines major trends in international terrorism and liberal democratic responses. On the one hand, the book introduces the specificity of terrorism and offers a classification and explanation of the most important types of armed groups. On the other, in approaching how states deal with terrorist threats, this work discusses forms of counterterrorism, by taking into account their impact on the rule of law and on the protection of civil liberties.3. Online materials Agenzia Informazioni e Sicurezza Interna (AISI) (Agency for Internal Information and Security)(http://www.aisi.gov.it)The Agenzia Informazioni e Sicurezza Interna (AISI) is the branch of Italian Intelligence tasked with collecting and analysing information about any criminal and terrorist threat to security. Among other activities, the AISI distributes its own periodical, Gnosis, online, where a chronology of international as well as domestic terrorist attacks since 2004 (currently updated through 2007) is available. Counterterrorism Blog (http://counterterrorismblog.org)The Counterterrorism Blog is a multi‐expert blog devoted to providing a one‐stop gateway to the counterterrorism community. It offers, among other things, overnight and breaking news, with real time commentary by experts; reports on terrorist organisations; discussions of long‐term trends in counterterrorism; and summaries of and discussions about US and international law. Center for Constitutional Rights
(CCR) (http://ccrjustice.org)Founded in 1966 by attorneys who represented civil rights organisations, the Center for Constitutional Rights (CCR) is a non‐profit legal and educational organisation dedicated to protecting the rights guaranteed by the United States Constitution and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It also offers information about important issues related to counterterrorism (e.g., the prolonged battle in defence of civil liberties associated with the special detention at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba). Global Terrorism Database (GTD)(http://www.start.umd.edu/data/gtd)The Global Terrorism Database (GTD) is an open‐source database on terrorist incidents around the world since 1970 (currently updated through 2004). It includes systematic data on international as well as domestic terrorist attacks. For each GTD incident, information is available on the date and location of the attack, the weapons used and nature of the target, the number of casualties, and (when possible) the identity of the perpetrator. Another important database, the Terrorism Knowledge Base (TKB) at the Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism (MIPT) (http://www.mipt.org/TKB.asp), has recently ceased operations and elements of the system have been merged with the GTD. Information on terrorist groups is now available at the Terrorist Organization Profiles (http://www.start.umd.edu/data/tops). Human Security Report Project
(HSRP) (http://www.hsrgroup.org)The HSRP conducts research on global and regional trends in political violence, exploring their causes and consequences, and then making this research accessible to the policy and research communities, the media, educators, and the interested public. The HSRP's publications include the Human Security Report, the Human Security Brief series, and the Human Security Gateway. The recent Human Security Brief 2007, online, makes a relevant contribution in discussing the methodological issues associated with collecting data on terrorism and offers a comprehensive overview of terrorist incidents in the last decade. Middle East Media Research Institute
(MEMRI) (http://www.memri.org)The Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI) explores the Middle East through the region's media with respect to a variety of topics including terrorism. MEMRI provides translations of Arabic, Persian, and Turkish media, as well as analysis of political, ideological, intellectual, social, cultural, and religious tendencies in the Middle East. A new section, the MEMRI's Islamist Websites Monitor Project, was launched in 2006 as part of the Jihad & Terrorism Studies project. Its aim is to keep Western audiences informed about the phenomenon of jihadist sites on the Internet, which are used by terrorist groups and their sympathisers to spread their extremist messages, to raise funds, and to recruit activists. Uppsala Conflict Data Project
(UCDP) (http://www.pcr.uu.se/research/UCDP)The Uppsala Conflict Data Project (UCDP) collects data on armed conflicts around the world. A global conflict database is now available online. Data are useful for systematic studies of conflict origins, dynamics, and resolution. Worldwide Incidents Tracking System (WITS)(http://wits.nctc.gov)The Worldwide Incidents Tracking System (WITS) is the National Counterterrorism Center's (NCTC) database of terrorist incidents. NCTC serves as the primary organisation in the United States government for integrating and analysing all intelligence pertaining to terrorism and, at the same time, as the central and shared knowledge bank on terrorism information. Based on WITS, the NCTC provides an annual report and statistical information about terrorist incidents. Additional Online Resources Scores of additional organisations and centres (too many to list) conduct and disseminate research on issues related to armed conflicts, terrorism, terrorist groups, security, and counterterrorism. What follows is a list of some other key organisations and centres, with links to their websites:Australian Strategic Policy Institute (ASPI)(http://www.aspi.org.au)Centre for Asymmetric Threat Studies (CATS)(http://www.fhs.se/en/Research/Centers‐and‐Research‐Programmes/CATS)Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS)(http://www.csis.org)Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence (CSTPV)(http://www.st‐andrews.ac.uk/~wwwir/research/cstpv)IntelCenter(http://intelcenter.com)International Centre for Political Violence and Terrorism Research (ICPVTR)(http://www.pvtr.org)International Crisis Group (ICG)(http://www.crisisgroup.org)International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS)(http://www.iiss.org)International Policy Institute for Counter‐Terrorism (ICT)(http://www.ict.org.il)Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism (MIPT)(http://www.mipt.org)Saban Center at the Brookings Institution(http://www.brookings.edu/saban.aspx)Senlis Council(http://www.senliscouncil.net)Southern Poverty Law Center(http://www.splcenter.org)Terrorism and Homeland Security at RAND Corporation(http://www.rand.org/research_areas/terrorism)Terrorism Research Center (TRC)(http://www.terrorism.org)Transnational Radical Islamism Project at the Norwegian Defence Research Establishment(http://www.mil.no/felles/ffi/english/start/research/Analysis_Division/_TERRA)United States Institute of Peace(http://www.usip.org/index.html)4. Sample syllabus Course Title: A Sociological Analysis of Terrorism and Counterterrorism Course Description In this course, we will explore the most relevant issues around terrorism and counterterrorism policies. Although we will largely approach this topic from a sociological perspective, this study is quite interdisciplinary. Consequently, we will be reading works from other academic disciplines, including history, psychology, political science, and economics. There are four major areas that any analysis of terrorism, to be comprehensive, should take into account: the definition of terrorism; its history and classification; its explanations; and an assessment of consequences related to counterterrorism. After an introduction to terrorism research (part 1), we will discuss the controversies related to the definition of terrorism (part 2) and to data collection (part 3), both necessary for an understanding of tendencies concerning terrorist incidents. A historical overview (part 4) will give us some preliminary information about the variety of terrorist campaigns – information that prepares us for the next exercise (part 5): grouping terrorist organisations by different types. Looking in more depth at the evolution of terrorism in the last decade, we will examine the case of Al‐Qaeda (part 6), and how this and other organisations exploit old and new media, especially the Internet (part 7). The next chapter will be the explanation of terrorism, that is, the specification of the main psychological, political, cultural, and religious factors underlying the emergence of a terrorist organisation and the unfolding of a terrorist campaign. Suicide terrorism will be used as a case study. More specifically, we will approach terrorism by examining the motivations and rationality of terrorist organisations (part 8), of the communities that support them (part 9), and of those who join them (part 10). We end the course by focusing on both the legal (part 11) and strategic (part 12) implications of counterterrorism measures adopted since 2001. Course outline and reading assignments Part 1. Terrorism Research An overview of the most important approaches to the study of terrorism and of the strengths and weaknesses of available analyses. Bjørgo, Tore 2005. 'Introduction' (pp. 1–15) and 'Conclusions' (pp. 256–264) in Root Causes of Terrorism: Myths, Realities and Ways Forward, edited by Tore Bjørgo. London, UK: Routledge. Crenshaw, Martha 2000. 'The Psychology of Terrorism: An Agenda for the 21st Century.'Political Psychology 21 (2): 405–420 (Doi: 10.1111/0162-895X.00195). Ranstorp, Magnus 2007. 'Introduction: Mapping Terrorism Research – Challenges and Priorities.' Pp. 1–28 in Mapping Terrorism Research, edited by Magnus Ranstorp. London, UK: Routledge. Silke, Andrew 2004. 'An Introduction to Terrorism Research.' Pp. 1–29 in Research on Terrorism: Trends, Achievements and Failures, edited by Andrew Silke. London, UK: Frank Cass. Sinai, Joshua 2007. 'New Trends in Terrorism Studies: Strengths and Weaknesses.' Pp. 31–50 in Mapping Terrorism Research, edited by Magnus Ranstorp. London, UK: Routledge. Turk, Austin T. 2004. 'Sociology of Terrorism.'Annual Review of Sociology 30: 271–286 (Doi: 10.1146/annurev.soc.30.012703.110510). Wilkinson, Paul 2007. 'Research into Terrorism Studies: Achievements and Failures.' Pp. 316–328 in Mapping Terrorism Research, edited by Magnus Ranstorp. London, UK: Routledge. Part 2. What is Terrorism? A discussion of one of the most controversial issues, the definition of terrorism, focusing on its political and methodological implications. Aly, Waleed 2008. 'The Axiom of Evil.'The Guardian, 8 July, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/jul/08/nelsonmandela.terrorism (last accessed: 8 July 2008). Hoffman, Bruce 2006. Chapter 1 (pp. 1–42). Inside Terrorism. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. della Porta, Donatella 2004. 'Terror Against the State.' Pp. 208–16 in The Blackwell Companion to Political Sociology, edited by Kate Nash and Alan Scott. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing. Schmid, Alexander P. 2004. 'Frameworks for Conceptualising Terrorism.'Terrorism and Political Violence 16 (2): 197–221 (Doi: 10.1080/09546550490483134). Tilly, Charles 2004. 'Terror, Terrorism, Terrorist.'Sociological Theory 22 (1): 5–16 (Doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9558.2004.00200.x). Tosini, Domenico 2007. 'Sociology of Terrorism and Counterterrorism: A Social Science Understanding of Terrorist Threat', Sociology Compass 1 (2), 664–681 (Doi: 10.1111/j.1751-9020.2007.00035.x). Wilkinson, Paul 2006. Chapter 1 (pp. 1–19). Terrorism versus Democracy: The Liberal State Response. London, UK: Routledge. Part 3. Collecting Data on Terrorism Incidents An introduction to the challenges and solutions to the collection of terrorism data, a preliminary and crucial aspect of any scientific analysis. Buchalter, Alice R. and Glenn E. Curtis 2003. Inventory and Assessment of Databases Relevant for Social Science Research on Terrorism. Washington, DC: Federal Research Division Library of Congress, http://lcweb.loc.gov/rr/frd (last accessed 10 June 2008). Enders, Walter and Todd Sandler 2006. Chapter 3 (pp. 52–83). The Political Economy of Terrorism. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Lafree, Gary 2007. 'Introducing the Global Terrorism Database.'Terrorism and Political Violence 19 (2): 181–204 (Doi: 10.1080/09546550701246817). HSP 2008. Human Security Brief 2007. Dying to Lose: Explaining the Decline in Global Terrorism. Simon Fraser University, Canada: Human Security Report Project, http://www.humansecuritybrief.info/HSRP_Brief_2007.pdf (last accessed 15 June 2008). Part 4. Waves of Terror: The Evolution of Terrorism A look at terrorism from a historical perspective in an attempt to identify continuities and discontinuities in the use of political violence. Abrahms, Max 2006. 'Why Terrorism Does Not Work.'International Security 31 (2): 42–78 (Doi: 10.1162/isec.2006.31.2.42). Duyvesteyn, Isabelle 2004. 'How New Is the New Terrorism?'Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 27 (5): 439–454 (Doi: 10.1080/10576100490483750). Hoffman, Bruce 2006. Chapters 2–4 (pp. 43–130). Inside Terrorism. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. Jenkins, Brian 1975. International Terrorism: A New Mode of Conflict. Research Paper n. 48, California Seminar on Arms Control and Foreign Policy. Kaplan, Jeffrey 2007. 'The Fifth Wave: The New Tribalism?'Terrorism and Political Violence 19 (4): 545–570 (Doi: 10.1080/09546550701606564). Laqueur, Walter 2002. Chapters 1–2 (pp. 3–78). A History of Terrorism. London, UK: Transaction Publishers. Münkler, Herfried 2005. Chapter 5 (pp. 99–116). The New Wars. Cambridge, UK: Polity. Rapoport, David C. 2004. 'Modern Terror: The Four Waves.' Pp. 46–73 in Attacking Terrorism: Elements of a Great Strategy, edited by Audrey Cronin and J. Ludes. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. Reed, Donald J. 2008. 'Beyond the War on Terror: Into the Fifth Generation of War and Conflict.'Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 31 (8): 684–722 (Doi: 10.1080/10576100802206533). Part 5. Typologies of Terrorist Movements An overview of the complex task of classifying terrorist organisations on the basis of characteristics such as political objectives, ideological frames, and the cleavages between them and their enemies. Goodwin, Jeff 2006. 'A Theory of the Categorical Terrorism.'Social Forces 84 (4): 2027–2046. Gunaratna, Rohan and Graeme C. S. Steven 2004. Chapter 1 (pp. 1–98). Counterterrorism. Santa Barbara, CA: Abc Clio. Schmid, Alexander P. and Albert J. Jongman 1988. Chapter 2 (in collaboration with M. Stohl and P. A. Fleming, pp. 39–60). Political Terrorism. London, UK: Transaction Publishers. Tosini, Domenico 2007. 'Sociology of Terrorism and Counterterrorism: A Social Science Understanding of Terrorist Threat.'Sociology Compass 1 (2), 664–681 (Doi: 10.1111/j.1751-9020.2007.00035.x). Wilkinson, Paul 2006. Chapter 2 (pp. 20–38). Terrorism versus Democracy: The Liberal State Response. London, UK: Routledge. Part 6. Al‐Qaeda and its Affiliates: Ideologies, Strategies, Structures A sociological look at the ideological, strategic, and organisational aspects of Al‐Qaeda's terrorism from the 1980s to its most recent campaign in Iraq. Al‐Zayyat, Montasser 2004. The Road to Al‐Qaeda. London, UK: Pluto Press. Gunaratna, Rohan 2002. Chapters 1–2 (pp. 21–126). Inside Al‐Qaeda. New York, NY: Berkley Books. Pape, Robert A. 2005. Chapter 7 (pp. 102–125). Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism. New York, NY: Random House. Sageman, Marc 2004. Chapters 1‐2 (pp. 1‐60). Understanding Terror Networks. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. Hafez, Mohammed M. 2007. Chapters 1–5 (pp. 35–162). Suicide Bombers in Iraq. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press. Part 7. Terrorism and the Media An exploration of the ways that terrorist organisations exploit old and new media, especially the Internet, as communicative channels (for staging their attacks, threats, demands, and propaganda) and as instrumental tools (for fund raising, coordination, and recruitment). Hoffman, Bruce 2006. Chapters 6–7 (pp. 173–228). Inside Terrorism. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. ICG 2006. In Their Own Words: Reading the Iraqi Insurgency. International Crisis Group: Middle East Report No 50, 15 February, http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=3953&l=1 (last accessed 5 February 2008). Rogan, Hanna 2006. Jihadism Online: A Study of How Al‐Qaeda and Radical Islamist Groups Use Internet for Terrorist Purposes. Norwegian Defence Research Establishment: FFI/RAPPORT‐2006/00915, http://rapporter.ffi.no/rapporter/2006/00915.pdf (last accessed 5 June 2008). Sageman, Marc 2008. Chapter 6 (pp. 109–123). Leaderless Jihad. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. Weimann, Gabriel 2006. Chapters 3–4 (pp. 49–145). Terror on the Internet. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press. Part 8. Terrorist Organisations and Their Logic An examination of the political objectives and ideologies of terrorist organisations and an overview of the rationality and strategies underlying their decision‐making in relation to the political opportunities and military events shaping their environment. Boyns, David and James David Ballard 2004. 'Developing a Sociological Theory for the Empirical Understanding of Terrorism.'American Sociologist 35 (2): 5–26 (Doi: 10.1007/BF02692394). Crenshaw, Martha 1998. 'The Logic of Terrorism: Terrorist Behaviour as a Product of Strategic Choice.' Pp. 7–24 in Origins of Terrorism, edited by Walter Reich. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press. Gambetta, Diego 2006. 'Can We Make Sense of Suicide Missions?' Pp. 259–299 in Making Sense of Suicide Missions, edited by Diego Gambetta. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Hafez, Mohammed and Quintan Wiktorowicz 2004. 'Violence as Contention in the Egyptian Islamic Movement.' Pp. 61–88 in Islamic Activism: A Social Movement Theory Approach, edited Quintan Wiktorowicz. Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press. Kalyvas, Stathis 2006. Chapters 6–7 (pp. 147–208). The Logic of Violence in Civil War. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Kramer, Martin 1998. 'The Moral Logic of Hezbollah.' Pp. 131–157 in Origins of Terrorism, edited by Walter Reich. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press. Pape, Robert A. 2005. Chapters 3–5 (pp. 27–60). Dying to Win. New York, NY: Random House. Tosini, Domenico 2009. 'A Sociological Understanding of Suicide Attacks.'Theory, Culture & Society (Forthcoming). Part 9. Mechanisms of Social Support A discussion of the economic, cultural, and political conditions which make possible the support for, and collaboration with, terrorist organisations by members of certain communities. Cook, David and Olivia Allison 2007. Chapters 1–5 (pp. 1–85). Understanding and Addressing Suicide Attacks: The Faith and Politics of Martyrdom Operations. Westport, CT: Praeger Security International. Chernick, Marc 2007. 'FARC‐EP: From Liberal Guerrillas to Marxist Rebels to Post‐Cold War Insurgency.' Pp. 51–120 in Terror, Insurgency, and the State, edited by Marianne Heiberg et al. Philadelphia, PA: University Pennsylvania Press. Hashim, Ahmed S. 2006. Chapter 2 (pp. 59–124). Insurgency and Counter‐Insurgency in Iraq. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Kalyvas, Stathis 2006. Chapter 4 (pp. 87–110). The Logic of Violence in Civil War. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Merari, Ariel 2005. 'Social, Organizational and Psychological Factors in Suicide Terrorism.' Pp. 70–86 in Root Causes of Terrorism: Myths, Realities and Ways Forward, edited by Tore Bjørgo. London, UK: Routledge. Pape, Robert A. 2005. Chapters 6–8 (pp. 79–167). Dying to Win. New York, NY: Random House. Part 10. Social Networks and Recruitment An analysis of the motivations behind the process of joining terrorist organisations and of the role played by group dynamics and social networks. della Porta, Donatella 1995. Chapter 7 (pp. 165–186). Social Movements, Political Violence, and the State. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Sageman, Marc 2004. Chapters 4–5 (pp. 99–173). Understanding Terror Networks. Philadelphia, PA: University Pennsylvania Press. Horgan, John 2005. Chapter 3 (pp. 47–79). The Psychology of Terrorism. London, UK: Routledge. Khosrokhavar, Fahad 2005. Chapter 3 (pp. 149–224). Suicide Bombers. London, UK: Pluto Press. Pedahzur, Ami 2005. Chapters 6–7 (pp. 118–181). Suicide Terrorism. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. Stern, Jessica 2003. Chapter 9 (pp. 237–280). Terror in the Name of God. New York, NY: Harper Collins Publisher. Wintrobe, Ronald 2006. Chapters 5–6 (pp. 108–157). Rational Extremism: The Political Economy of Radicalism. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Part 11. Counterterrorism I: Legal Implications An overview of the emergency powers of antiterrorism legislations and 'special measures', and an analysis of their legal impact on the protection of human rights. Cole, David 2003. Chapters 1–5 (pp. 17–82). Enemy Aliens. New York, NY: The Free Press. Haubrich, Dirk 2003. 'September 11, Anti‐Terror Laws and Civil Liberties: Britain, France and Germany Compared.'Government and Opposition 38 (1): 3–29 (Doi: 10.1111/1477-7053.00002). Parker, Tom 2005. 'Counterterrorism Policies in the United Kingdom.' Pp. 119–148 in Protecting Liberty in an Age of Terror, edited by Philip B. Heymann and Juliette N. Kayyem. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. Tosini, Domenico 2007. 'Sociology of Terrorism and Counterterrorism: A Social Science Understanding of Terrorist Threat', Sociology Compass 1 (2): 664–681 (Doi: 10.1111/j.1751-9020.2007.00035.x). Part 12. Counterterrorism II: Strategic Limitations An examination of the most important counterterrorism policies adopted since 2001, with special reference to the occupation of Iraq, and an assessment of their advantages and risks for combating and preventing terrorism. Nesser, Peter 2006. 'Jihadism in Western Europe After the Invasion of Iraq: Tracing Motivational Influences from the Iraq War on Jihadist Terrorism in Western Europe.'Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 29 (4): 323–342 (Doi: 10.1080/10576100600641899). Pape, Robert A. 2005. Chapter 12 (pp. 237–250). Dying to Win. New York, NY: Random House. Silke, Andrew 2005. 'Fire of Iolaus: The Role of State Countermeasures in Causing Terrorism and What Needs to Be Done.' Pp. 241–255 in Root Causes of Terrorism: Myths, Realities and Ways Forward, edited by Tore Bjørgo. London, UK: Routledge. Smelser, Neil J. 2007. Chapter 6 (pp. 160–199). The Faces of Terrorism: Social and Psychological Dimensions. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Tosini, Domenico 2007. 'Sociology of Terrorism and Counterterrorism: A Social Science Understanding of Terrorist Threat', Sociology Compass 1 (2): 664–681 (Doi: 10.1111/j.1751-9020.2007.00035.x). Wilkinson, Paul 2006. Chapters 5–6 (pp. 61–102). Terrorism versus Democracy: The Liberal State Response. London, UK: Routledge.5. Films and videos Al‐Qaeda Film on the First Anniversary of the London Bombings. 2006 (17 min)(http://www.memritv.org/clip/en/0/0/0/0/0/215/1186.htm)Excerpts from a message from 2005 London bomber Shehzad Tanweer and statements by Al‐Qaeda leaders Ayman Al‐Zawahiri and Adam Gadahn, posted on http://www.tajdeed.net.tc on 8 July 2006. A typical example of the communicative use of the Internet by Islamists in their attempt to frame terrorist attacks as legitimate acts of martyrdom, committed by courageous Muslims in defence of their brothers and sisters in occupied Muslim lands (e.g. Afghanistan, Iraq, Palestine). Al‐Qaeda Leader in Iraq Abu Musab Al‐Zarqawi's First Televised Interview. 2006 (17 min)(http://www.memritv.org/clip/en/0/0/0/0/0/344/1118.htm)A video posted by the Islamist web forum http://www.alsaha.com on 25 April 2006, in which the Al‐Qaeda commander in Iraq Abu Musab Al‐Zarqawi (killed by an airstrike on 7 June 2006) outlines all the typical condemnations (by Islamist extremists) of the Iraq occupation by the US‐led coalition, and calls for a jihad against its forces and allies. Propagandising the military capabilities of Al‐Qaeda, the video culminates in footage of Al‐Zarqawi with masked fighters, firing an automatic weapon, and 'new missiles' developed by 'the brothers'. Al‐Arabiya TV Special on the Culture of Martyrdom and Suicide Bombers. 2005 (7 min)(http://www.memritv.org/clip/en/0/0/0/0/0/215/807.htm)Excerpts from a show about the culture of martyrdom, aired on Al‐Arabiya TV on 22 July 2005. The documentary investigates some of the most relevant religious and political justifications and symbolic representations among Islamist extremists in favour of suicide attacks. In particular, it looks at the Palestinian organisations Hamas and Islamic Jihad, and at the Lebanese Hezbollah. The film includes an interview with Maha Ghandour, the wife of Salah Ghandour, who was responsible for a suicide attack carried out in 1995 on behalf of Hezbollah against an Israeli military convoy. Battle For Haditha. 2007 (93 min)(http://www.nickbroomfield.com/haditha.html)In this film, the director Nick Broomfield looks at the dramatic events surrounding an incident that occurred in Haditha, Iraq, when 24 Iraqis were allegedly massacred by US Marines, following the death of a Marine in a bombing perpetrated by Iraqi insurgents. The harsh reality of the war is viewed from three perspectives: that of the US troops, the insurgents who committed the attacks, and a civilian Iraqi family. Iranian Animated Film for Children Promotes Suicide Bombings. 2005 (10 min)(http://www.memritv.org/clip/en/0/0/0/0/0/215/906.htm)Including excerpts from an Iranian animated movie for children, aired on IRIB 3 TV on 28 October 2005, this film is an example of the mechanisms of de‐humanization of the enemy (the Israelis), based on a tale of the ferocious murder of innocent people by Israeli soldiers. This incident is followed by a bomb attack framed as an act of martyrdom by young militants in revenge of the previous assassination. Paradise Now. 2005 (91 min)In his film, the director Hany Abu‐Assad focuses on the final days of two Palestinian militants as they prepare to carry out a suicide attack in Tel Aviv. Once childhood friends Said (Kais Nashef) and Khaled (Ali Suliman) are offered such an attack, they feel a sense of purpose in serving their people's cause, whereas a young Palestinian woman, after learning of their plan, tries to dissuade them from carrying out their missions. Paradise Now has been viewed as a controversial attempt to examine the motivations of suicide bombers. The Reach of War: Sectarian War in Iraq. 2006 (7 min)(http://www.nytimes.com/packages/khtml/2006/12/28/world/20061228_SECTARIAN_FEATURE.html)The New York Times journalist Marc Santora reports on some of the most violent and bloody effects of the sectarian violence perpetrated in Iraq during the civil war between Sunnis and Shiites, which has followed the occupation by the US‐led coalition. The Road to Guantanamo. 2006 (92 min)(http://www.roadtoguantanamomovie.com)Directed by Michael Winterbottom, the film tells the story of four friends beginning a holiday in Pakistan. Through a series of interviews and news footage, the film shows how they end up in Afghanistan, where are then captured by American forces and kept in harsh conditions at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, for over 2 years. The Role of Foreign Fighters in the Iraqi Jihad. 2006 (9 min)(http://www1.nefafoundation.org/multimedia‐original.html)In this video, NEFA Foundation expert Evan Kohlmann documents the phenomenon of foreign fighters in Iraq and their role within the Sunni insurgency. The video includes footage of senior figures from Abu Musab al‐Zarqawi's terrorist group (including Lebanese, Saudi, and Kuwaiti nationals) and scenes from Al‐Qaida training camps in Iraq. The Suicide Bomber. 2005 (12 min)(http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/terrorism/july‐dec05/bombers_11‐14.html)In this debate aired on PBS on 14 November 2005, three experts (Mia Bloom, Mohammed M. Hafez, and Robert A. Pape) discuss what motivates suicide bombers and their terrorist organisations, with special reference to the 2005 hotel bombings in Amman, Jordan, where a female militant joining these attacks was found alive after her bomb failed to detonate. The Terrorist Propaganda (three videos): Indexing Al‐Qaeda Online. 2005 (6 min)(http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp‐dyn/content/custom/2005/08/05/CU2005080501141.html?whichDay=1) Without the Video, It's Just an Attack. 2007 (5 min)(http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp‐dyn/content/video/2007/09/28/VI2007092800608.html) Al‐Qaeda's Growing Online Offensive. 2008 (14 min)(http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp‐dyn/content/article/2008/06/23/AR2008062302135.html)Over the last decade, terrorist propaganda on the Internet has increased dramatically. In these videos, experts discuss how insurgent groups, in particular Islamist extremists in Iraq and Afghanistan, are using new media to spread their messages worldwide, to chronicle their operations (including the assembly and emplacement of roadside bombs targeting US forces), to recruit, and to raise money.6. Focus questions
What challenges do researchers interested in terrorism studies face and why? What are the most important theoretical and methodological weaknesses in current terrorism research? How can we define terrorism? What political controversies affect the definition of terrorism? When comparing different terrorism data sets, what kinds of diagnoses can we make on the tendencies of terrorist incidents in the last decade? How has terrorism changed in history? Based on the literature concerning Al‐Qaeda's ideology, strategies, and structures, what continuities and discontinuities can we identify with respect to previous forms of terrorism? When dealing with the explanation of terrorism, what are the most significant factors to be taken into account? How can we learn from the current literature on suicide terrorism in order to build a comprehensive model for its explanation? Given the legislative and military responses to September 11 and subsequent attacks (e.g. the 2005 London bombings), what have been the legal consequences affecting our societies and the strategic implications for combating and preventing terrorist violence?
7. SeminarsParticipants will be divided into small groups of about three persons. Each group will be asked to make a contribution to a sociological analysis (either written or presented) of a specific armed organisation, such as:Al‐Gama'a Al‐IslamiyyaAl‐QaedaAl‐Qaeda in IraqAl‐Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (formerly Salafist Group for Call and Combat)Ansar Al‐SunnahAnsar Al‐IslamArmed Islamic Groups (GIA)Army of GodAum ShinrikyoChechen separatistsEgyptian Islamic JihadEuskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA)HamasHezbollahIrgun Zvai LeumiIrish Republican Army (IRA)Islamic Movement of UzbekistanJemaah IslamiyahKashmiri separatistsKu Klux Klan (KKK)Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)Lashkar‐e‐JhangviLibyan Islamic Fighting GroupPalestinian Islamic JihadPalestinian Liberation Organisation (PLO)Red Army Faction (RAF)Red Brigades (BR)Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC)Taliban.For each armed organisation, each group will examine the following aspects:
data on its attacks – including information that justifies the label of 'terrorist organisation'; a historical account of its origins and developments; an analysis of the strategy underlying its terrorist campaigns; a clarification of its social support and collaboration (if any); a profile of its militants and patterns of recruitment; a discussion of the counterterrorism policies adopted by states and their impact on the terrorist organisation.
Note * Correspondence address: Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology and Social Research, Piazza Venezia 41 – 38100 Trento, Italy, +39 0461 881324; +39 0461 881348 (fax); +39 347 2329219 (mobile); Email: domenico.tosini@soc.unitn.it http://portale.unitn.it/dpt/dsrs/docenti/tosini.htm
Inhaltsangabe: Introduction: This book covers policy proposals and interim contracts, assesses the positions of various Iraqi political actors and examines the potential significance for international foreign policy goals in Iraq. Despite a lack of progress in reaching agreements on the hydro-carbon sector and revenue sharing legislation to set new conditions for the management of the country's significant oil and gas resources, development in Iraq's oil and gas sector is moving forward. The passage of the oil and gas sector framework and revenue sharing legislation will be seen as significant milestones by International governments and International Oil Companies (IOC´s). This would provide evidence of the Iraqi government's dedication to promoting political reconciliation and providing a solid foundation for long term economic development in Iraq. Interim revenue sharing mechanisms have been introduced due to the lack of new legislation. Additionally, both the Federal Government (the Federal Oil Ministry-MoO) and the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) (the Regional Ministry of Natural Resources and Energy) have made oil and gas development deals with foreign firms. The MoO is working with existing regulation from the previous political and administrational regime, while the Regional Ministry of Resource and Energy Kurdistan-Iraq has designed its own laws and regulations, which the Federal Government has not yet recognized. There is wide recognition among Iraqis of the importance of oil and gas revenue for the Iraqi economy. Most groups see the need for new legal and policy guidelines for the development of the country's oil and natural gas resources. However, Iraq's Council of Rrepresentatives (parliament) has not yet considered the proposed legislation due to ongoing political discord and general political instability. There are strong differences on key issues between Iraqi critics and supporters of various proposed solutions. These include the appropriate role and powers of federal and regional authorities in regulating oil and gas development; the conditions and degree of potential foreign participation in the oil and gas sectors; and proposed formulas and mechanisms for equitably sharing oil and gas revenue. Simultaneously, there are strong disagreements on related discussions about the administrative status of the city of Kirkuk and proposed amendments to articles of Iraq's constitution that outline federal and regional oil and gas rights. The U.S. and UK military strategy in Iraq seeks to lay the ground work for an environment in which Iraqis can resolve core political differences in order to ensure national stability and security. However, it is not yet certain whether the proposed oil and gas legislation and ongoing interim efforts to develop Iraq's energy resources will support harmony or create deeper political tension. The United States and its allies face difficult decisions regarding how to work with Iraqis on assorted policy proposals, related constitutional reforms and oil and gas development contracts, and at the same time encouraging their Iraqi counterparts to ensure that the content of proposed laws, amendments and contracts reflect acceptable political compromises. In the 1920s a wide-ranging concession was granted to a consortium of oil companies known as the Turkish Petroleum company and later as the Iraq Petroleum Company. This was the beginning of oil exploration in Iraq. The nationalization of Iraq's oil resources and production was finished by 1975. From 1975 to 2003, oil production and export operations were entirely state operated. However, from the early 1980s until the toppling of Saddam Hussein's government in 2003, the negative effects of war, international sanctions, a shortage of investments and technology and, in many cases, mismanagement caused difficulties for Iraq's hydrocarbon infrastructure. According to the Oil Ministry, Iraq has the third largest proven oil reserves in the world (115 billion barrels). Other estimates of Iraq's potential oil reserves vary. The U.S. Department of Energy's Energy Information Administration notes that current estimates "have not been revised since 2001 and are largely based on 2-D seismic data from nearly three decades ago." In April 2007, oil industry consultants IHS assessed that Iraq's proven and probable reserves tally 116 billion barrels, with a potential additional 100 billion barrels in largely unexplored western areas. The U.S. Geological Survey's median estimate for additional oil reserves in Iraq is around 45 billion barrels. In 2004, Iraq's then Oil Ministry claimed that Iraq had "unconfirmed or potential reserves" of 214 billion barrels. My Reservoir Engineering Estimation is that Iraq's reserves can reach more than 320 bn bbl oil. Approximately 65 percent of Iraq's current proven reserves are located in southern Iraq, with a concentration in the southern most province of Al Basrah. Large proven oil resources have also been found in the northern province of Al Ta´mim near the disputed city of Kirkuk At present, crude oil provides over 90% of Iraq's domestic energy consumption and oil exports produce over 98% of Iraq's government revenue. Due to decreases in global oil prices from their 2008 high and lower oil production, Iraqi leaders revised their 2009 revenue and budget assumptions from a projected surplus to a projected $15.9 billion deficit. According to official U.S. assessments continued fluctuations in oil prices and production could put at risk Iraq's fiscal stability and the sustainability of its reconstruction and development plans. The expansion of oil production to the level of four million barrels per day (m/d) by 2013 and then upward to six m/d by 2017 is called for by current Iraqi plans. Iraqi officials have begun an international bid process for service contracts and renegotiated a series of Saddam era oil production agreements in order to support these goals. These include the transformation of a production sharing agreement into a service contract for Ahdab oil field with China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC).Inhaltsverzeichnis:Table of contents: 1.Introduction1 2.Iraqi Constitution7 3.Contract Conditions15 4.State-owned Oil Companies27 5.Restructuring of the Iraqi Oil Institutions33 6.Revenue-Sharing and Equalization36 7.Potential Geography50 8.Present Organization and Development56 9.Hydrocarbon Legislation Draft and Contracts59 10.Revenue Sharing65 11.Crisis Management of the Oil Industry in Iraq88 12.U.S. Policy and Issues for Congress99 13.China Investment in the Energy Sector112 14.Conclusion119 15.References127 16.Attachments129Textprobe:Textsample: Revenues and Arrangements: Under current arrangements, the responsibility for the sale and export of Iraq's crude oil is appointed to Iraq's State Oil Marketing Organization (SOMO). The United Nations Security Council resolution (UNSCR) 1483 (and updated under subsequent Security Council resolutions) stipulates that revenue from Iraq's oil exports is to be deposited into an Iraq-controlled account held at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (FRBNY). Five percent of the funds are put aside for a United Nations Compensation Fund for reparations to the victims of the 1990 Iraqi invasion and occupation of Kuwait. The remaining 95% are deposited into a Development Fund for Iraq (DFI) account at the FRBNY and then transferred to an Iraqi Ministry of Finance account at the Central Bank of Iraq for further distribution to Iraqi government ministries. The terms of UNSCR1546 and subsequent resolutions mandate that the DFI be monitored by an International Advisory and Monitoring Board (IAMB), which provides periodic reports on Iraq's oil export revenue, Iraq's use of its oil revenues, and its oil production practices. According to the IAMB, as of December 31, 2007, $23.43 billion had been disbursed from the United Nations Compensation Fund and Iraq owed $28.95 billion to the Fund. Iraq deposited another $3 billion. According to IAMB estimates in mid 2008 "at the present rate of Iraqi oil sales, it would take approximately 17 years for the compensation award to be fully paid."38 It is likely that this estimate is no longer current due to significant declines in the price of oil in the meantime. The IAMB has not yet announced a corrected date. Under U.N. Security Council Resolution 1859 (December 22, 2008) the IAMB authority ends on December 31, 2009. This refers to a 2009 "transition to successor arrangement" from the DFI and the IAMD to Iraqi-led auditing processes. In October 2006, the Committee of Financial Experts (COFE) was approved by the Iraqi cabinet. Its task is to oversee oil revenue collection and administration. The president of the COFE authorized its activities in April 2007, and it currently is working with the IAMB on audit procedures. The establishment of an audit oversight committee for the DFI and oil export revenues is a structural benchmark under Iraq's Stand-by Arrangement (SBA) with the International Monetary Fund currently satisfied by the extension of the IAMB arrangement and the creation of the COFE. Agreements with members of the Paris club made the approval of the SBA into a necessity.39 The IAMB said in 2009 that Iraq's Committee of Financial Experts "is ready and capable to succeed the IAMB and conduct competent and independent oversight of the DFI." Immunity provisions included in standing UN Security Council resolutions protect Iraqi funds in the DFI from property attachment motions instead of legal judgments rendered against the former Iraqi regime. President Bush extended the U.S. legal protections for the DFI and other Iraqi assets under Executive Order 13303 through May 20, 2009. President Obama prolonged the protections until May 2010.40 Iraq will receive continued support from the United States in its attempts to convince the UN to extend related protections for energy proceeds and the DFI under Article 26 of the U.S.-Iraq security agreement. Oversight of Oil Production and Revenue Management Between its creation in May 2003 until December 31, 2007, the DFI received over $121.7 billion in oil proceeds and other deposits. According to audit estimates, an additional $58.8 billion in net export proceeds were deposited in 2008. Intermittent audits done in conjunction with the IAMB have routinely found serious discrepancies in oil production and export figures and DFI account receipt and distribution amounts. The absence of reliable output measurements for oil has been a critical and ongoing problem. During the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) period, there was no metering equipment available for oil production and exports. According to a May 2007 GAO report, there have been no improvements in reliable metering in Iraq's oil fields. This has contributed to the shortage of reliable data on Iraq's oil production and related revenue.42. In January 2008, an IAMB report claimed that Iraq's Ministry of Oil "does not have in place a full operational loading and metering system at production and loading points in order to determine produced and loaded quantities [of oil] accurately." An IAMB report in June 2008 established that "some metering has been installed at oil terminals, but there continues to be no metering in the oil fields." In April 2009, the IAMB stated that "much remains to be done before a fully operational control and measurement system over the oil production, distribution and export sales, can be comprehensively implemented," and added that, "Indications from the Ministry of Oil point to implementation by 2011 at the earliest." Financial audits completed by December 2005 established that "no comprehensive financial and internal controls policies and procedures manuals" existed in the Iraqi ministries that were spending oil export proceeds delivered through the DFI system. On June 12, 2007, the IAMB commented on its 2006 findings, noting that the audits proved "the overall financial system of controls is deficient." The audits showed there was "no overall comprehensive system of controls over oil revenues," and that "basic administrative procedures" were "outdated and ineffective." These conditions may have contributed to widespread corruption. Several Iraqi ministries spending distributed oil export revenue have been accused of corruption which is often associated with weak contracting and cash management policies. The Iraqi government's attempts to respond to IAMB recommendations were noticed by the IAMB's preliminary findings for 2007, but also noted that "the overall financial system of controls in place in the spending ministries, the U.S. agencies in respect of outstanding commitments using DFI resources, and the Iraqi administration of DFI resources remain deficient." The 2008 preliminary assessment, released in April 2009, concluded that "much remains to be done before a sound financial management system is operating effectively in Iraq".
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The White House released its budget proposal for Fiscal Year 2025 on March 11th, and the news was depressingly familiar: $895 billion for the Pentagon and work on nuclear weapons at the Department of Energy. After adjusting for inflation, that's only slightly less than last year's proposal, but far higher than the levels reached during either the Korean or Vietnam wars or at the height of the Cold War. And that figure doesn't even include related spending on veterans, the Department of Homeland Security, or the additional tens of billions of dollars in "emergency" military spending likely to come later this year. One thing is all too obvious: a trillion-dollar budget for the Pentagon alone is right around the corner, at the expense of urgently needed action to address climate change, epidemics of disease, economic inequality, and other issues that threaten our lives and safety at least as much as, if not more than, traditional military challenges.Americans would be hard-pressed to find members of Congress carefully scrutinizing such vast sums of national security spending, asking tough questions, or reining in Pentagon excess — despite the fact that this country is no longer fighting any major ground wars. Just a handful of senators and members of the House do that work while many more search for ways to increase the department's already bloated budget and steer further contracts into their own states and districts.Congress isn't just shirking its oversight duties: these days, it can't even seem to pass a budget on time. Our elected representatives settled on a final national budget just last week, leaving Pentagon spending at the already generous 2023 level for nearly half of the 2024 fiscal year. Now, the department will be inundated with a flood of new money that it has to spend in about six months instead of a year. More waste, fraud, and financial abuse are inevitable as the Pentagon prepares to shovel money out the door as quickly as possible. This is no way to craft a budget or defend a country.And while congressional dysfunction is par for the course, in this instance it offers an opportunity to reevaluate what we're spending all this money for. The biggest driver of overspending is an unrealistic, self-indulgent, and — yes — militaristic national defense strategy. It's designed to maintain a capacity to go almost everywhere and do almost anything, from winning wars with rival superpowers to intervening in key regions across the planet to continuing the disastrous Global War on Terror, which was launched in the wake of the 9/11 attacks and never truly ended. As long as such a "cover the globe" strategy persists, the pressure to continue spending ever more on the Pentagon will prove irresistible, no matter how delusional the rationale for doing so may be.Defending "the Free World"?President Biden began his recent State of the Union address by comparing the present moment to the time when the United States was preparing to enter World War II. Like President Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1941, Joe Biden told the American people that the country now faces an "unprecedented moment in the history of the Union," one in which freedom and democracy are "under attack" both at home and abroad. He disparaged Congress's failure to approve his emergency supplemental bill, claiming that, without additional aid for Ukraine, Russian President Vladimir Putin will threaten not just that country but all of Europe and even the "free world." Comparing (as he did) the challenge posed by Russia now to the threat that Hitler's regime posed in World War II is a major exaggeration that's of no value in developing an effective response to Moscow's activities in Ukraine and beyond.Engaging in such fearmongering to get the public on board with an increasingly militarized foreign policy ignores reality in service of the status quo. In truth, Russia poses no direct security threat to the United States. And while Putin may have ambitions beyond Ukraine, Russia simply doesn't have the capability to threaten the "free world" with a military campaign. Neither does China, for that matter. But facing the facts about these powers would require a critical reassessment of the maximalist U.S. defense strategy that rules the roost. Currently, it reflects the profoundly misguided belief that, on matters of national security, U.S. military dominance takes precedence over the collective economic strength and prosperity of Americans.As a result, the administration places more emphasis on deterring potential (if unlikely) aggression from competitors than on improving relations with them. Of course, this approach depends almost entirely on increasing the production, distribution, and stockpiling of arms. The war in Ukraine and Israel's continuing assault on Gaza have unfortunately only solidified the administration's dedication to the concept of military-centric deterrence.Contractor Dysfunction: Earning More, Doing LessIronically, such a defense strategy depends on an industry that continually exploits the government for its own benefit and wastes staggering amounts of taxpayer dollars. The major corporations that act as military contractors pocket about half of all Pentagon outlays while ripping off the government in a multitude of ways. But what's even more striking is how little they accomplish with the hundreds of billions of taxpayer dollars they receive year in, year out. According to the Government Accountability Office (GAO), from 2020 to 2022, the total number of major defense acquisition programs actually declined even as total costs and average delivery time for new weapons systems increased.Take the Navy's top acquisition program, for example. Earlier this month, the news broke that the Columbia-class ballistic missile submarine is already at least a year behind schedule. That sub is the sea-based part of the next-generation nuclear (air-sea-and-land) triad that the administration considers the "ultimate backstop" for global deterrence. As a key part of this country's never-ending arms buildup, the Columbia is supposedly the Navy's most important program, so you might wonder why the Pentagon hasn't implemented a single one of the GAO's six recommendations to help keep it on track.As the GAO report made clear, the Navy proposed delivering the first Columbia-class vessel in record time — a wildly unrealistic goal — despite it being the "largest and most complex submarine" in its history.Yet the war economy persists, even as the giant weapons corporations deliver less weaponry for more money in an ever more predictable fashion (and often way behind schedule as well). This happens in part because the Pentagon regularly advances weapons programs before design and testing are even completed, a phenomenon known as "concurrent development." Building systems before they're fully tested means, of course, rushing them into production at the taxpayer's expense before the bugs are out. Not surprisingly, operations and maintenance costs account for about 70% of the money spent on any U.S. weapons program.Lockheed Martin's F-35 is the classic example of this enormously expensive tendency. The Pentagon just greenlit the fighter jet for full-scale production this month, 23 years (yes, that's not a misprint!) after the program was launched. The fighter has suffered from persistent engine problems and deficient software. But the official go-ahead from the Pentagon means little, since Congress has long funded the F-35 as if it were already approved for full-scale production. At a projected cost of at least $1.7 trillion over its lifetime, America's most expensive weapons program ever should offer a lesson in the necessity of trying before buying.Unfortunately, this lesson is lost on those who need to learn it the most. Acquisition failures of the past never seem to financially impact the executives or shareholders of America's biggest military contractors. On the contrary, those corporate leaders depend on Pentagon bloat and overpriced, often unnecessary weaponry. In 2023, America's biggest military contractor, Lockheed Martin, paid its CEO John Taiclit $22.8 million. Annual compensation for the CEOs of RTX, Northrop Grumman, General Dynamics, and Boeing ranged from $14.5 and $22.5 million in the past two years. And shareholders of those weapons makers are similarly cashing in. The arms industry increased cash paid to its shareholders by 73% in the 2010s compared to the prior decade. And they did so at the expense of investing in their own businesses. Now they expect taxpayers to bail them out to ramp up weapons production for Ukraine and Israel.Reining in the Military-Industrial ComplexOne way to begin reining in runaway Pentagon spending is to eliminate the ability of Congress and the president to arbitrarily increase that department's budget. The best way to do so would be by doing away with the very concept of "emergency spending." Otherwise, thanks to such spending, that $895 billion Pentagon budget will undoubtedly prove to be anything but a ceiling on military spending next year. As an example, the $95 billion aid package for Ukraine, Israel, and Taiwan that passed the Senate in February is still hung up in the House, but some portion of it will eventually get through and add substantially to the Pentagon's already enormous budget.Meanwhile, the Pentagon has fallen back on the same kind of budgetary maneuvers it perfected at the peak of its disastrous Afghan and Iraq wars earlier in this century, adding billions to the war budget to fund items on the department's wish list that have little to do with "defense" in our present world. That includes emergency outlays destined to expand this country's "defense industrial base" and further supersize the military-industrial complex — an expensive loophole that Congress should simply shut down. That, however, will undoubtedly prove a tough political fight, given how many stakeholders — from Pentagon officials to those corporate executives to compromised members of Congress — benefit from such spending sprees.Ultimately, of course, the debate about Pentagon spending should be focused on far more than the staggering sums being spent. It should be about the impact of such spending on this planet. That includes the Biden administration's stubborn continuation of support for Israel's campaign of mass slaughter in Gaza, which has already killed more than 31,000 people while putting many more at risk of starvation. A recent Washington Post investigation found that the U.S. has made 100 arms sales to Israel since the start of the war last October, most of them set at value thresholds just low enough to bypass any requirement to report them to Congress.The relentless supply of military equipment to a government that the International Court of Justice has said is plausibly engaged in a genocidal campaign is a deep moral stain on the foreign-policy record of the Biden administration, as well as a blow to American credibility and influence globally. No amount of airdrops or humanitarian supplies through a makeshift port can remotely make up for the damage still being done by U.S.-supplied weapons in Gaza.The case of Gaza may be extreme in its brutality and the sheer speed of the slaughter, but it underscores the need to thoroughly rethink both the purpose of and funding for America's foreign and military policies. It's hard to imagine a more devastating example than Gaza of why the use of force so often makes matters far, far worse — particularly in conflicts rooted in longstanding political and social despair. A similar point could have been made with respect to the calamitous U.S. interventions in Iraq and Afghanistan that cost untold numbers of lives, while pouring yet more money into the coffers of America's major weapons makers. Both of those military campaigns, of course, failed disastrously in their stated objectives of promoting democracy, or at least stability, in troubled regions, even as they exacted huge costs in blood and treasure.Before our government moves full speed ahead expanding the weapons industry and further militarizing geopolitical challenges posed by China and Russia, we should reflect on America's disastrous performance in the costly, prolonged wars already waged in this century. After all, they did enormous damage, made the world a far more dangerous place, and only increased the significance of those weapons makers. Throwing another trillion dollars-plus at the Pentagon won't change that.This article was republished with permission from TomDispatch.
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If you have not been paying attention, our government has decided that all electric vehicles are the solution to the climate problem. At least as long as they are made in the US with union labor and benefits. California has committed to banning the sale of anything else. In today's post, a few tidbits from my daily WSJ reading on the subject. From Holman Jenkins on electric cars: If the goal were to reduce emissions, the world would impose a carbon tax. Then what kind of EVs would we get? Not Teslas but hybrids like Toyota's Prius. "A wheelbarrow full of rare earths and lithium can power either one [battery-powered car] or over 90 hybrids, but, uh, that fact seems to be lost on policymakers," a California dealer recently emailed me.[Note: that wheelbarrow of rare earths comes from multiple truckloads of actual rocks. Also see original for links.] ...The same battery minerals in one Tesla can theoretically supply 37 times as much emissions reduction when distributed over a fleet of Priuses.This is a shock only to those who weren't paying attention. It certainly isn't lost on government. Chris Atkinson, the Ohio State University sustainable transportation guru whose slogan I've cited before—"the best use of a battery is in a hybrid"—was a key official in the Obama Energy Department.Our policies don't exist to incentivize carbon reduction, they exist to lure affluent Americans to make space in their garages for oversized, luxurious EVs so Tesla can report a profit and so other automakers can rack up smaller losses on the "compliance" vehicles they create in obedience to government mandates.Actually, I vote GMC's 9,000 lb, 1,000 hp. 0-60 in 3 seconds $110,000 electric Hummer the prize for most conspicuous mis-use of Chinese lithium and its associated carbon emissions. Tesla's new "cyber truck" comes close. I can't wait to see those driving around Palo Alto. Mining the required minerals produces emissions. Keeping the battery charged produces emissions. Jenkins is a pretty good economist. There is supply and demand: Only if a great deal of gasoline-based driving is displaced would there be net reduction in CO2. But who says any gasoline-based driving is being displaced? When government ladles out tax breaks for EVs, when wealthy consumers splurge on a car that burns electrons instead of gasoline, they simply leave more gasoline available for someone else to consume at a lower price.Stop just a minute and digest this one, if you have not already. If you use less gas, someone else uses more. EV subsidies just shift who uses the gas. The same supply just goes somewhere else. One has to subsidize electrics so much that the price of gas goes down, permanently, so that it's not worth bringing out of the ground. And the price and demand are global. Lower prices encourage Indians and Africans to finally get cheap gas powered cars. This may be a secret to you, the public. It's not to economists.Well, some economists. Alas my beloved profession is as open to virtue signaling as everyone else so I don't see a loud "stop subsidizing battery only EVs and banning everything else" from economists. The problem here is the problem with any plan to subsidize our way to emissions reduction. Humans are perfectly capable of consuming both renewable and dirty energy in ever-growing quantities if the price is right. The emissions data prove as much....By incorporating carbon taxes into its tax systems, global society might at least slow the rate of CO2 emissions while simultaneously improving the efficiency of its tax codes. It still seemed unlikely, but it wasn't clear why. After all, politicians enact plenty of taxes. Governments have been advised for decades to adopt consumption taxes as a way to fund their welfare states without destroying the possibility of growth. Cramming a lot into one delicious column, Jenkins wonders at human nature: How to explain, along the way, the coevolution of the climate empty gesture with climate rhetoric that increasingly shouts the unfounded claim that climate change threatens human survival? I explain it this way: When it became clear nobody was going to do anything about climate change, it became safe to engage in hysterical rhetoric about climate change....As David Burge put it (thanks to an anonymous colleague for this delicious tidbit)"To help poor children, I am going to launch flaming accordions into the Grand Canyon.""That's stupid.""WHY DO YOU HATE POOR CHILDREN?"Climate change is real. Climate change matters. Addressing it is expensive. Other environmental problems clamor for resources too. Europe has stopped growing, and the US is headed the same way. We don't have trillions to waste. California as always leads the way on the beau geste: ... in California, ... drayage trucks, which carry containerized cargo to and from ports and rail centers, face a looming deadline. The state will require any new drayage trucks added to fleets starting next year to run on electric batteries or hydrogen fuel cells. California also plans to phase out sales of new gasoline-powered passenger cars, pickup trucks and SUVs by 2035 and require all new medium- and heavy-duty truck sales be zero-emissions by 2036. ... Trucks represent 6% of the vehicles on California's roads, but a quarter of the state's on-road greenhouse-gas emissions,.... California plans to spend $1.7 billion for medium- and heavy-duty infrastructure for zero-emission vehicles by 2026.$1.7 billion, for state-provided "infrastructure," on top of the costs to industries... for a benefit of...? The central problem: How are they going to recharge those trucks? [Truck operators] They position trucks near highways, rail or ports, not available power. As fleets add trucks they may need to draw an additional 6 to 8 megawatts of power or more. "That's about 1,000 homes," said Steve Powell, chief executive of utility Southern California Edison. "We may need a new substation or something like that and a line to be built." It has not been built, and the truck deadline is now. So what do operators do? A mobile charging system in California runs on natural gas. PHOTO: PROLOGIS MOBILITY, from Wall Street JournalSouthern California Edison has come across some fleets powering chargers using diesel generators...so that new EV trucks don't sit unused. Another solution: more batteries. [Pacific Drayage Services President] Gillis is installing a system of chargers paired with battery storage. It can discharge power to trucks even during times of grid stress. The battery storage itself can recharge at a time of day when electricity prices are the cheapest. There is an important point here on just how many batteries are needed for the "transition." Don't just count the batteries in the trucks. Count the batteries in the charging stations too. And the utility. Even California knows that it does no good to electrify and then power the grid with coal and natural gas. The plan is for solar and wind electricity, but that needs utility scale battery backup. A week or more of power. The sources of my last post only added up the batteries needed for the cars. That's too low by many multiples. He is also hedging—Gillis tripled his usual order of new diesel trucks from 30 to 100, which will arrive by year-end, just beating the deadline before California phases them out.I get the idea. Build it and they will come. Put the trucks in place now, so what if at huge cost, and so what if we burn coal to power them. Then when solar and wind and utility scale storage arrive, the users will be there. But trucks don't last that long. By 20 years when all that infrastructure finally has its permits, today's electric trucks will be long gone. Covering Kerry's trip to China, a reminder that climate is all about how China and India develop, not which car San Franciscans use to drive up to Tahoe. The Climate Action Tracker says that between 2015 and 2022 China's greenhouse gas emissions increased nearly 12%, while U.S. emissions declined some 5%. China's methane emissions rose about 3% from 2015 to 2021, the latest year with good data, while the U.S. cut them by 5%.... China's "coal production reached record levels in 2022 for the second year running," and "coal is set to remain the backbone" of China's energy system. No kidding: Between 2020 and 2022, China added some 113 gigawatts of new coal-fired power plants, according to S&P Global Commodity Insights. The entire world managed to retire some 187 gigawatts of coal plants between 2017 and 2022.As of January China had some 306 coal-fired power stations proposed, permitted or under construction, according to Global Energy Monitor, a nonprofit that tracks worldwide coal-fired power projects of 30 megawatts or more. When finished those plants would generate some 366 gigawatts, or about 68% of the world's total coal capacity under development.As of April China also had 180 new coal mines or mine expansions proposed, permitted or under construction, the nonprofit reported.In a lovely article Aatish Taseer reminds us there are 1.3 billion people in India (as well as 1.4 billion in China). It's hot, just like it is in Texas. When they reach middle income, they will want air conditioning, just like in Texas. This doesn't make the virtue-signaling tour because there is no easy answer. If China and India don't think they can grow based on solar, wind, and nuclear, just what can we do about it? Send more diplomats? It does not help that the US is now deciding to "disengage" and fight some sort of battle for economic supremacy via industrial policy trade restrictions and tariffs. Even Taiwan on a silver platter isn't going to get China to change. Even if the US shuts down, de-growths, and goes back to subsistence farming, China will spew CO2. I guess the argument is go first to establish a moral example. But if that moral example is obviously self-defeating, pointless, and just money down ratholes to entrenched interests, I doubt it will shame China to much action. A carbon tax, and a Manhattan project to drive down the cost of nuclear would make a whole lot more sense. (Half the Manhattan project is technical, the other half is to rewrite the regulatory rule book on a wartime schedule.) Think what you could do with the trillion or so dollars going to various subsidies and mandates. Update Read "Old Eagle Eye" excellent July 19 comment below. Boiling it all down to a nutshell, our policy path now is going to produce energy with a lot more materials -- rocks, steel, concrete, batteries, aluminum, carbon fibre -- and energy to produce those materials, relative to fossil fuels or nuclear. Producing those materials also produces more carbon now, with a hoped for savings later. That the 1970s environmental movement ends up with a huge increase in making stuff from rocks, rather than a service-oriented economy with small impact power, first natural gas and then nuclear, and a light touch upon the earth, is a bit of a paradox. Also, in addition to spending our trillion dollars and industrial policy wonks on making nuclear cheap and abundant, if a warming climate really is an economic and environmental problem, and given the current policy path is both ineffective and hugely expensive, why should we not even speak or research geoengineering? It's not ideal, but nothing is ideal.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh beauty vlogger dan celebgram endorser pada brand image dan dampaknya terhadap purchase intention pada produk Make Over. Tipe penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan explanatory research dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Dengan metode pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner dengan sampel sebesar 100 responden yang disebar secara online dengan menggunakan metode path analysis. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data disimpulkan bahwa beauty vlogger berpengaruh signifikan pada brand image dan purchase intention, celebgram endorser berpengaruh signifikan pada brand image, celebgram endorser tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan pada purchase intention dan brand image berpengaruh signifikan sebagai variabel mediasi antara beauty vlogger dan purchase intention.Kata Kunci: Beauty Vlogger, Celebgram Endorser, Brand Image, Purchase Intention dan Make Over. DAFTAR PUSTAKA Abdullah, T. & Tantri, F. 2012. Manajemen Pemasaran. Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafindo Persada. 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En Patagonia los humedales se denominan "mallines", término Mapuche que se refiere a suelos herbáceos, localizados en laderas de montañas o en áreas de planicies, con la presencia de agua superficial o subterránea. La zona central de los mallines se define como charca, término que se utiliza para definir a pequeños cuerpos de agua que pueden ser permanentes o temporarios, artificiales o naturales. Las charcas constituyen fuentes de agua y productividad primaria que sustentan la base alimentaria de innumerables especies de flora y fauna y, por ser la zona de los humedales con mayor productividad forrajera, presentan un uso ganadero generalizado que sustenta gran parte de la economía regional. Con los objetivos de analizar la distribución de las especies acuáticas (invertebrados y plantas) en las charcas en relación al encuadre hidrogeomorfológico, a los patrones climáticos y al uso de la tierra, y evaluar la respuesta de las comunidades en términos de diversidad, estructura y función, con relación a los cambios ambientales a diferentes escalas, se relevaron 59 charcas en humedales, las que se distribuyeron en un gradiente norte-sur entre los paralelos 36° y 54° S de la región Patagónica. De acuerdo a las variaciones geomorfológicas, climáticas y ambientales de la Patagonia, los sitos se clasificaron a escala de paisaje (biozonas y unidades de vegetación), y local (génesis y tipo hidrogeomorfológico). Para definir la biozona y las unidades de vegetación (fitogeografía) de cada charca, se utilizaron mapas correspondientes, en tanto que para definir la génesis y el tipo hidrogeomorfológico, se utilizaron imágenes satelitales de alta resolución como las del sistema Spot 5 y las de la base de datos del Google Earth Pro, cartas geológicas y datos de campo. Ambos abordajes se llevaron a cabo usando el software open source QGIS 3.4. Para la caracterización ambiental de las charcas, se evaluaron variables morfométricas, físicoquímicas y biológicas. Además, se obtuvieron los datos de la temperatura y la precipitación media anual. Se registraron el largo y el ancho de cada charca para calcular el área. Además, se calculó la profundidad media y se registró la altitud. De la columna de agua, se registraron datos de: temperatura del agua (°C), conductividad específica (µS/cm), total de sólidos disueltos (mg/l), pH, oxígeno disuelto (mg/l) y porcentaje de saturación. Además, se evaluó la alcalinidad (mEq/l de CaCO3) y el total de sólidos en suspensión (TSS). Asimismo, se tomaron muestras de agua para cuantificar los nutrientes principales: PT (fósforo total) (μg/l), PRS (fósforo reactivo soluble) (μg/l), nitratos (NO3-N) (μg/l), nitritos (NO2-N) (μg/l), amonio (NH4 +-N) (μg/l) y nitrógeno total (NT) (μg/l). Para establecer qué nutriente podría estar limitando el desarrollo del fitoplancton en los humedales se exploraron las relaciones NT:PT (nitrógeno total: fósforo total) y las de NID:PT (nitrógeno inorgánico disuelto: fósforo total). En el laboratorio, se midió la concentración de clorofila a de muestras de agua filtradas en campo (filtro Sartorius GF/F). Finalmente, se evaluó el estado trófico de los humedales aplicando el Índice de Estado Trófico propuesto por Carlson (1977). Este índice fue calculado en base a la concentración de la clorofila a, del PT, y del NT. Con la finalidad de incorporar información acerca de la integridad ecológica de las charcas y de las posibles fuentes de disturbios, se calculó la cobertura del suelo del área circundante a cada charca. Las variables de la cobertura del suelo (suelo desnudo, gramíneas/herbáceas, mallín, arbustos, árboles y urbano) fueron evaluadas como el porcentaje dentro de un círculo concéntrico de 100 m buffer alrededor de cada charca. El trabajo cartográfico fue realizado usando el software open source QGIS 3.4. En cada una de las charcas estudiadas, se colectaron muestras cuantitativas de plantas acuáticas, las que incluyeron a todos los grupos funcionales: emergentes, hojas flotantes, sumergidas y terrestres. Para el método de colecta, se ubicaron tres transectas aleatoriamente desde el centro de cada charca hasta la línea de borde del agua. Luego, la comunidad de plantas fue evaluada en diez unidades muestrales circulares, las que se localizaron equidistantemente a lo largo de cada transecta. Los especímenes fueron conservados en bolsas y rotulados. Posteriormente, el material fue acondicionado en un herbario para su identificación. Las especies de plantas también fueron clasificadas según origen en nativas, endémicas, y exóticas. Los invertebrados asociados a la columna de agua y a las plantas acuáticas, fueron colectados usando una red de marco D (500 µm de poro). En cada charca, la red fue arrastrada cuatro veces desde la orilla hacia el centro, y desde el fondo hacia la superficie. El contenido de esas cuatro pasadas constituyó una muestra. Usando este procedimiento, se tomaron tres muestras por sitio. En el laboratorio, los organismos fueron identificados y cuantificados. Todos los invertebrados acuáticos (adultos y larvas) se asignaron a una de las seis categorías de grupos funcionales alimentarios: desmenuzadores, raspadores, predadores, colectores recolectores, filtradores y picadores herbívoros. Finalmente, se calcularon 40 descriptores de los atributos funcionales y estructurales de la comunidad de invertebrados para evaluar su respuesta a las variables ambientales. Para evaluar la variabilidad ambiental de las charcas, se calcularon medidas descriptivas de acuerdo a las clasificaciones de los humedales (biozonas, unidades fitogeográficas, génesis y tipos hidrogeomorfológicos). También, se realizó un Análisis de Correspondencias Canónicas (ACC) para evaluar las relaciones entre los invertebrados y las variables ambientales. Para examinar qué grupo de variables predictoras (biozonas, unidades fitogeográficas, génesis y tipos hidrogeomorfológicos) contribuyó mayormente a explicar la variación en la composición de la comunidad de invertebrados en los sitios estudiados, se realizó un análisis de partición de la varianza. Finalmente, se realizaron modelos lineales generalizados (MLG) para analizar los efectos de las variables fisicoquímicas y de la cobertura del suelo sobre las métricas de invertebrados y sobre la riqueza de plantas acuáticas. Aunque las charcas fueron semejantes en cuanto a profundidad (> 90% ~ 1 m) y tamaño (> 66% ~ 0,1 ha), exhibieron gran variación en la fisicoquímica del agua. Se observó una respuesta marcada del pH al gradiente latitudinal, en donde las charcas localizadas a menores latitudes presentaron valores entre neutros y alcalinos, y las de mayores latitudes exhibieron patrones francamente ácidos. La mayoría de las charcas estuvieron bien oxigenadas. La conductividad del agua de algunas charcas fue elevada (rango: 1050–4940 µS/cm), y mostró una tendencia decreciente de acuerdo a la posición este-oeste de los sitios, revelando una relación negativa con la precipitación. Varias charcas mostraron valores elevados de TSS. Esta variable aumentó conforme a la concentración de PT y de amonio, sugiriendo que la turbidez estuvo asociada a factores antropogénicos (pisoteo del ganado). En líneas generales, la concentración de nutrientes fue baja. No obstante, el TSI (PT) categorizó a la mayoría de las charcas como eutróficas (70%). Las concentraciones moderadas y altas de PT se relacionarían con la presencia de ganado, pero también responderían a factores naturales. La relación NT:PT fue baja, sugiriendo una limitación de N en los sitios. La concentración de clorofila a en las charcas resultó muy heterogénea, y el (TSI (Cl)) clasificó a la mayoría de ellas como mesotróficas (83%). Las charcas patagónicas albergaron un abundante y diverso ensamble de plantas e invertebrados acuáticos. La riqueza de plantas (143 taxa) fue mayor a la reportada en trabajos previos en la región, siendo Myriophyllum quitense y Juncus balticus las especies que exhibieron la mayor frecuencia. La contribución de especies exóticas (26%) fue más alta que lo esperado, lo que se atribuiría a la inclusión de sitios disturbados, ya que estas especies son muy exitosas colonizando ambientes alterados. Las emergentes (45%) fueron dominantes, patrón que también fue observado en otros humedales comparables. Las terrestres exhibieron una alta proporción (37%) y permitirían evidenciar los efectos adversos del pastoreo. Por otro lado, el ensamble de invertebrados (119 taxa) fue dominado por Insecta, donde la familia Chironomidae (Parametriocnemus sp., Orthocladius sp, Parapsectrocladius sp.) fue la más predominante y diversificada, en tanto que los crustáceos (Hyallela sp.; Copepoda spp., Ostracoda spp., Cladocera spp) dominaron el ensamble en términos de densidad. Varios taxa fueron endémicos (Andesiops ardua, Liodessus patagonicus, Luchoelmis cekalovici, Haliplus subseriatus) y otros resultaron importantes como vectores de enfermedades (Culex brethesi, Culex dolosus, Aedes albifasciatus). La presencia de estas especies evidencia la importancia de estos ambientes en términos de biodiversidad a escala local y regional. Este trabajo demostró que los ambientes acuáticos y su biota son afectados por múltiples factores tanto locales como regionales. El ACC reveló que una fracción de la variación en la abundancia de los invertebrados acuáticos en los sitios fue explicada por factores naturales atribuidos a la posición geográfica, tales como la temperatura, la precipitación media anual, y la alcalinidad; y a factores antropogénicos asociados al uso del suelo (i.e., ganadería), tales como la concentración de PT y amonio. Además, evidenció que los esquemas de clasificación local como de paisaje fueron importantes, definiendo la variación en la estructura de los ensambles de invertebrados. Así, de acuerdo a las biozonas y a la génesis, las charcas compartieron ciertos grupos de ensambles de invertebrados acuáticos. El análisis de la partición de la varianza permitió validar que ambas categorías podrían predecir significativamente (p=0,001) la distribución de los invertebrados. Sin embargo, el modelo que relacionó a los invertebrados acuáticos con la génesis tuvo un mejor ajuste que el de las biozonas y, por lo tanto, sería más robusto para predecir los ensambles de invertebrados en las charcas patagónicas. Otro rasgo interesante fue que los patrones de cobertura del suelo en las inmediaciones de las charcas mostraron mayores diferencias a escala local, cambiando por origen o génesis. Los efectos antrópicos que derivan del uso del suelo parecerían alteran la biota por cambios en la estructura de la vegetación en la zona de influencia de las charcas. La ganadería es una de las principales formas de uso de la tierra en la Patagonia y, como se reflejó en este estudio, puede afectar la biota y la integridad ecológica de las charcas. Sería importante instrumentar acciones para la preservación y el mantenimiento de estos ecosistemas. Por ejemplo, mediante prácticas de rotación para minimizar el efecto del sobrepastoreo, el vallado del área de humedal y la creación de bebederos para el ganado. Aunque, los humedales de la Patagonia se encuentran en un relativo buen estado de conservación, debido a la falta de un marco legislativo, la conservación de los mismos y su biota asociada continúa siendo una preocupación. En este sentido, la clasificación o regionalización puede ser una herramienta importante a tener en cuenta a los fines de la gestión, principalmente para establecer estrategias de manejo y prioridades de conservación. Si las charcas albergan comunidades diferentes de acuerdo a su génesis, la tipología de la charca importa, y sería relevante a la hora de delimitar áreas protegidas. También sería importante al momento de definir pautas de mitigación y restauración de ambientes degradados. Así, la creación o construcción de charcas artificiales puede ser una opción válida para recrear ambientes que se han perdido y ayudar a restaurar la biodiversidad acuática a escala de paisaje, incrementando la conectividad, la resiliencia y la biodiversidad. ; Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo
Flestir fiskistofnar heims eru nýttir að fullu eða ofveiddir. Ofnýting hefur í för með sér slæmar vistfræðilegar, hagrænar og félagslegar afleiðingar. Minna er hægt að veiða úr ofveiddum stofnum og hætta getur verið á hruni þeirra. Og af því að þeir gefa minna af sér eru veiðarnar ekki jafn arðbærar og geta jafnvel verið reknar með tapi. Lélegt ástand stofnanna hefur áhrif á þá sem nýta auðlindina og það getur hoggið nærri brothættum sjávarbyggðum. Í þessari doktorsritgerð er sjónum beint að Færeyjum. Íbúar Færeyja eru um 50 þúsund og þeir eiga mikið undir sjávarútvegi. Veiðar og vinnsla standa undir 24% af vergri landsframleiðslu (VLF) og útflutningur sjávarafurða svaraði til 52% af útflutningi ársins 2017. Um 10% fólks vinnur við sjávarútveg, þar af um 1.500 við veiðar og um 1.200 við vinnslu. En þrátt fyrir mikilvægi sjávarútvegs eru helstu fiskistofanar við Færeyjar ofnýttir. Í fyrstu grein þessarar ritgerðar er fjallað um stjórn fiskveiða í Færeyjum og hvernig hún hefur þróast á árunum 1948-2018. Færeyingar hafa reynt ýmis konar fiskveiðistjórnarkerfi; opinn aðgang, skilyrtan aðgang, leyfiskerfi og framseljanlegar aflaheimildir, en frá árinu 1996 hefur verið beitt sóknarstýringu með dagatakmörkunum. Í greininni er bent á að stjórnun heimaflotans, sem veiðir úr stofnum við Færeyjar, hefur ekki verið nægjanlega aðhaldssöm og fyrir vikið hafa helstu fiskistofnar verið ofnýttir. Veiðarnar hafa jafnframt að mestu verið óarðbærar. Þessu er öfugt farið með stjórn úthafsflotans, sem veiðir á fjarlægum miðum, og uppsjávarveiðiskipa, en þeim hefur að mestu verið stjórnað með kvótakerfi. Þar hefur hagnaður verið meiri og viðvarandi. Í annarri greininni er borinn saman líffræðilegur, hagrænn og félagslegur árangur af ólíkri stjórn veiða heimaflotans, uppsjávarflotans og úthafsflotans 1985-2018. Sýnt er fram á að vegna þess að fiskistofnar við Færeyjar voru ofnýttir og heimaflotinn of stór, hefur aldrei náð að myndast nein auðlindarentu í þeim veiðum. Í uppsjávarveiðum hefur á hinn bóginn orðið til allgóð auðlindarenta. Laun sjómanna á skipum og bátum í heimaflotanum hafa einnig verið lægri en á öðrum skipum og sum ár jafnvel lægri en meðallaun í Færeyjum. Fjárhagslegur stuðningur hins opinbera hefur aukið á vandann með því að viðhalda of stórum heimaflota og þannig ýtt undir ofnýtingu fiskistofna við eyjarnar. Í þriðju greininni eru beitt aðferð sem kennd er við frammistöðumælikvarða (Fishery Performance Indicators, FPI) til að gaumgæfa frekar þróun fiskveiða í Færeyjum. Allar fiskveiðarnar sem samanburðurinn nær til fá góða einkunn á samfélagslegum skala, en togarar i heimaflotanum fá þó lakari einkunn en úthafsflotinn og uppsjávarveiðiflotinn. Heimatogararnir standa sig einnig verst í vistfræðilegu tilliti. Þótt góð auðlindarenta hafa myndast í uppsjávarveiðum stendur sá floti að baki hinum flotunum tveimur í hagrænum skilningi, einkum vegna þeirrar miklu óvissu sem fylgir stórum sveiflum í heildarafla. Greiningin sýnir einnig fram á að nýtingarréttur togskipa í heimaflotanum er veikur miðað við það sem gerist og gengur almennt í fiskveiðum í iðnvæddum löndum. Í fjórðu og síðustu greininni er sagt frá þeim breytingum á stjórn fiskveiða í Færeyjum sem kynntar voru árið 2018, en með þeim var ætlunin að bæta líffræðilega og hagræna sjálfbærni veiðanna. Bent er á hvað gæti staðið í vegi fyrir því að þau áform gengu eftir, ekki síst þá staðreynd að umbæturnar áttu aðeins að ná til hluta heimaflotans. Því væri hætta á að breytingarnar myndu ekki hafa tilætluð áhrif og áfram yrði því bið á að hinir mikilvægu stofnar þorsks og ýsu í færeyskri lögsögu næðu að rétta úr kútnum. Ritgerðin dregur fram að veiðum færeyska heimaflotans hefur ekki verið stjórnað á heppilegasta máta sem hefur haft vond líffræðileg, hagræn og félagsleg áhrif. Reynslan af stjórn veiða úthafsflotans og uppsjávarveiðiflotans sýnir glögglega hversu mikið sú óstjórn hefur kostað. Ritgerðin sýnir einnig að sá auður sem sjávarútvegur hefur skapað hefur átt þátt í að lyfta lífskjörum í Færeyjum. En þrátt fyrir mikilvægi sjávarútvegs í þjóðarbúskapnum og nauðsyn þess að stjórna fiskveiðum með skynsamlegum hætti hefur Færeyingum ekki lánast að gera sér meira úr auðlind sinni. Þær breytingar á stjórn fiskveiða, sem átti að hrinda í framkvæmd 2018, gengu heldur ekki nægjanlega langt. Þess vegna er mikilvægt að kannað verði hvernig hægt sé að ná samstöðu um stjórn veiða heimaflotans sem tryggi að til framtíðar verði veiðum á heimaslóð stjórnað með sjálfbærni að leiðarljósi. ; Most of the world's fish stocks are overfished or fully fished. Overfishing has negative ecological, economic and social consequences. Fish stocks that are overfished produce less yield and may be at risk of collapse, and because they produce less yield, they are less profitable or not profitable at all. These negative consequences naturally affect the people who rely on the resource, whether for their livelihoods or for sustenance. Fisheries-dependent communities are naturally most affected by these negative consequences. The case study area for this PhD thesis is the Faroe Islands. The Faroe Islands, a country of 50,000 people, located in the middle of the Northeast Atlantic, are highly dependent upon their fishing industry. The marine fishery accounted for 24% of the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and 52% of exports in 2017. The fishing industry is also an important source of employment, employing approximately 1,500 people in the catching sector and 1,200 in the processing sector, in total about 10% of the Faroese work force. Despite the importance of the fishing industry to the Faroe Islands, fish stocks in Faroese waters are overfished. Paper I of this thesis explores the issue of fisheries policy in the Faroe Islands, describing and analysing how the Faroese have managed their fisheries in the period from 1948 through 2018. The Faroe Islands had five different management regimes in place in that period: open access; regulated open access; a licensing system; a brief period of individual transferable quotas; and, since 1996, an effort quota system, where the main control component comprised fishing days without total allowable catch control. The paper concludes that management of the home fleet has not effectively controlled effort, which has left the fish stocks in Faroese waters overexploited, the fleet overcapitalised, and the fishery largely unprofitable. This stands in contrast to management of the distant-water and pelagic fisheries, which have been managed predominantly with individual transferable quotas and, as a result, are more profitable and more sustainable. In Paper II, data on economic, biological and social indicators are analysed to illustrate outcomes in the home fleet fisheries, the pelagic fishery, and the distant-water fishery in the period from 1985 to 2018. Outcomes are linked to the management frameworks in place. The paper concludes that due to overfishing and overcapacity, there was no resource rent in the home fleet fishery for a long time while the pelagic fishery especially generated large resource rents. The paper also concludes that fishers' wages in the home fleet were lower than in the pelagic and distant-water fisheries, some years well below "normal" remuneration in the Faroe Islands. In addition to sub-optimal management, substantial fleet subsidies have exasperated the problem of overcapacity and thereby overfishing. In Paper III, the Fishery Performance Indicators (FPI) framework, developed by Anderson et al. (2015), is applied to the three main fisheries in the Faroe Islands. With the FPI methodology, the paper measured triple bottom line outcomes—Ecology, Economics and Community—using 68 individual metrics across 14 dimensions. The results show that the three Faroese fisheries all scored high on the Community indicator but the home fleet trawlers scored lower than the other two fisheries due especially to a lower Career dimension score. The trawlers also had the lowest Ecology score. Despite generating large resource rent, the pelagic fleet had the lowest Economic score. This was predominantly due to poor Risk performance as a result of large volatility in the fishery. The analysis also revealed a notable lack of harvest rights in the home fishery for an industrialised fishery. Paper IV describes and analyses the fisheries policy reform introduced in the Faroe Islands in 2018. The objectives of the reform were for fisheries to become biologically and economically sustainable but a number of barriers for success are identified, most notably that measures to ensure sustainability in the home fishery only apply to parts of the fleet, which may render them ineffective and hinder the much-needed recovery of the important cod and haddock stocks in Faroese waters. This thesis draws attention to the fact that the home fleet fishery in the Faroe Islands has not been managed optimally and demonstrates the negative impact this has had on biological, economic and social outcomes. The outcomes in the pelagic and distant-water fisheries stand in contrast to this and illustrate the lost gains from mismanagement of the home fishery. The thesis also shows that wealth generated by the fishing industry has contributed to a high standard of living in the Faroe Islands, making sound management vitally important. For several decades, the Faroese have failed to capitalise on the potential wealth of the renewable natural resource within their EEZ, despite the importance of the resource to their economy. The fisheries policy reform does not adequately address failures in management and is unlikely to improve biological and economic outcomes in the home fleet. Future research should focus on how to reach a consensus on the management of the home fleet fishery to achieve lasting and sustainable change. ; Henda serritgerð kannar sambandið millum fiskivinnupolitikk og lívfrøðilig, búskaparlig og sosial úrslit í Føroyum. Hon er samansett av seks kapitlum, harav fýra greinum, innleiðing, og niðurstøðum. Tríggjar greinar er útgivnar av altjóða akademiskum tíðarritum og tann fjórða er latin til ummælis. Tann fyrsta greinin lýsir og greinar føroyskan fiskivinnupolitikk frá 1948, tá heimastýrislógin kom í gildi og føroyingar yvirtóku málsøkið fiskivinna, til og við 2018. Í hesum tíðarskeiði vóru fimm ymiskar skipanir í gildi: frí atgongd, har ongar ásetingar vóru; skipað frí atgongd, har fáar ásetingar vóru; loyvisskipan; eitt stutt tíðarskeið við kvotuskipan; og fiskidagaskipanin, sum kom í gildi í 1996. Greinin kemur til ta niðurstøðu, at grundleggjandi veikleikar hava verið í umsitingini, ið hava ført til ovurfisking og yvirkapasitet. Umsitingin av uppisjóvarflotanum og fjarfiskaflotanum hinvegin hevur vart fiskastovnarnar betur og hevur ikki ført til yvirkapasitet á sama hátt. Næsta greinin kannar lívfrøðiligu, búskaparligu og sosialu gongdina í føroyskari fiskivinnu millum 1985 og 2018 við at kanna lyklaindikatorar. Veiðuhagtøl benda á systematiska ovurfisking av botnfiskastovnunum. Greinin vísir eisini, at tað var so at siga eingin tilfeingisrenta í heimaflotanum hesi árini, meðan tilfeingisrentan í serliga uppisjóvarflotanum var stór. Lønirnar í heimaflotanum vóru eisini lágar, summi ár sera lágar. Vánalig búskaparlig og sosial úrslit eru allarhelst ein avleiðing av ovurfisking og yvirkapasiteti. Fíggjarligur stuðul til fiskivinnuna hevur gjørt trupulleikarnar við ovurfisking og yvirkapasiteti verri. Tann triðja greinin kannar lívfrøðiligu, búskaparligu og sosialu støðuna í føroysku fiskivinnuni í 2017 við at brúka Fishery Performance Indicators háttalagi, ið Anderson et al. (2015) hava útviklað, og sum fevnir um 68 indikatorar. Sama háttalag er brúkt til at kanna fleiri enn 100 fiskivinnuskipanir. Niðurstøðurnar eru, at allir flotar høvdu góð sosial úrslit, men trolarar høvdu verri sosial og lívfrøðilig úrslit enn hinir, og uppisjóvarflotin, hóast stóra tilfeingisrentu, hevði verri búskaparlig úrslit, serliga vegna stórar broytingar í veiðumongdini, sum økir um váðan. Fjarfiskaflotin hevði bestu úrslitini. Síðsta greinin lýsir og kannar fiskivinnunýskipanina, sum løgtingið samtykti í desembur 2017. Endamálið við nýskipanina var lívfrøðilig og búskaparlig burðardygd, men greinin vísir á, at fleiri forðingar eru fyri hesum í nýggju lógini. Serliga verður víst á, at tiltøk at betra um lívfrøðiliga burðardygd ikki eru galdandi fyri allan heimaflotan. ; EU Horizon 2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie MSCA-ETN Programme (project 642080)
학위논문(박사)--서울대학교 대학원 :공과대학 기계항공공학부,2020. 2. 송한호. ; 본 논문에서는 리서치옥탄가(Research octane number; RON)가 100으로 고정된 상황에서 가솔린-에탄올 혼합 연료 내 에탄올 함량을 최적화하여 불꽃점화(Spark ignition; SI)엔진에서의 노킹을 억제하는 방법에 관해 논하였다. 이를 위해 에탄올표준연료(Ethanol reference fuel; ERF) 내 에탄올 함량 혼합을 바꾸어가며 총 4가지 테스트연료를 선정한 다음, 급속압축장치를 이용하여 해당연료의 점화지연을 측정하였다. 측정결과를 바탕으로 각 ERF의 노킹특성이 엔진운전조건에 따라 어떻게 변화하는지를 분석하였으며, 이를 통해 임의의 엔진운전조건에서 최적의 에탄올 함량을 도출하는 방법을 제시하였다. 본 연구의 첫 번째 목표는 엔진운전조건에 따라 실린더 내 온도-압력 프로파일이 변화할 시, 서로 다른 ERF연료들의 노킹 특성이 각각 어떻게 변화하는지를 분석하는 것이다. 이를 위해 온도, 압력 및 에탄올 함량 변화에 따른 점화지연을 측정하고, 회귀분석을 통해 이에 대한 경험식을 도출하였다. 그 후, 0-D 2구역 SI엔진 시뮬레이션을 사용하여 다양한 엔진운전조건 변화에 따른 온도-압력 프로파일의 편차를 계산한 뒤, 온도-압력 프로파일의 편차가 점화지연을 어떻게 변화시키는지 정량적으로 분석하였다. 그 결과, 테스트연료의 점화지연은 RON이 동일함에도 불구하고 온도 및 압력에 대해 상이한 의존성을 나타내는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 특히, 에탄올 함량이 높을 수록 점화지연의 활성화 에너지가 높기 때문에 온도 편차 ΔT/T에 더 민감하며, 압력 편차 ΔP/P에 덜 민감한 것을 발견하였다. 또한, 점화지연에 대한 온도-압력 편차의 영향은 ΔT/T가 (γ-1)/γ ΔP/P와 동일한 경우에만 에탄올 함량과 무관하다는 것이 밝혀졌다. 본 결과는 Kalghatgi의 K 값 원리에서 예측 한 것과 일치하는 것으로 확인되었으며. 결과적으로 본 연구에서 사용한 방법론을 통해 엔진운전조건에 따른 연료 별 노킹 특성에 대한 새로운 관점을 제시할 수 있었다. 상기 결과는 외부 배기 가스 재순환(External exhaust gas recirculation; external-EGR)을 사용하는 조건에서도 적용할 수 있도록 확장되었다. 앞선 방법론과 유사하게, External-EGR이 엔진 내 점화지연에 미치는 영향을 희석 효과 및 온도-압력 프로파일 효과로 나누어 개별적으로 평가하였다. 그 결과, External-EGR의 희석효과는 연료 내 에탄올 함량이 10 %일 때(ERF10) 극대화된다는 사실을 발견하였다. 이 원인을 분석하기 위해 회귀 분석을 진행한 결과, 화염전파 동안 미연소가스에서 방출된 열량과 희석 효과의 크기 사이에 강한 상관관계가 있음을 발견 하였다. 따라서, ERF10가 희석효과에 가장 민감한 이유는 화염전파 동안의 열 방출량이 크기 때문인 것으로 이해된다. 한편, External-EGR에 의한 온도-압력 프로파일 효과는 연료 내 함량이 많을수록 더 크게 나타나는 것을 확인하였으며, 이는 External-EGR에 의한 온도-압력 프로파일의 편차가 항상 ΔT/T>(γ-1)/γ ΔP/P의 조건을 만족시키기 때문인 것을 알 수 있었다. 결과적으로, RON측정조건에서 Externa-EGR이 사용될 시 최적의 에탄올 함량은 10 %로 확인되었다. 이에 더하여, 엔진속도가 변화함에 따라 화염전파 동안의 열 방출량이 줄어드는 상황을 모사하여, 최적의 에탄올 함량이 엔진속도에 따라 0 %에서 10 %까지 변할 수 있다는 점도 알 수 있었다. 엔진운전조건에 따른 최적 에탄올함량에 대한 이해를 바탕으로, 대한민국 내 SI엔진차량군의 노킹억제를 최대화할 수 있는 최적 에탄올 함량을 제시하였다. 이와 관련하여, 2018년 대한민국 자동차판매통계를 이용하여, 각 SI엔진모델 별 판매량을 도출하였다. 그 후, 0-D 2 구역 SI엔진 모델을 사용하여 노킹경계선(Detonation borderline; DBL) 조건에서의 각 SI엔진모델 내 열역학적 상태를 계산하였다. 그 결과, 2018 년 대한민국에서 판매된 SI엔진차량군의 72 %가 ERF30이 최적인 영역에서 운행되는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 엔진속도가 빨라질수록 DBL조건에서의 실린더 내 압력이 증가하여 ERF30이 최적인 영역에서 운행되는 SI엔진차량이군이 더 많아지는 것을 확인하였다. 본 연구결과를 확장하여, 미래에 External-EGR이 활발히 사용되는 상황에서 최적의 에탄올함량이 어떻게 변화할 것인지를 분석하였다. 결과적으로, Extern-EGR이 도입됨에 따라 최적의 에탄올 함량은 ERF10에 가까워 질 것이며, 이는 ERF10에서 External-EGR의 희석 효과가 극대화되기 때문인 것으로 밝혀졌다. 그러나 엔진속도가 빨라짐에 따라 희석 효과가 줄어들기 때문에, 고RPM영역에서는 External-EGR에 관계없이 ERF30가 여전히 최적인 것으로 확인되었다. 본 연구는 다양한 엔진운행조건에 따라 연료 별 점화지연 특성을 분석하고 본 결과와 노킹 현상 사이의 상관 관계를 제시한 최초의 실험연구이다. 또한, 본 연구는 임의의 엔진운행조건에서 최적의 에탄올함량을 결정하는 다이어그램을 제안하여, 향후 대한민국에 가솔린-에탄올 혼합연료가 도입될 시 최적에탄올 함량을 결정할 수 있도록 하였다는 점에서도 의의를 지닌다. ; This dissertation is devoted to optimize the ethanol content in gasoline-ethanol blend fuel with a fixed RON of 100, for maximizing antiknock characteristics in spark-ignition (SI) engines of light duty fleet in South Korea. To this end, the ethanol reference fuels (ERFs), which is a blend of ethanol and primary reference fuel, with varying ethanol content were chosen as surrogate fuels, then their auto-ignition characteristics were measured on rapid compression machine (RCM). The measurement was manipulated to quantitatively analyze the dependency of knocking characteristics of each ERF on engine operating condition from the aspect of chemical kinetics, whose results will eventually derive the optimal ethanol content with varying engine operating condition. The first objective of this study was to analyze the dependency of knocking characteristic of various ERFs on temperature–pressure profile of engine operating condition. To this end, an empirical correlation of the ignition delay with varying temperature, pressure, and ethanol content was derived based on a regression analysis using ignition delay measurement. Then, the deviation in the temperature–pressure profile owing to changes in various engine operating parameters was calculated using a 0-D two zone SI engine simulation. Based on these results, it was quantified how the individual effects of temperature deviation and pressure deviation affect the ignition delay of each tested fuel. Consequently, it was found that the ignition delay of the tested fuels exhibits different dependencies on the temperature and pressure despite a fixed RON. In particular, the ignition delay of the fuel with the higher ethanol content is more sensitive to the temperature deviation, ΔT/T, owing to its higher activation energy, whereas it is less sensitive to the pressure deviation, ΔP/P. Moreover, it was revealed that the effect of temperature–pressure deviation on the ignition delay is independent of the ethanol content, if and only if ΔT/T is equal to (γ-1)/γ*ΔP/P, where γ is the specific heat ratio of the end gas. The results of this study were verified to be consistent with those predicted from Kalghatgi's K value principle. Consequently, both approaches exhibited the same result on the knocking characteristics of various ERFs under varying engine operating conditions. The above results were expanded to cover the engine operating condition with external-exhaust-gas-recirculation (EGR), where the thermodynamic state of end gas is significantly varied with the rate of dilution. Similar as the analysis on the effect of temperature-pressure effect, the total effect of external-EGR on the ignition delay of the simulated end gas was divided into two effects affecting the auto-ignition behavior: dilution effect and temperature–pressure profile effect, then each effect was evaluated separately. As a result, the dilution effect by adding external-EGR was maximized when the fuel is ERF10. With a regression analysis, it was found that there is the correlation between the amount of dilution effect and the amount of pre-heat release in the end gas during a flame propagation; therefore, it is understood that ERF10 is the most sensitive to dilution effect due to its pre-heat release characteristic. On the other hand, ERF with lower ethanol content was more sensitive to temperature–pressure effect by external-EGR on the ignition delay. It is found out that the deviation of temperature–pressure profile by external-EGR always satisfies the condition of ΔT/T>(γ-1)/γ*ΔP/P; therefore, the temperature–pressure effect of the fuel with lower ethanol content is higher than the other fuels, due to its lower sensitivity of ignition delay on temperature. Consequently, ERF10 has the highest external-EGR sensitivity in anti-knock behavior at RON test condition, and it is further discussed that the optimum ethanol content for external-EGR strategy could vary from ERF0 to ERF10 according to engine speed. Based on the understanding of the effect of engine operating condition on the knocking characteristics of various ERFs, the ethanol content was optimized for maximizing knock suppression of light duty fleet in South Korea. In this regard, the sales volumes of each SI engine models was achieved from the statistics for model year 2018 in South Korea, which can be found from the database of KAMA. Then, the thermodynamic state of each SI engine design at detonation borderline (DBL) condition with varying engine speed were calculated using 0-D two-zone SI engine model. As a result, it was found that 72 % of SI engines sold for model year 2018 operates on the thermodynamic state where ERF30 is optimal for knock suppression. Moreover, as engine speed get faster, in-cylinder pressure at DBL condition increases, and more SI engines becomes operated on the thermodynamic state where ERF30 is optimal. The analysis was expanded to how the optimal ethanol content changes on the scenario that external-EGR is widely used in the future. Consequently, it was found that the introduction of external-EGR will makes the optimal ethanol content to be ERF10, which is the most sensitive to dilution effect of external-EGR. However, as the engine speed gets faster, the priority of ERF10 on dilution effect was surpassed by the priority of ERF30 on pressure effect, thus ERF30 still be optimal at the faster engine speed regardless of external-EGR. This is the first experimental study to analyze the effect of engine operating condition on the ignition delay of various ERFs and develop quantitative correlations between ignition delay and knocking phenomena, reflecting operating conditions of modern engines. Moreover, this study suggested the useful diagram determining the optimal ethanol content at an arbitrary engine operating condition, which can be manipulated for government to determine the optimal ethanol content in gasoline-ethanol blend fuel suitable for the countries. ; Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Research background 1 1.1.1 Regulations on carbon dioxide emissions and petroleum consumption from light duty vehicles 1 1.1.2 Advance in engine design for high thermal efficiency 5 1.1.3 Knocking 8 1.1.4 Ethanol as an antiknock additive 11 1.1.5 Optimal ethanol content for a fixed RON 13 1.2 Literature review 15 1.2.1 New knock metrics 15 1.2.2 Optimization of fuel composition 17 1.3 Research objective and implication 18 1.4 Summary 19 Chapter 2. Methodology 21 2.1 Fuel matrix 21 2.2 0-D two-zone SI engine model 22 2.2.1 Determination of representative engine operating condition 22 2.2.2 Governing equation for the model 23 2.3 Rapid compression machine experiment 30 2.3.1 Measurement procedure and data processing 30 2.3.2 Active manipulation of compression process for simulating the flame propagation process in SI engine 38 Chapter 3. Effect of temperaturepressure profile of the end gas on optimal ethanol content 43 3.1 Engine simulation for varying engine operating conditions 44 3.2 Regression analysis on the ignition delay data 48 3.3 Quantitative analysis on the effect of engine operating condition on knocking characteristics 56 3.4 Uncertainty Quantification of E_T, E_P, and E_TP 57 3.5 The effect of engine operating condition on the knocking characteristics 58 3.6 Dependency of optimal ethanol content on the engine design 62 3.7 Analogy with K value principle 67 3.8 Summary 71 Chapter 4. Effect of external exhaust gas recirculation on optimal ethanol content 74 4.1 Engine simulation for the engine operating condition with external-EGR 76 4.2 Regression analysis on the ignition delay data 78 4.3 Quantitative analysis on the effect of engine operating condition on knocking characteristics 84 4.4 The effect of external-EGR on the knocking characteristics 85 4.4.1 Dilution effect 85 4.4.2 Temperature and pressure profile effect 88 4.4.3 The total effect of external-EGR 90 4.5 Dependency of the effect of external-EGR on engine speed 91 4.6 Summary 94 Chapter 5. Ethanol content optimization for light duty fleet in South Korea 95 5.1 Optimal ethanol content diagram 96 5.2 Thermodynamic state of SI engines in South Korea 98 5.3 Optimal ethanol content maximizing knock suppression in South Korea 103 5.4 Summary 106 Chapter 6. Conclusion 107 6.1 Knocking analysis based on the ignition delay 107 6.2 Optimal ethanol content for South Korea 110 6.3 Future work 111 Nomenclature 113 Abbreviation 118 Reference 121 국문초록 134 ; Doctor
344 p. ; Este libro es un enorme esfuerzo de investigación transdisciplinaria, y se destaca tanto por su complejidad, como por su pertinencia para responder a los problemas acuciantes de la región y es, verdaderamente, un aporte para su conocimiento, para la metodología de los estudios territoriales y la elaboración de las políticas públicas, privadas y comunitarias relacionadas con el territorio. Es una amplia y comprometida tarea académica que asume los retos de la territorialidad y de la territorialización en diálogo con la gente que la habita y la realiza. Este compromiso recorre todo el libro y la labor emprendida por un equipo que proviene de distintas disciplinas, como la antropología, ciencias agropecuarias, ingeniería ambiental, acuicultura, ciencias ambientales, biología y microbiología, gestión del riesgo, economía y desarrollo económico, matemáticas y estadística, actuariado, etc., investigación realizada dentro del marco de la Convocatoria 748 de COLCIENCIAS. Destaco, en este prólogo, tres aspectos fundamentales que contribuyen al estudio del territorio: la amplitud de los factores y fuentes considerados para abordarlo, la metodología que no sólo condiciona la construcción de los datos sino, en consonancia, la propuesta teórica transdisciplinar –y al revés– con la que, como equipo, operan en la investigación, así también se destaca la articulación de los campos académicos con las problemáticas sociales, culturales y políticas, en un mismo proceso conjunto. Como corolario, se observa, en la formulación de "lineamientos" y "actividades", una intención política, en el sentido de aportar a mejorar al ordenamiento territorial. Así pues, este equipo integrado por Alexis Carabalí Angola, Martha Ligia Castellanos Martínez, David Alexander Robles Chavez, Raimar Joel Isaza-Delgado, Rosario Anaya-Zabala, Alcides Daza Daza, Adrian Radillo Cotes, Haroldo De Luquez Viloria, Dainer Gutiérrez Vergara, Rubén Dario Tapias Chica, Kiana Valbuena Mejía, Katherin Pérez Mendoza, Anne Oduber Peñaloza, Yolmis Nicolás Rojano Alvarado, Rafael Meléndez Surmay, autores de diferentes capítulos, provienen de distintos agrupamientos institucionales de investigación: Grupo de Investigación Territorios Semiáridos del Caribe y Grupo de Investigación BIEMARC, de la Universidad de La Guajira, y Grupo de investigación Innova y Emprende del SENA, quienes colaboran para este inusual e importante logro académico, intelectual y social, bajo el proyecto denominado "Lineamientos para el ordenamiento territorial costero y marino del departamento de La Guajira desde la diversidad cultural". Un eje articulador de la metodología de investigación asumido en el estudio, y que vertebra un enfoque que enfatiza elementos de poder y resistencia (De Certeau, 1996; Raffestein, 1980; Guatari, 1996), es el que contrasta el quehacer cotidiano de las comunidades –"territorialidad intrínseca", la denominan– versus la planificación y ordenamiento territorial que realizan las entidades públicas, de cuya interrelación surgen las contradicciones y conflictos que afectan a las poblaciones, como bien lo señalan en las primeras páginas: "La Ley Orgánica de Ordenamiento Territorial, busca organizar el territorio de "arriba hacia abajo", imponiendo una serie de normas que desde el punto de vista del legislativo son convenientes para el funcionamiento administrativo y planificado de la Nación colombiana (LOOT, Ley 1454 de 2011). Sin embargo, como sus críticos lo señalan, no atiende realmente al manejo del "bien común", es decir, lo que favorece a todos los colombianos, sino que desarrolla aspectos que le importan preferencialmente a los inversionistas y a los dueños de las actividades económicas dando ventajas territoriales importantes, o causando perjuicios evidentes a los intereses regionales, contrariando normas que ya estaban estatuidas en la Constitución de 1991 y que eran de obligatorio cumplimiento". Así, esta investigación, según los autores, se propone contrastar y analizar las "propuestas de ordenamiento del Estado, frente al saber ancestral de sus culturas y las propuestas de soluciones a sus propios problemas". Lo anterior no se emplaza en una suerte de romanticismo arcaísta, sino pretende contribuir a "propiciar los cambios que sean necesarios para mejorar sus condiciones de vida, sus ingresos y la posibilidad de satisfacer al menos sus necesidades básicas y monetarias más urgentes por sus propios medios y formulando sus proyectos de vida y sus propios proyectos comunitarios de ordenamiento para su propio desarrollo." Es éste un enfoque que posibilita negociar los intereses a diferente escala, única manera de resolver el conflicto entre lo local, regional, nacional y global y de prevenir conflictos violentos, que se justifican precisamente en la ausencia de conocimientos y diálogo. Este enfoque se confronta, por ejemplo, con aquello que ellos señalan: "… … el Estado ha planteado en numerosas ocasiones que los derechos comunitarios a la consulta previa se han vuelto un problema para el desarrollo de las actividades extractivas". Un componente metodológico básico es el de escala, instrumento ineludible en los estudios del territorio, por ello, al incorporar a la comunidad en las diferentes fases de la investigación señalan, por ejemplo, que "lo que cambia la visión simple del extractivismo a ultranza, por una visión desde la complejidad en su relación comunidad-naturaleza, muy diferente a la relación empresa-recursos, que simplemente depende de la existencia de las materias primas (carbón, petróleo, sal, etc.) o de los servicios prestados (puertos, transporte férreo y de carretera, etc)." La comunidad no sólo participa como sujeto pasivo durante la fase del trabajo de campo, sino en talleres donde se les presenta los resultados del estudio donde señalan sus puntos de vista los propios pobladores, reflexionando sobre su rol y sobre los agentes externos que operan en diferentes escalas. Teniendo como referente al departamento de la Guajira, se planean dos grandes zonas de estudio que, congruente con el Proyecto, se caracteriza por la articulación de lo cultural con lo ambiental: 1. Entre Palomino (Municipio de Dibulla), hasta Riohacha, ubicada en la denominada zona de la "Línea Negra", donde se halla el territorio sagrado para los cuatro pueblos indígenas de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (Kogui, Wiwa, Kankuano y Arhuaco), con siete sitios simbólicos dedicados al ritual a sus deidades. Aquí se traslapan con la zona habitada por grupos negros que comprende las localidades de Camarones, Perico, La Punta de los Remedios y Dibulla, y también con la zona mestiza en inmediaciones de Riohacha y la zona wayuu al sur de Riohacha en las rancherías de Chentico, Las Delicias, Puerto Caracol y el Ahumao, las Cachacas, entre otras. Este territorio constituye la zona de mayor diversidad cultural. 2. La segunda es la zona norte, es exclusivamente wayuu y comprende desde el norte de la ciudad de Riohacha hasta el extremo norte de la península en el límite con Venezuela en la bahía de Cocinetas. Así se observa un ordenamiento tradicional diverso al sur y unitario al norte, donde se desarrollan las diferentes actividades económicas y culturales como el comercio, la pesca, el turismo, la minería, la actividad portuaria, termoeléctrica, artesanal, agricultura, ganadería y actividades festivas y sociales, que en conjunto, por las actividades de los actores, articulan y diferencian las subregiones de este territorio. ; Listado de autores 3 Prólogo 11 Territorialización, un abordaje complejo y transdisciplinario 11 Aspectos metodológicos a resaltar13 Donde la mitología y la ecología se encuentran 15 Los lineamientos del ordenamiento territorial 17 Referencias bibliográficas20 INTRODUCCIÓN Lineamientos para el ordenamiento territorial costero y marino del departamento de La Guajira desde la diversidad cultural Introducción23 Bibliografía 30 CAPÍTULO 1 Contexto de las zonas costeras Generalidades de las costas y realidad del litoral guajiro33 Referencias35 CAPÍTULO 2 La Metodología Interdisciplinar del Proyecto: "Lineamientos para el ordenamiento territorial costero y marino del Departamento de La Guajira desde la diversidad cultural" Introducción39 Zona de estudio 39 Comunidades participantes51 Fases del proceso investigativo53 Principios del proceso investigativo 53 Socialización de la investigación y el consentimiento informado 57 Revisión bibliográfica57 Introducción caracterización social 58 Cartografía63 Caracterización biofísica 67 Determinación calidad de agua68 Caracterización calidad de suelos 71 Caracterización ecosistemas y agrosistemas 73 Evento de retroalimentación y validación de la información74 Sistematización y Análisis de la información74 A manera de conclusión 76 Bibliografía 77 CAPÍTULO 3 Costa Guajira: problemáticas y principios para el ordenamiento territorial costero y marino desde la diversidad cultural Elementos conceptuales81 Problemáticas costeras83 Principios de Ordenamiento Territorial Costero y Marino 86 Referencias bibliográficas90 CAPÍTULO 4 Lineamiento 1 Preservar la diversidad cultural de la costa guajira Materiales y métodos95 Resultados y Discusión96 Diversidad étnica municipio de Riohacha 98 Diversidad étnica municipio de Manaure 99 Diversidad cultural en el municipio de Uribia 99 Las etnias y el medio ambiente costero 100 Lineamiento 1 Preservar la diversidad cultural de la costa guajira104 Conclusiones110 Referencias bibliográficas110 CAPÍTULO 5 Lineamiento 2 Asegurar el acceso al agua potable y saneamiento básico en las poblaciones costeras de La Guajira Introducción115 Metodología119 Resultados121 Sólidos disueltos totales (TDS) 126 Coliformes Totales y E coli en agua Marina y Ríos 126 Percepción de las comunidades sobre la calidad del agua de consumo129 Referencias bibliográficas132 CAPÍTULO 6 Lineamiento 3 Proteger y preservar los ecosistemas costeros continentales de La Guajira para mantener su sostenibilidad Introducción137 1 Marco referencial 139 2 Materiales y Métodos141 3 Resultados y discusión 147 Referencias bibliográficas187 CAPÍTULO 7 Lineamiento 4 Proteger y preservar los ecosistemas marino-costeros y promover el desarrollo sostenible de los recursos hidrobiológicos y pesqueros en La Guajira Introducción 192 1 Antecedentes y marco referencial192 2 Materiales y Métodos197 3 Resultados y Discusión202 Referencias bibliográficas215 CAPÍTULO COMPLEMENTARIO Evaluación ecológica rápida de pastos marino en zona costera del departamento de La Guajira Introducción221 Metodología222 Resultados y Discusión223 Referencias bibliográficas227 CAPÍTULO 8 Lineamiento 5 Reducir la vulnerabilidad y exposición de las comunidades ante amenazas natuales y antrópicas Introducción231 Materiales y métodos235 Resultados y discusión 235 Lineamiento 5 Reducir la vulnerabilidad y exposición de las comunidades ante amenazas naturales y antrópicas236 Zona alta Guajira 238 Municipio de Manaure 238 Municipio de Uribia 239 Conclusiones245 Referencias bibliográficas245 CAPÍTULO 9 Lineamiento 6 Fortalecer las economías locales costeras Introducción249 Marco teórico y normativo 250 Economía local de la costa guajira 251 Resultados de la retroalimentación: Actividades252 Reflexiones finales 257 Referencias258 CAPÍTULO 10 Lineamiento 7 Concertar los criterios para el desarrollo urbano y rural costero de La Guajira Introducción261 Definir el tipo de edificaciones y su distribución en los centros urbanos y zonas rurales costeros guajiros262 Caracterizar la infraestructura costera en términos de sostenibilidad económica y ambiental 263 Realizar un análisis de las necesidades de educación técnica y superior de acuerdo a las actividades empresariales de la zona 266 Desarrollar infraestructura marítima (puertos, muelles)269 Realizar una propuesta que mejore la calidad de las vías desde los centros poblados a las cabeceras urbanas269 Encadenamiento de las acciones en educación, salud, actividades comerciales y servicios públicos entre las comunidades y gobiernos locales270 Conclusiones274 Referencias bibliográficas275 CAPÍTULO 11 Lineamiento 8 Desarrollo de actividad empresarial responsable Introducción279 Materiales y métodos285 Resultados y Discusión285 Retroalimentación sobre Actividades del Lineamiento Desarrollo Empresarial ambientalmente sostenible y socialmente responsable286 Conclusiones292 Referencias bibliográficas293 CAPÍTULO 12 Lineamiento 9 Desarrollar oferta turística responsable Introducción297 De las Perlas al Comercio299 El territorio Wayuu 301 El turismo en Colombia301 Actividad Costera en el Distrito Especial, Turístico y Cultural de Riohacha303 Actividad Costera en el Municipio de Manaure304 Actividad Costera en el Municipio de Uribía 305 Actividad Costera en el Municipio de Dibulla306 LINEAMIENTO No 9 Desarrollar oferta turística responsable Actividades Propuestas y Algunas Generalidades 308 Conclusiones 321 Referencias Bibliográficas 321 CAPÍTULO 13 Lineamiento 10 Articular la acción institucional en la costa guajira Introducción326 Materiales y métodos327 Resultados y discusión 327 Etapa retroalimentación con comunidades e instituciones328 Recomendación para intervención de comunidades Wayuu332 Referencias bibliográficas333 Modelo de ordenamiento territorial para la costa guajira desde la diversidad cultural 335
Das Datennhandbuch zur deutschen Bildungsgeschichte ist ein Ergebnis des umfangreichen DFG-Projektes QUAKRI ("Qualifikationskrisen und Strukturwandel des Bildungssystems"). Im kooperativen Verbund wurden die Teilbereiche des Bildungswesens von vier Forschungsgruppen auf gemeinsame Fragestellungen hin unstersucht. Die Datenbestände, die für diese Analysen systematisch erarbeitet und der Forschung zugänglich gemacht wurden, werden in den Teilbänden des Datenhandbuches zur deutschen Bildungsgeschichte veröffentlicht.
Inhalt der Studie ZA8142 ist Band I des Datenhandbuches, in dem ausgewählte Daten über den Besuch der Universitäten vom Kaiserreich bis zum Zweiten Weltkrieg von der Göttinger Gruppe des DFG-Projektes (H. Titze, H.-G. Herrlitz, V. Müller-Benedict, A. Nath) verfügbar gemacht wurden. Im Rahmen dieses Projektes wurden Informationen zu den Studierenden von annähernd 100 verschiedenen Studienfächern an 26 Universitäten für einen Zeitraum von mehr als hundert Jahren aufgenommen.
Die preußischen Universitäten sind aus folgenden Gründen besonders berücksichtigt worden: 1. Für diese Hochschulen ist nach der Langfristigkeit der Daten und der Tiefe ihrer Differenzierung das beste primärstatistische Quellenmaterial verfügbar. Für wichtige Merkmalskomplexe (wie z.B. die Vorbildung und die soziale Herkunft der Studierenden) lassen sich relativ vollständige und langfristig vergleichbare Zeitreihen überhaupt nur für die preußischen Universitäten erstellen. 2. Hinsichtlich seiner Größe und Bedeutung nahm Preußen auch für den Bereich des Universitätswesens bis zum Zweiten Weltkrieg eine alle anderen deutschen Einzelstaaten weit überragende Sonderstellung ein.
Themen
Untergliederung der Studie Tabellen im Downloadsystem HISTAT (Thema: Bildung)
- Beruf des Vaters - Bevölkerung - Fakultätswechsel - Fächer / Fakultäten - Semesterbelegung - Studentenalter - Studienförderung - Vorbildung
Variablenliste:
Geschlecht 00 Gesamtzahl ohne Trennung 01 Männlich 02 Weiblich
Regionale Herkunft 00 Undifferenziert 01 Preußen 02 Andere Deutsche 03 Ausländer 04 Nicht Preußen (andere Deutsche und Ausländer) 05 Deutsche (Preußen und andere Deutsche) 06 Deutsche (ohne Nichtabiturienten und Ausländer)
Studienfach 01 Evangelische Theologie 02 Katholische Theologie 03 Rechts- und Staatswissenschaften, Juristische Fakultät 04 Volkswirtschaftslehre 05 Betriebswirtschaftslehre 06 Statistik 07 Allgemeine Medizin / Medizinische Fakultät 08 Zahnmedizin 09 Tierheilkunde 10 Philosophie/Philosophie und Pädagogik 11 Evangelische Religionslehre 12 Katholische Religionslehre 13 Philosophische Fakultät/Philologie und Geschichte 14 Neue Sprachen 15 Germanistik 16 Zeitungskunde 17 Kunst, Kunstgeschichte und Archäologie/dito einschl. Lehramt 18 Musikwissenschaft/dito einschl. Lehramt 19 Geschichte 20 Geographie 21 Mathematik/ Mathematik und Versicherungsmathematik 22 Physik/dito einschl. technische Physik , Chemie/dito einschl. 23 Gerberei- und Textiltechnik 24 Pharmazie 25 Mineralogie und Geologie 26 Bergfach/Bergbau, einschl. 27 Biologie/dito einschl. Botanik 28 Naturwissenschaften (Chemie, Biologie, Geographie) 29 Landwirtschaft, Kameralia und Nationalökonomie 30 Forstwissenschaft 31 Leibesübungen/Turnwiss. einschl. Lehramt 32 Rassenkunde und Erblehre/Anthrologie und Vererbungswiss. 33 Volksschullehrerstudenten 34 Pädagogik für Berufsschullehrerstudenten/Gewerbeschulen 35 Handelslehramtsstudium 36 Sonstige Fächer der Philosophischen Fakultät 37 Philosophische Fakultät insgesamt 38 Summe aller Fächer/Fakultäten 39 Summe Pharmazie und Zahnmedizin 40 Prüfungen pro fac. doc. 41 Sonstige für preußische. und deutsche Universitäten bei vollst. Fächern 42 Alte Sprachen 43 Rechtswissenschaften 44 Dolmetscher 45 Auslandswissenschaft 46 Wehrwissenschaft 47 Volkswirts. einschl. Statistik (04+06) 48 Phil. und Rel.lehren (10+11+12) 49 Neue Sprachen einschl. Dolm. (14+44) 50 Mineralogie und Bergfach (25+26) 51 Sonst. Naturwiss. zus. (28+74+92) 52 Versicherungswesen 53 Verkehrswesen 54 Kaufmännisches Studium 55 Sonstige Kulturwiss. 56 Wirtschaftswissenschaften 57 Landw. einschl. techn. NG (29+77) 58 Sonstige zusammen (36+41+45+46) 59 Theaterwissenschaften 60 Mathematik 61 Alte u. neue Sprachen, Germanistik 62 Geschichte und Geographie 63 Mathematik und Physik 64 Theologie und Religionslehre: evang. 65 Theologie und Religionslehre: kath. 66 Allgem. Medizin und Zahnheilkunde 67 Psychologie 68 Völkerkunde 69 Sonstige Fächergruppen 70 Gartenbau, landw. Nebengew. (75+77) 71 Wirtschaftswiss. Unterricht f. Fachingenieure 72 Allgemeine Pädagogik/Erziehungswissenschaften 73 Vorgeschichte 74 Kombination von Chemie, Biologie und Geographie 75 Gartenbau 76 Brauerei 77 Sonstige landw. Nebengewerbe 78 Architektur 79 Bauingwesen einschl. Kulturingfach 80 Geodäsie 81 Evang. Theolog. Fakultät ( 01+11+64) 82 Geisteswiss. Fakultät (Summe) 82T Elektrotechnik (TH) 83 Naturwiss. Fakultät (Summe aus: 20+21+22+23+27+50+51+60+80+91+21+22+23+25+27+63) 83T Kfz-Bau (TH) 84 Wirtschaftswiss. Fakultät (Summe aus: 05+30+35+47+54+57+70+76+04+05+29+51+52+53) 84T Schiffbau, einschl. (TH) 85 Kath. theol. Fakultät (02+12+65) 85T Luftfahrzeugbau (TH) 86 Juristische Faklutät (03+43) 86T Eisen- und Metallhüttenkunde (TH) 87 Medizinische Fakultät (07+08+09+24+66) 87T Papierfach (TH) 88 Rechts- u.Wirtschaftswiss. 89 Sonstige für sämtl. wiss. Hochschulen 8A Maschinenbauing. (TH) 90 Volkswirtschaft und Betriebswirtschaft 91 Geographie, Mineralogie u. Geologie 92 Sonst. Naturwiss. 93 Astronomie 93T Schiffsmaschinenbau (TH) 94 Botanik 94T Textilindustrie/-technik (TH) 96 Zoologie 96T Markscheidewesen (TH)
Universität 01 Berlin 02 Bonn 03 Breslau 04 Göttingen 05 Greifswald 06 Halle 07 Kiel 08 Königsberg 09 Marburg 10 Münster 11 Braunsberg 12 Frankfurt/Main 13 Köln 14 Düsseldorf 15 Erlangen 16 München 17 Würzburg, 18 Leipzig 19 Tübingen 20 Freiburg 21 Heidelberg 22 Gießen 23 Rostock 24 Jena 25 Straßburg 26 Hamburg 27 Summe altpreußischer Universitäten 28 Summe außerpreußischer Universitäten 29 Summe preußischer Universitäten 30 Eingebebene Summe 31 Deutsche Hochschlulen nur im 2. Weltkrieg 50 Danzig 51 Hannover 52 Dresden 53 Stuttgart 54 Karlsruhe 55 Darmstadt 56 Braunschweig 99 Differenz zwischen berechneter und eingegebener Summe
Zusatzindikator 00 Immatrikulierte Studenten insg. (Uni) 20 Immatrikulierte Studenten insg. (TH) 21 Hörer 22 Hospitanten / Gäste 23 Summe immatrikulierte Studenten. + Hörer 24 Summe immatrikulierte Studenten. + Hörer + Hospit. 30 Forstakademie 31 Bergakademie 32 Landwirtschaftliche Hochschule 33 Tiermedizinische Hochschule 34 Handelshochschule 35 Pädagogische Akademie 36 Philosophisch-theologische Akademie 40 Summe sonst. (preuß.) wiss. Hochschulen 41 Summe sonst. (deutsch.) wiss. Hochschulen 42 Summe (preuß.) Hochschulen (ohne Univ.) 43 Summe deutsch. Hochschulen (ohne Univ.) 50 Promotionen 51 Lizentiaten Grad 52 Dr. rer. pol. Abschluß 60 Summe immatr.Std. an den preuß. Universitäten - und Th's 61 Summe immatr.Std. an den deutsch. Universitäten und Th's 62 Summe immatr.Std. an den preuß. Universitäten und sonst. wiss. Hochschulen 63 Summe immatr.Std. an den deutsch. Universitäten und sonst. wiss. Hochschulen 99 Unbekannt
Semesterbelegung 00 Summe 01 1. Semester 02 2. Semester 03 3. Semester 04 4. Semester 05 5. Semester 06 6. Semester 07 7. Semester 08 8. Semester 09 9. Semester 10 10. Semester 11 11. Semester 12 12. Semester 13 13. Semester 14 14. Semester 15 15. Semester 16 16. Semester 17 17. Semester 18 18. Semester 22 12. Semester und mehr 23 13. Semester und mehr 24 14. Semester und mehr 25 15. Semester und mehr 26 16. Semester und mehr 27 17. Semester und mehr 28 18. Semester und mehr 29 19. Semester und mehr 99 unbekannt
Studentenalter 00 Summe 08 Unter 18 Jahre 16 Unter 17 Jahre 17 17 - 18 Jahre 18 18 - 19 Jahre 19 19 - 20 Jahre 20 20 - 21 Jahre 21 21 - 22 Jahre 22 22 - 23 Jahre 23 23 - 24 Jahre 24 24 - 25 Jahre 25 25 - 26 Jahre 26 26 - 27 Jahre 27 27 - 28 Jahre 28 28 - 29 Jahre 29 29 - 30 Jahre 30 30 - 40 Jahre 31 über 40 Jahre 45 25 – 30 Jahre 50 über 30 Jahre 51 jedes Alter 73 19-23 Jahre 75 18-25 Jahre 99 Unbekannt
Vorbildung
01 Gymnasium, Gymnasialabitur, Gymnasium und Studienanstalt der gymnasialen Richtung 02 Deutsche Studienanstalt der gymnasialen Richtung (nur 1924/2-1927/2) 03 Realgymnasium, Realgymnasialabitur, Realgymnasium und Studienanstalt der realgym. Richtung 04 Deutsche Studienanstalt der realgymnasialen Richtung (nur 1924/2-1927/2) 05 Oberrealschule, Oberrealschulabitur, Oberrealschule und Studienanstalt der oberrealsch. Richtung 06 Deutsche Studienanstalt der oberrealsch. Richtung(nur 1924/2-1927/2) 07 Oberschule 08 Aufbauschule 09 Oberlyceum 10 Andere höhere Lehranstalten/Schulen 11 Andere höhere Lehranstalten/Schulen einschl. Danziger und Deutsch-Österreicher (1928/1-1931/2) 12 Andere höhere Lehranstalten/Schulen einschl. Deutsch-Österreicher (1925/2, 1926/1) 13 Mit Reifezeugnis, Anstalt unbekannt 14 Mit Reifezeugnis überhaupt, Summe (berechnet) 15 Mit dem ausländischen Nachweis gleichwertiger wissensch. Vorbildung 16 Mit dem ausländischen Nachweis gleichwertiger wissensch. Vorbildung: darunter an Danziger Schulen (ab 1932/1) 17 Mit dem ausländischen Nachweis gleichwertiger wissensch. Vorbildung: darunter an österreichischen Schulen (ab 1932/1) 18 Zeugnis der Ersatzreifeprüfung 19 Zeugnis der Ergänzungsreifeprüfung 20 Zeugnis der verkürzten Reifeprüfung 21 Nur Abgangszeugnis eines Seminars 22 Abgangszeugnis eines Seminars und Ergänzungsreifeprüfung 23 Abgangszeugnis eines Seminars und verkürzte Reifeprüfung 24 Ohne Reifezeugnis: Mittlere Reife und Zulassung der Prüfungsstelle zusammen 25 Ohne Reifezeugnis: zusammen, Summe 26 Darunter mit Zulassung der Prüfungsstelle (Immaturen) 27 Sonstige ohne Reifezeugnis 01 Gymnasium (Summe aus: 01 + 02) 02 Realgymnasium (Summe aus: 03 + 04) 35 Oberrealschule (Summe aus: 05 + 06) 40 Andere höhere Lehranstalten gleichwert. Vorbildung (10 + 11 + 12) 49 Ergänzungsreifeprüfung (19 + 21) 50 Verkürzte Reifeprüfung (20 + 23) 54 Ohne Reifezeugnis (24 + 25 +27) 99 Absolut
Bezugsregion 00 Preußen 01 Deutsches Reich
Vaterberufe 000 Gesamtsumme 010 Höhere Beamte insgesamt (einschl. Univ.-Prof., Lehrern mit ak. Bildung,Geistliche) 011 Staats- und Kommunalbeamte mit akademischer Bildung und Anwälte 012 Geistliche, Pfarrer 013 Lehrer mit akademischer Bildung (einschl. der Univ.-Prof.,die nicht näher als Theologen, Juristen und Mediziner bezeichnet sind) 014 Höhere Beamte mit abgeschlossener Hochschulbildung 015 Richter 016 Ärzte im Staatsdienst 017 Sonstige höhere Beamte 020 Angehörige freier Berufe mit ak. Bildung insgesamt (Anwälte, Apotheker, Ärzte, Schriftsteller, Privatgelehrte etc.) 021 Ärzte ohne Militär Ärzte (einschl. Kreis- und Kreiswundärzte) 022 Tier- und Roßärzte (einschl. Kreisärzte und Departementstierärzte) 023 Ärzte (einschl. Kreis- und Militärzte) 024 Apotheker, Selbst. und Gehilfen insgesamt 025 Apotheker, Selbstständige 026 Rechtsanwälte 027 Ärzte, ohne Ärzte im Staatsdienst 028 Schriftsteller, Privatgelehrte, Privatlehrer, Schreiber etc. 029 Apothekergehilfen 030 Offiziere und höhere Militärbeamte insges. 031 Offiziere 032 Militärzte 033 Militärbeamte 034 Offiziere und höhere Militärbeamte mit abgeschlossener Hochschulbildung 040 Großlandwirte insges. (Rittergüter, Domänen, land- und forstwirtschaftliche Großbetriebe) 041 Gutsbesitzer und gleichstehende Landwirte 042 Rittergutsbesitzer 043 Besitzer, Pächter, leitende Beamte von Großgrundbesitz 044 Sonstige Gutsbesitzer und Gutspächter 045 Großlandwirte mit abgeschl. Hochschulbildung 046 Landwirte insgesamt 050 Besitzer, Direktoren von Fabriken, AG´s und GmbH´s 051 Großkaufleute (Großhändler, Bankiers, Verleger etc.) 052 Straßenbahndirektoren, Fuhrunternehmer, Spediteure, Reeder, Kapitäne etc. 053 Versicherungs-Direktoren, Subdirektoren, Generalagenten 054 Großindustrielle (Fabrikanten, Besitzer, Unternehmer und leitende Beamte) 055 Besitzer von gewerblichem Großbesitz (Fabriken) 056 Direktoren von AG´s und KG´s 057 Inhaber von Großhandels- und Bankgeschäften 058 Inhaber von Verkehrsunternehmungen 059 Direktoren von GmbH´s 060 Privatangestellte in leitender Stellung insgesamt 061 Privatangestellte in leitender Stellung mit abgeschlossener Hochschulbildung 070 Mittlere Beamte insgesamt (einschl. der Lehrer ohne ak. Bildung) 071 Mittlere Beamte mit akademischer Bildung 072 Lehrer ohne akademische Bildung 073 Sonstige mittlere Beamten 081 Kleinhändler, Inhaber von Kleinhandelsgeschäften 082 Selbstständige Versicherungsagenten 083 Selbstständige Fuhrleute und Kutscher etc. 084 Selbstständige Handwerker und Kleingewerbetreibende 085 Selbst. Gast- und Schankwirte 086 Selbstständige Handwerksmeister 087 Sonstige selbstständige Agenten, Vertreter mehrerer Firmen etc. 090 Mittlere und Kleinlandwirte insges. 091 Bauern, einschl. selbst. Kunst- und Handelsgärtner, Fischer 092 Forstwirtschaft und Jagd, Selbst. 093 Kunst- und Handelsgärtner, Selbst. 094 Fischer, Selbst. 095 Übrige Landwirte (Bauern, Ackerbürger, Kossäten etc.) 096 Kleinlandwirte (Bauern, Kossäten, landwirtschaftliche Kleinbetriebe) 097 Mittlere Landwirte 098 Landwirte ohne nähere Angaben 101 Sonstige Privatangestellte 102 Sonstige Privatangestellte mit abgeschlossener Hochschulbildung 110 Untere Beamte 111 Sonstige Militärpersonen 120 Arbeiter insgesamt 121 Arbeiter ohne nähere Bezeichnung 122 Niedere Bedienstete 123 Organisten, Küster, Totengräber und niedere Kirchendiener 124 Landwirtschaftliche Arbeiter 125 Industriearbeiter 126 Sonst. Gehilfen: Landwirtschaft 127 Sonst. Gehilfen: Forstwirtschaft und Jagd 128 Sonst. Gehilfen: Kunst- und Handelsgärtner 129 Sonst. Gehilfen: Fischer 130 Sonst. Gehilfen: Industrie 131 Sonst. Gehilfen: Kaufleute 132 Sonst. Gehilfen: Versicherungsgewerbe 133 Sonst. Gehilfen: Verkehrsgewerbe 134 Sonst. Gehilfen: Gast- und Schankwirte 140 Sonstige Berufsklassen insgesamt 141 Musiker, Schauspieler, nichtgewerbliche Künstler 144 Sonstige Berufsklassen mit abgeschlossenener Hochschulbildung 145 Freie Berufe ohne akademische Bildung 146 Ohne Berufsangabe 147 Ohne Beruf 148 Unbekannt 149 Ohne Beruf und Berufangabe 211 Selbst. Kaufleute und Gastwirte, einschl. Versicherung und Verkehr 212 Selbst. Kaufleute 213 Selbst. Versicherungsgewerbetreibende 214 Selbst. Verkehrsgewerbetreibende 215 Selbst. Industrielle 216 Handel- und Gewerbetreibende insgesamt 217 Handel- und Gewerbetreibende mit abgeschlossener Hochschulbildung 218 Handel- und Gewerbetreibende: Persönliche Inhaber ihrer Betriebe 219 Handel und Gewerbetreibende ohne nähere Angaben 221 Aufsichtspersonal und Gehilfen in der Landwirtschaft, einschl. Kunst- und Handelsgärtner, Fischer 222 Aufsichtspersonal und Gehilfen bei Kaufleuten und Gastwirten, einschl. Versicherungs- und Verkehrsgewerbe 223 Aufsichtspersonal und Gehilfen in der Industrie 224 Landwirtschaft 225 Forstwirtschaft und Jagd 226 Kunst- und Handelsgärtner 227 Fischer 228 Industrie 229 Kaufleute 230 Versicherungsgewerbe 231 Verkehrsgewerbe 232 Gast- und Schankwirte 233 Sonstige Privatbeamte 240 Sonstige Staats- und Kommunalbeamte ohne akademische Bildung 241 Militärpersonen im Unteroffiziersrang 251 Wehrmachtsangehörige 291 Sonstige selbstständige Landwirte 821 Sonstige freie Berufe mit Hochschulbildung 851 Rentiers 852 Rentner, Rentiers ohne pensionierte Beamte 853 Rentner, Rentiers 901 Höhere Beamte 902 Freie akademische Berufe 903 Offiziere und höhere Militärbeamte 904 Großlandwirte und Großgrundbesitzer 905 Unternehmer und Direktoren 906 Leitende Angestellte 907 Mittlere Beamte 908 Selbstständige Handwerker und Kleinhändler, Gastwirte 909 Mittlere und Kleinlandwirte 910 Mittlere und untere Angestellte 911 Untere Beamte 912 Arbeiter und Gehilfen 914 Sonstige, ohne Beruf und unbekannt 920 Handel- und Gewerbetreibende insgesamt (921+905+908) 921 Handel- und Gewerbetreibende insgesamt 922 Angestellte insgesamt 924 Mittlere und untere Beamte insgesamt 930 Akademiker (in verschiedenen Berufsgruppen) 940 Beamte (901+903+924) 941 Selbstständige in Landwirtschaft und Industrie (904+909+291+920) 999 Summe (in Einzelfällen: unbekannt)
Fakultätswechsel 00 Summe der Wechsler 01 1-mal gewechselt 02 2-mal gewechselt 03 3-mal und mehr gewechselt 05 nicht gewechselt -Ergebnis des Fakultätswechsel (Von den Wechslern gehörten zuletzt an der:) 11 Ev. theol. Fakultät 12 Kath. theol. Fakultät 13 Jur. Fakultät 14 Med. Fakultät 15 Phil. Fakultät 16 Staatswiss. Fakultät 17 Techn. oder sonst. Hochschule - Art des Fakultätswechsels (Von den Studenten mit einmaligem Fakultätswechsel gehörten früher an der:) 21 Ev. theol. Fakultät 22 Kath. theol. Fakultät 23 Jur. Fakultät 24 Med. Fakultät 25 Phil. Fakultät 26 Staatswiss. Fakultät 27 Techn. oder sonst. Hochschule - Zeit des Fakultätswechsels (Der Fakultätswechsel fiel bei einmaligem Fakultätswechsel in das:) 32 2. Semester 33 3. Semester 34 4. Semester 35 5. Semester 36 6. Semester 37 7. Semester und höhere - Bilanz des Fakultätswechsels (Der Wechsel insgesamt bestand aus) 19 Zustrom 49 Abstrom
Art der Förderung 1 Stipendium 2 Freitisch 3 Stundung des Honorars 4 Erlaß des Honorars aufgrund statutarischer Berechtigung 5 Erlaß des Honorars: unterstützungsweise 9 Summe (aller Förderfälle bzw. aller Förderbeträge)
Anzahl / Betrag 1 Zahl der Geförderten 2 Betrag, Wert der gesamten Förderung pro Semester
Указатель статей и материалов, опубликованных в 2018 г.КОЛОНКА РЕДАКТОРАНа том стоим и стоять будем ........................................................................1Цель или средство? ......................................................................................2Многоликая бедность ....................................................................................3Север и Арктика: без связности нет устойчивости ..........................................4Уроки «закона тайги» ....................................................................................5Дороги/пути реинтеграции ............................................................................6Путь к человеку ............................................................................................7Время прав и возможностей .........................................................................8Обман рынка ................................................................................................9Бурятская «мозаика» ....................................................................................10Назревшая перезагрузка ..............................................................................11Что за нашей «цифрой»?...............................................................................12ТЕМЫ НОМЕРОВ:КОРОЛЕВСТВО КРИВЫХ ЗЕРКАЛЗУБКОВ К. И. Великая русская революция 1917 г.: взгляд через столетие ......1КЛИСТОРИН В. И. Полевые исследования и социальные структуры ................1КОРДОНСКИЙ С.Г., МОЛЯРЕНКО О. А. Умом Россию не понять ......................1МОЛЯРЕНКО О. А. Изоляция власти от населения в сельской местности: причины и последствия ................................................................................1ПРИРАСТИМ ЧЕЛОВЕЧЕСКИЙ КАПИТАЛ!БАРАНОВ А.О., СЛЕПЕНКОВА Ю. М. Методологические проблемы анализа воспроизводства человеческого капитала в России ........................................2КОЛЕННИКОВА О. А. Кадровое обеспечение легкой промышленности: проблемы и поиск решения ..........................................................................2КОРИЦКИЙ А. В. Велика ли отдача человеческого капитала в России...............2НИЗОВА Л.М., СОРОКИНА Е. Н. Социальные измерения занятости и безработицы инвалидов ............................................................................2ШИРОВ А.А., ПОТАПЕНКО В. В. Рынок труда и качество человеческого капитала .....................................................................................................2ГОНКА НА ВЫЖИВАНИЕБАРКОВ С.А., ГАВРИЛЕНКО О.В., МАРКЕЕВА А.В., СВЕРДЛИКОВА Е. А. Бедность и богатство: восприятие российских интернет-пользователей ..........3ГРИШИНА Е. Е. Различные аспекты бедности семей с детьми ........................3КУЗНЕЦОВА П. Недоходная бедность пожилых ..............................................3ХАСАНОВА Р.Р., МАКАРЕНЦЕВА А. О. Бедность инвалидов и домохозяйств с инвалидами ..............................................................................................3ЧЕРКАШИНА Т. Ю. Жилищная дифференциация в постсоветской России: институциональный и экономический контекст динамики жилищных групп.......3РАЗВИТИЕ СЕВЕРНЫХ ТЕРРИТОРИЙ И АРКТИКИБЕЗРУКОВ Л. А. Проблемы формирования транспортной системы Сибирской Арктики .......................................................................................................4ЕВДОКИМОВ А.Н., СИРОТКИН А.Н., КРЮКОВ Я. В. Россия на Шпицбергене: история изучения, проблемы освоения недр и перспективы на будущее ........4ПОЛЕЩУК Г.М. СПГ в Австралии ..................................................................4СИБГАТУЛИН В.Г., ШИШАЦКИЙ Н. Г. Красноярский алюминиевый завод: экологический фактор ..................................................................................4ШИШАЦКИЙ Н.Г., БРЮХАНОВА Е.А., МАТВЕЕВ А. М. Проблемы и перспективы развития Арктической зоны Красноярского края ............................................4СИБИРСКИЙ ИНТЕРНАЦИОНАЛБУФЕТОВА А.Н., КОЛОМАК Е.А., ХРЖАНОВСКАЯ А. А. Национальное и религиозное разнообразие регионов Сибири ..............................................5ЕРОХИНА Е. А. Коренные малочисленные народы и добывающие компании на Обском Севере: сотрудничество или конфликт? ........................................5МАДЮКОВА С.А., ПЕРСИДСКАЯ О. А. Этноэкономика в действии: опыт Тувы и Алтая ........................................................................................................5ПОПКОВ Ю.В., ТЮГАШЕВ Е. А. Этнокультура и экономика: синергия возможностей ..............................................................................................5СЕМЁНОВ М. А. Динамика национального состава Азиатской России по материалам переписей (1926-1989 гг.) .....................................................5ТАРБАСТАЕВА И. С. Тува превращается в моноэтничный регион: риски и перспективы .............................................................................................5НОВАЯ КАРТА СИБИРИБУХАРОВА Е. Б. Нужны новые механизмы государственной региональной политики .....................................................................................................6ВЕСЕЛОВА Э.Ш. «Енисейская Сибирь» – первый макрорегион России ............6ВЕСЕЛОВА Э. Ш. Россию «разрежут» по-новому ............................................6ТАРАСОВА О.В., ИОНОВА В.Д., МАЛОВ В. Ю. Нижнее Приангарье как «связующее звено» между севером и югом Сибири .......................................6СИБИРЬ – ОТ ЗАСЕЛЕНИЯ К РАССЕЛЕНИЮБУРМАТОВ А. А. Воспроизводство населения в условиях урбанизации в Западной Сибири во второй половине ХХ в. ...............................................7ДАШИНАМЖИЛОВ О. Б. Нетипичная модель урбанизации Западной Сибири и ее демографические последствия в 1960-1980-е гг. ...................................7ИСУПОВ В. А. Урбанизация Западной Сибири: взгляд историка ......................7КОЛОМАК Е. А. Развитие городской системы Сибири в постсоветский период: прогнозы и реальность ....................................................................7ХИМОЧКА В. С. Агломерационные процессы в Сибири: с чего начинать ..........7РАЗРЫВ НЕ ДАЕТ УЙТИ В ОТРЫВКЛИСТОРИН В.И., СУМСКАЯ Т. В. Бюджетные проблемы крупного города (на примере г. Новосибирска) ......................................................................8КРАСНИКОВ Н. Г. Линия развития наукограда Кольцово: участвуем во всех федеральных программах .............................................................................8ПОПОВ Р.А., ПУЗАНОВ А.С., ПОЛИДИ Т. Д. Контуры новой государственной политики по отношению к городам и городским агломерациям России ..........8ГОСБЮДЖЕТ: КАК, КОМУ И СКОЛЬКО?ВАЛЕЕВ А. Р. Парадоксы государственного и муниципального финансового контроля ......................................................................................................9КАПОГУЗОВ Е.А., КОВЕЧЕНКОВА А. А. Инициативное бюджетирование – от практик к институционализации? (случай г. Омска) ...................................9КЛИМАНОВ В.В., ЕРЕМИНА Д.А., МИХАЙЛОВА А. А. Анализ баланса финансовых потоков между центром и регионами в РФ .................................9ЯКОВЛЕВ А.А., ТКАЧЕНКО А.В., БАЛАЕВА О.Н., РОДИОНОВА Ю. Д. Российская система госзакупок: закон меняется, проблемы остаются ..............................9ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ МНОГО, ЦЕЛЬ ОДНААТАНОВ Н. И. Шелковый путь – коридор новых возможностей или показатель непреодолимой отсталости востока России? ........................10БАРАНОВ А.О., ДОНДОКОВ З.Б.-Д., ПАВЛОВ В.Н., СУСЛОВ В. И. Перспективы развития экономики Республики Бурятия ................................10БОРИСОВ Г. О. Проблемы и перспективы развития энергетики Бурятии .......10БЮРАЕВА Ю. Г. Институциональные изменения системы высшего образования в Республике Бурятия ............................................................10СЫСОЕВА Н. М. Иностранные инвестиции в Бурятии ...................................10ТУЛОХОНОВ А. К. Как сохранить географическое пространство Азиатской России? ....................................................................................................10ГРУЗИТЬ С УМОМИВАНТЕР В.В., КЛЕПАЧ А.Н., КУВАЛИН Д.Б., ШИРОВ А.А., ЯНКОВ К. В. Программа первоочередных действий по социально-экономическому возрождению Кузбасса ...............................................................................11КОПЫТОВ А.И., ШАКЛЕИН С. В. Угольные ресурсы Кузбасса как фактор выбора стратегии развития отрасли ............................................................11КРЮКОВ В.А., ФРИДМАН Ю.А., РЕЧКО Г.Н., ЛОГИНОВА Е. Ю. Стратегия «Кузбасс-2035»: в гармонии с углем ...........................................................11КУДРЯШОВА И.А., БАЛАГАНСКАЯ Е.Н., ВОРОНИНА Л. И. Малый бизнес и несырьевой экспорт в Кузбассе ...............................................................11ПРОСЕКОВ А.Ю., ФЕДУЛОВА Е.А., РАДА А.О., КОНОНОВА С.А., АЛАБИНА Т. А. Кемеровская область: старые проблемы и новое будущее ...........................11СТАРИКОВА Л.Н., САГДЕЕВА Л. С. Инновационный потенциал Кемеровской области: структура, состояние ....................................................................11ВСЕПРОНИКАЮЩАЯ ЦИФРАМАРКОВА В.Д. Влияние цифровой экономики на бизнес.................................12КОТЛЯРОВ И.Д. Финтех: сущность и модели реализации................................12ЛУКИЧЕВА Т.А., СЕМЕНОВИЧ Н.С. «Большие данные» в электронной коммерции: инвестиции и их ценность для потребителя...................................................12ИВЛИЕВА А.А. Выявление факторов, влияющих на успешность первичного размещения токенов (ICO)...........................................................................12ОБСУЖДАЕМ ПРОБЛЕМУБАРКОВ С. А. Инновационная бюрократия .....................................................2ГУМЕРОВ Р.Р., ГУСЕВА Н. В. Об эффектах и парадоксах импортозамещения в контексте национальной продовольственной безопасности ..........................2НЕТЁСОВ С. В. Федеральные инвестиции в биофармацевтику – залог биологической безопасности России ............................................................1ШАФРАНИК Ю.К., КРЮКОВ В. А. Можно ли соединить «пространство нефти» и «нефть в пространстве»? ...........................................................................1ШИБАНОВ А. П. Зачем нужны резервы энергетических мощностей? ...............1ОТРАСЛЬФЕДУЛОВА Е.А., БАБИЧ О.О., АКУЛОВ А.О., РАДА А.О., САВИНА Ю. Ю. На чем перевозить наливные пищевые грузы? ..............................................1РЕГИОНБОРИСОВ Д. А. Какова эффективность государственного управления на региональном уровне? .............................................................................2ПЕЧЕНСКАЯ М. А. Неналоговые доходы российских регионов: тенденции и возможности роста ...................................................................................1ФАДЕЕВА О.П., НЕФЁДКИН В. И. Вертикали и горизонтали сельского Татарстана ...................................................................................................1УПРАВЛЕНИЕПАСТУХАНОВ А. Е. Практика реализации проектов с государственным участием в России и риски их развития ........................................................2ХВАЛЫНСКИЙ Д. С. Проблемы эффективного стимулирования агента в системе публичных закупок .......................................................................1ИНСТИТУТЫ РЫНКАМУСАТОВА М.М., ЛУГАЧЕВА Л. И. Российские фонды прямых частных инвестиций: новая экономическая и инвестиционная реальность ...................2МУСИЕНКО С.О., ФЕДОРОВА Е.А., ФЕДОРОВ Ф. Ю. Анализ эффективности государственной поддержки малых предприятий в субъектах РФ ...................2ЭЗРОХ Ю.С. О перспективах изменения «ландшафта» российской банковской системы: кто выиграет? ...............................................................................1РАЗВИТИЕ ОТРАСЛЕЙ РЕАЛЬНОЙ ЭКОНОМИКИГОРДЕЕВ Р. В. Конкурентоспособность продукции лесного сектора: новые уроки из анализа внешней торговли ..............................................................9ГУБИЙ Е.В., ЗОРКАЛЬЦЕВ В. И. Эффективность энергетических плантаций .....7КРЮКОВ Я.В., САМСОНОВ Н.Ю., ЯЦЕНКО В. А. Российская редкоземельная промышленность: следует ли перенять опыт Китая? ....................................10КСЕНОФОНТОВ М.Ю., МИЛЯКИН С. Р. Перспективы автомобилизации в Евросоюзе и Китае при различных сценариях распространения беспилотных совместно используемых автомобилей ......................................9МАКАРЕНКО Е. Л. Развитие лесной промышленности в регионах Сибири на рубеже XX-XXI веков: тенденции и перспективы .......................................10СИМОНОВ Н. С. Об особенностях и вновь открывшихся обстоятельствах энергетического кризиса в СССР в 1960–1980-е годы: уроки для современности .............................................................................................7СИМОНОВ Н. С. Реформы в электроэнергетике России в контексте развития энергетического права ...................................................................3ФАСХИЕВ Х. А. Газо- или электромобилизация? Россия на обочине прогресса ..................................................................................................10ШЕРИН Е. А. Географические направления и масштабы экспорта сибирских углей ...........................................................................................8ШИНАХОВ А. А. Киноиндустрия сегодня: импульсы и барьеры развития ..........9МОНИТОРИНГ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ ПРЕОБРАЗОВАНИЙАВРААМОВА Е.М., ЛОГИНОВ Д. М. Адаптация населения к «новой экономической реальности» ..........................................................................6АЛЕКСЕЕВ А.В. В поисках утраченного равновесия: между государственным регулированием и рыночной неопределенностью ...........................................3АЛЕКСЕЕВ А. В. Прогноз научно-технологического развития РФ: реальный или виртуальный инструмент стратегического планирования? ........................8АЛЕКСЕЕВ А.В., НЕФЁДКИН В.И. Поможет ли государственно-частное партнерство выйти из стагнационной ловушки?............................................12АНАШКИН О. С. Мутные зеркала нефтяной экономики ....................................3БАРАНОВ А.О., ПАВЛОВ В.Н. Будет ли новый экономический прорыв в России?....................................................................................................12БЕЛОКРЫЛОВ К.А. Закупки инновационной продукции в системе инновационно-инвестиционной политики государства..........................................................12БЫКАДОРОВ С.А., КИБАЛОВ Е.Б. К вопросу о совершенствовании модели управления железнодорожным транспортом России .......................................3МАКЕЕВ П. А. Самозанятость в России: теоретическое определение, практическое измерение и законодательное регулирование .........................11МИХАЙЛОВСКАЯ Д.С., ШМАТ В. В. Будущее российской экономики глазами «отцов» и «детей». Взгляд четвертый ............................................................5РАТЬКОВСКАЯ Т.Г. Новый «майский указ» Президента: региональные аспекты реализации.................................................................................................12СОЦИАЛЬНАЯ ПОЛИТИКАГОРЯЧЕНКО Е.Е., МАЛОВ К. В. Мир глазами мэров ........................................2РОИК В. Д. Труд и качество трудовой жизни в России: опыт ХХ в. и перспективы в XXI в. .................................................................................1ЩЕТИНИНА И. В. Увеличение пенсионного возраста: аргументы «за» и «против» ..........................................................................................11ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ СОЦИОЛОГИЯ И ДЕМОГРАФИЯКОССОВА Т.В., КОССОВА Е.В., ШЕЛУНЦОВА М. А. Анализ факторов, определяющих различие в ожидаемой продолжительности жизни мужчин и женщин в регионах России ........................................................................4СИНИЦА А. Л. Некоторые экономические последствия изменения возрастной структуры населения России в условиях демографической волны ...................8ВОПРОСЫ ТЕОРИИВОРОНОВ Ю. П. Управление через манипулирование (о Нобелевской премии по экономике 2017 г.) ......................................................................1ЭКОЛОГИЯ И ЭКОНОМИКАГАВРИЛЬЕВА Т.Н., ПЕТРОВ Н.А., НОГОВИЦЫН А.В., ПАВЛОВ Н. В. Эмиссия парниковых газов в Якутии: ретроспективный анализ на основе топливно-энергетического баланса ..............................................................................6ЖУКОВ С.В., ЗОЛИНА С.А., КОПЫТИН И.А., МАСЛЕННИКОВ А.О., СИНИЦЫН М. В. Налог на выбросы парниковых газов и перспективы нефтедобычи в Канаде ...............................................................................11ЗОРКАЛЬЦЕВ В.И., КУЗНЕЦОВА А.Н., СЫСОЕВА Н. М. Экологические проблемы Байкала .......................................................................................4ХОВАВКО И. Ю. Устойчивое развитие: местные знают лучше ........................1ЗФИНАНСОВЫЙ СЕКТОРАНОХИН Н.В., КАРАВАЕВ В.А., КОЛБИН С.Е., ПРОТАС Н. Г. Влияние инвестиционного климата в регионах на развитие облигационного рынка .......4ДЕМЕНТЬЕВ Н. П. Внешний сектор российской экономики: низкая инвестиционная доходность, вывод капитала .................................................8КОЧЕРГИН Д.А., ЯНГИРОВА А. И. Развитие национальной системы платежных карт в России в условиях экономических санкций .........................6ОБУХОВА Е.А. ICO как современный способ финансирования высокотехнологичных проектов .....................................................................3ПАСТУХАНОВ А. Е. Частное финансирование ГЧП проектов в России: возможности и риски ...................................................................................8ПЕСТУНОВ А. И. Криптовалюты и блокчейн: потенциальные применения в государстве и бизнесе ...............................................................................8ЧЕРКАСОВ В.Ю. К вопросу о международной валюте, интернационализации юаня и расчетах в национальных валютах ......................................................9ИНВЕСТИЦИОННАЯ ПОЛИТИКАФРУМИНА С. В. Гармонизация стратегических документов в сфере бюджетной и государственной инвестиционной политики ................................................4МАМОНОВА Е.В. Создание и развитие медико-технологического кластера Новосибирской области...............................................................................12РАЗВИТИЕ ОТРАСЛЕЙ РЕАЛЬНОЙ ЭКОНОМИКИФАДЕЕВА О.П. Оскудеет ли сибирская нива? Аграрная политика в зеркале всероссийских сельскохозяйственных переписей...........................................12ЭКОНОМИКА ПРЕДПРИЯТИЯБАЛАБИН А.А., БОЙКО А. В. Количественная оценка качества корпоративного управления в крупных российских компаниях ..............................................11КОРОЛЬКОВА Н.А., ВАСЮТИНА Е. С. Коллаборация как источник трансформации бизнес-моделей ...................................................................4МИХАЙЛОВА Н.С., МАРКОВ С. Е. Фиктивные предприятия: найти и обезвредить ............................................................................................10РАЗВИТИЕ СЕВЕРНЫХ ТЕРРИТОРИЙ И АРКТИКИЕМЕЛЬЯНОВА Е. Е. Оценка эффективности политики и перспективные направления инвестиционного развития в муниципалитетах Севера и Арктики ....................................................................................................6ФАУЗЕР В.В., СМИРНОВ А. В. Российская Арктика: от острогов к городским агломерациям ...........................................................................7ПРОБЛЕМЫ РАЗВИТИЯ НАУКИ И ОБРАЗОВАНИЯГОРДЕЕВ М. Н. Мотивация участников краудфандинговых проектов в сфере науки и просвещения .................................................................................11МИХАЙЛИЧЕНКО С. Н. Нюансы образовательного процесса и их значение для реформы высшего образования ..............................................................8ПОПОВА О. Н. Становление национальной системы квалификаций и государственных стандартов высшего образования ...................................11ХВАЛЫНСКИЙ Д. С. От теории иерархических игр к созданию системы эффективных контрактов организации высшего образования ..........................9ДИСКУССИОННЫЙ КЛУБЕРШОВ Ю. С. Тайны и загадки демографической статистики ........................11ЖИРОНКИН С.А., ГАСАНОВ М.А., КОЛОТОВ К. А. Возможно ли в России неоиндустриальное импортозамещение? .......................................................5ТУЛОХОНОВ А. К. Вновь о «борьбе» с урожаем, или куда идет локомотив российской экономики .................................................................................4ТУЛОХОНОВ А.К. О цене «хлеба и зрелищ», или послесловие к чемпионату мира по футболу в России ...........................................................................8ТРУДОВЫЕ ОТНОШЕНИЯДОЛЖЕНКО Р. А. Анализ труда в сегменте «управление персоналом» ..............8ПРОБЛЕМЫ РЕГИОНАЛЬНОГО РАЗВИТИЯКОНДРАТЬЕВА В.И., СТЕПАНОВА Н.А., МАРКОВА В. Н. Пространственные аспекты стратегического планирования развития муниципального района .......5МИХЕЕВА Н. Н. Стратегия пространственного развития: новый этап или повторение старых ошибок? .........................................................................5ПРОБЛЕМЫ МУНИЦИПАЛЬНОГО РАЗВИТИЯЛЕВИНА В. В. Местные финансы в новой ситуации ......................................10СТРАНИЦЫ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ ИСТОРИИ РОССИИАНДРЕЕНКОВ С.Н. Сельскохозяйственные предприятия Новосибирской области в конце 1980-х - 1990-е гг. ............................................................12ИВАНОВ Л. А. Казахстан: этапы экономического прогресса за 100 лет ............7КРАСИЛЬНИКОВ С. А. Инсценирующая диктатура. 90 лет Шахтинскому процессу 1928 г. ..........................................................................................6НИКОЛАЕВ А.А. «Не хлебом единым»: роль кустарных промыслов в восстановлении экономики Сибири в 1920-е годы ......................................9ПАПКОВ С. А. Проблема организации общественного труда в СССР в годы Второй мировой войны ................................................................................7РЫНКОВ В. М. Между дирижизмом и этатизмом: новации государственно-экономического строительства в Сибири в контексте российского опыта (1914-1920) .................................................................................................2ЧЕМОДАНОВ М. П. Нужна ли России наука? ..................................................2