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The article presents research on the structure and content of the concept of sadness, based on the statements of preschool and early school age children. The research was carried out in a transverse (transversal) system among children selected from six age groups: 4.0−4.11, 5.0−5.11, 6.0−6.11, 7.0−7.11, 8.0−8.11, 9.0−9.11. Data collected from a sample of 240 children were used to analyze the test results. There were 20 girls and 20 boys in each of the six designated age group. In order to describe the content and structure of emotional concepts the experimental technique created by S. Grabias (2012) was used. It allowed to obtain an information on six basic components of a given concept, i.e. definition/definition category, carrier, features, activities, causes, circumstances /effect and in addition his assessment. When describing the emotions of fear, the youngest children mainly used tautological definitions containing synonyms and the oldest ones were dominated by abstract definitions. When talking about the symptoms of emotions, the surveyed children focused primarily on the perceptual indicators of experiencing it. The face and changes in facial expression are particularly significant to them. When describing a person experiencing fear, preschool children mainly referred to typical behaviors related to this emotion, i.e.: afraid, shouting, crying. Analyzes concerning the indications of children for the activities performed by the carrier of the emotion fear show that among the respondents in general, flight from the object of fear was dominant. In the opinion of the surveyed children, the main cause of fear are situations related to the violation of physical body, causing fear and anxiety in humans. Children's descriptions of reactions to other people's fear reflect their own tendency to self-regulate, that is, finding ways to deal with experiences. Fear in the perception of the respondents is a negative emotion.

O feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata) é sensível à interferência de plantas daninhas e devido à indisponibilidade de herbicidas seletivos para esta cultura, o controle de plantas daninhas tem sido realizado de forma manual e/ou mecânica. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar a seletividade dos herbicidas bentazone, fomesafen e imazethapyr isolados ou em mistura entre a aplicação única e sequencial e a interação entre as misturas de herbicidas para o feijão-caupi "BRS-Pujante". O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial de 8 x 2, e sete repetições. O primeiro fator corresponde à aplicação dos herbicidas bentazone; fomesafen; imazethapyr; bentazone + fomesafen; bentazone + imazethapyr; fomesafen + imazethapyr; bentazone + fomesafen + imazethapyr, aplicados em pós-emergência, além da testemunha (sem herbicida). O segundo fator foi composto por aplicação única (2-4 folhas) e sequencial (2-4 e 6-8 folhas). A fitointoxicação, altura de plantas e número de folhas foram avaliados aos 5, 10, 15, 20 e 35 dias após a aplicação (DAA) dos tratamentos. Ao final do ciclo da cultura avaliou-se o número total de vagens por planta, comprimento médio da vagem, número médio de grãos por vagens, massa seca média da vagem, massa seca média de grãos por vagem e produtividade estimada. O fomesafen causou uma intoxicação superior a 50% no feijão-caupi. O imazethapyr e bentazone isolados e em mistura causaram a intoxicação de 20% à cultura. De modo geral, com a aplicação sequencial dos herbicidas, houve intoxicação acima de 30% no feijão-caupi em comparação com a aplicação única que causou a intoxicação de ~15%. A mistura de bentazone + fomesafen + imazethapyr mostrou-se seletiva em relação aos demais para cultivar do feijão-caupi BRS-pujante, quando realizado uma aplicação apenas. No entanto, a seletividade encontrada na mistura referida se deve em função do antagonismo nesta mistura de herbicidas.

Thesis Statement: National and international policy documents have consistently placed a premium on adolescent nutrition improvement. While the health and well-being of children aged 14 to 19 is a critical indicator of a country's economic growth, the same is always argued to be even more so for females of the same age. Malnutrition's detrimental effects on young females aged 14–19 is of particular concern to health planners.
Methodology: Using data from the NFHS-03 (2005–06), NFHS-04 (2015–16), and NFHS-05 (2019-20) surveys, the current study examines the impact of two key policies, the Rashtriya Kishor Swasthaya Karyakram (2019-20) and the Adolescent Reproductive and Sexual Health Program (2005–2014) on the health status of adolescent girls.
Results: The study found a strong link between adolescent nutritional and anaemic status, teen pregnancy, and child marriage. Additionally, the disparity between resources allocated and expenditure under Rashtriya Kishor Swasthaya Karyakram has a detrimental effect on the nutritional status of adolescent girls in Indian states.
Conclusion and implications: Given that, despite legal interventions, child marriage and teenage pregnancy continue to occur in Indian states, policy interventions and serious implementation become essential for not only improving the health of the female cohort, but also for the future well-being of the next generation. Literacy levels of women and their anaemic status bear a significant negative correlation. Not just the literacy levels, but longer the time the girls have attended school also has a significant negative impact on their anaemic status. Thus, literacy and health and wellbeing of adolescent Indian women bear a significant relationship and poses to be two sides of a coin.

Keywords: Adolescent girls, Adolescent Reproductive and Sexual Health Program, Anaemia, Nutrition, Sustainable development goals

The FT makes a statement and then asks a question:Big government is back. How will we pay for it?How about we don't? Pay for it that is? No, not an argument for just printing the money, we've been through that one just recently, thank you. How about let's not have Big Government so that it's not necessary to pay for it? We would refer, in more normal times, to O'Rourke's Principle of Circumcision, you can take 10% off the top of anything. Times now are different, we need to take 20% off the British state by our more fervid dreams. Actually, likely more than that. A perfectly good nightwatchman state - yes, including a social safety net - can be run on 20% or so of GDP. We're well over double that as the government's portion these days. Rasetsu of the state appeals that is. But we can retreat from such joys and be a little more reasonable. We all know that the British people do not actually want this big government. Because absolutely no one at all is suggesting that the British people be asked to pay for it. No one is saying that income tax, NI, VAT (the three big revenue raisers) be increased to pay for more bureaucrats in comfy offices. The reason this isn't being suggested is because everyone knows the answer will be no. All the suggestions are that them, over there, they, should be made to pay. Wealth taxes are a current favourite. But that's them, they.We, Brits, aren't prepared to pay for the Man in Whitehall to know best. Therefore we don't believe it. So, let's not have it then. The answer to how we pay for Big Government is not to have Big Government. Some things are just easy with a little logic.

Background: Mental disorders are a major health concern across the globe. Schizophrenia, one of the mental disorders, affects approximately 20 million people globally and 5 million people within the African continent. Schizophrenia can affect all areas of life, including participation in instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs).Objectives: The study aimed to explore personal barriers affecting participation in chosen IADLs among community-dwelling persons with schizophrenia in Kigali city, Rwanda.Method: A qualitative, embedded case study design and constructivist epistemology paradigm were used. Purposive sampling and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 participants that included 10 persons diagnosed with schizophrenia (case 1) and 10 of their caregivers (case 2). Data were analysed according to the seven steps of Ziebland and Mcpherson.Findings: The two themes identified were community negative attitudes and individual hindrances to participation in IADLs. Theme 1 demonstrated the community's poor support towards persons with schizophrenia due to the stigma attached to mental health illness, which is reported elsewhere. This paper reports on individual hindrances to participation, which revealed limited knowledge and skills, decreased motivation and interest, financial problems, maladaptive behaviours, medication side effects, loss of social interaction and isolation, and disorganised in performing activities to negatively affect persons with schizophrenia's full participation in their chosen IADLs.Conclusion: Community-dwelling persons with schizophrenia are experiencing various hindrances to participating in their chosen IADLs, which shows a need for support from different stakeholders to improve access and participation of persons with schizophrenia in their daily activities based on their abilities.Contribution: Different barriers affecting participation of the persons with schizophrenia in their chosen IADLs were highlighted together with the common affected IADLs. It is recommended that when right support is provided, persons with schizophrenia may function at their maximum abilities in their activities of choice and may live at their highest independence level.

Abstract
European Company Law, a European Union (EU)-level company law (as 'federal policy'), has passed the 50-year mark these years. Twenty-five of those years were dominated by a market function approach, the 'black-box' approach, where the company was seen from outside and guaranteeing necessary information for those outside the corporation, rational information users (namely long-term creditors and investors), was paramount. A transformation away from this approach began some 30 years ago; the last 20 years were dominated, first, by an approach that strongly increased participation and true multiple 'voices' in companies—as an approach meant to empower and heat up discussion, it can be termed the 'red-box' approach. This is an approach where more structural information and empowerment took place, and relations within the company were more in the focus of the legislature as well. The advent of new economic sociology could also be sensed, as the EU became more of a political Union or the concept of a competition of legislatures became a potential reality, such as with Centros. As a common denominator, the 'wisdom of the crowds' would seem to be more in the focus. The second phase of these last 20 years, primarily in the last decade, was then dominated by a fixing of certain long-term goals from the outside, fostering a goal of sustainability. Again, important general trends of theoretical thought emerged, and this phase can therefore be seen as a 'green-box' approach. A framework constitution of values is the aim of such an approach. This article brings together EU company law as a federal task and the development of these three phases, including the history of thought and political developments, as well as their theoretical and political underpinning. The article does this mainly for development at the EU level (ius communitatis), but also provides a link to (comparative) national developments and inspiration (ius commune).

ABSTRAKT
Temat dzieci-migrantów jest coraz częściej poruszany nie tylko w sferze publicznej, ale również w badaniach naukowych. W Polsce stał się bardziej popularny w ciągu ostatniej dekady ze względu na procesy masowej imigracji. Większość prac dotyczy jednak zagadnienia na poziomie makro, traktuje o zmianach w krajowym programie nauczania, w szkołach i mówi o gotowości nauczycieli do pracy z klasami wielokulturowymi. Mniej badań koncentruje się na procesie adaptacji i socjalizacji dzieci z doświadczeniem migracyjnym. Ponadto większość istniejących prac dotyczy dorosłych. Tym samym nie oddaje się głosu dzieciom, których doświadczenia biograficzne również są ważne. Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia wyniki empirycznego badania jakościowego, opartego na podejściu skoncentrowanym na dziecku (child-centred approach). Pochodzą one z 20 częściowo ustrukturyzowanych wywiadów, przeprowadzonych z dziećmi-migrantami w Polsce. Analiza przedstawia główne aspekty postrzegania szkoły polskiej przez dzieci-migrantów dotyczące edukacji, socjalizacji oraz relacji z nauczycielami i rówieśnikami.


Polish school in the eyes of migrant children. From socialization to multicultural education

The topic of migrant children becomes more popular not only in the public discourse but also in academic research. In Poland, the topic of migrant children has become more popular over the past decade due to mass immigration. However, most of the work concentrates on the macro-level topics, such as changes to the national curriculum, schools and teachers' preparation and willingness to work with multicultural classes. Less research has focused on the socialization of children with a migrant background. Moreover, most of the existing work deals with adult-centred research, thus ignoring the importance of giving a voice to children in assessing one's biographical experiences. This article presents the results of the empirical qualitative research based on a child-centred approach. The results come from 20 semi-structured interviews with migrant children in Poland. The analysis presents the main aspects of the perception of the Polish school by migrant children regarding education, socialization, and relations with teachers and peers.

Objetivou-se avaliar a ação antimicrobiana da borra da própolis marrom frente a bactéria Salmonella enteritidis subespécie Typhimurium ATCC®14028, experimentalmente inoculada em ovos de codorna. Foram coletados 90 ovos íntegros de codorna japonesa, identificados e distribuídos aleatoriamente em duas etapas de análises. Para a análise química e física, foram utilizados 50 ovos divididos em cinco períodos de avaliação (0, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias), com 5 repetições e para a análise microbiológica, foram utilizados 40 ovos, divididos em 5 períodos com 4 repetições. O tratamento administrado conteve tintura de própolis a 20%. Os ovos foram contaminados experimentalmente com a cepa da Salmonella typhimurium e mantidos em temperatura ambiente (23,5º C) e em refrigeração (5° C) até o momento da análise. Além da ação antimicrobiana da própolis, foram analisadas as variáveis: pesos dos ovos, pesos absolutos e relativos de albúmen, gema e casca, altura do albúmen e gema, gravidade específica (densidade), unidade Haugh, índice de albúmen e de gema e pH do albúmen e gema. O tratamento utilizado neste estudo foi eficaz até os 7 dias de avaliação, após esse período tratamento não anulou ou retardou o crescimento do micro-organismo em nenhum dos tempos. Em relação aos fatores estudados a interação entre o tempo de armazenamento e a temperatura influenciaram (P<0,05) a altura e o índice da gema. Os fatores também influenciaram (P<0,05) de forma isolada o peso e porcentagem da gema e albúmen. O tempo de armazenamento influenciou (P<0,05) a altura e índice do albúmen, Unidade Haugh, a gravidade específica dos ovos, o pH do albúmen e a perda de peso. Concluiu-se que os ovos de codorna de linhagem japonesa submetidos a tratamento superficial da casca com extrato alcoólico de própolis a 20% mantiveram a qualidade químico-física até 21 dias de armazenamento em refrigeração e resistência para Salmonela Thiphymurium até 7 dias de armazenamento.

As plantas daninhas competem com as culturas por fatores limitantes do meio em que vivem, portanto, estudos que apontem a resposta germinativa de sementes submetidas a estresses artificiais são importantes para entender a capacidade de sobrevivência e adaptação destas espécies sob condições de estresse naturais. Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar o efeito das condições salinas e térmicas sobre a germinação e vigor de sementes de Amaranthus deflexus L. Foram instalados dois experimentos, com semeadura realizada em placas de petri contendo duas folhas de papel de filtro umedecidas com água destilada (controle) ou com soluções de NaCl. No experimento 1 utilizou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado (DIC), em esquema fatorial 2 x 6, constituído de dois fotoperíodos (12h luz e 24h escuro) e seis níveis de estresse salino (0; -0,3; -0,6; -0,9; -1,2 e -1,5 MPa), totalizando doze tratamentos, com quatro repetições. Ao final do teste, as sementes que não germinaram foram lavadas e colocadas em substrato papel toalha, umedecido com água para hidratação e estimular o processo germinativo. No experimento 2 utilizou-se um DIC com oito tratamentos (germinação sob 20; 25; 30; 35; 40°C, 20/30; 25/35 e 30/40°C) e quatro repetições cada. O estresse salino afetou negativamente o vigor das sementes de A. deflexus desde o nível de estresse de -0,3 MPa. O vigor das sementes foi comprometido pela ausência de luz, independentemente dos níveis de estresse aplicados. Houve superioridade na percentagem final de germinação e o índice de velocidade de germinação das sementes de A. deflexus na temperatura de 25°C constante e no regime alternado de 25-35°C. O procedimento multivariado discriminou os tratamentos 1 e 2 como superiores no dendograma A, bem como 4, 5 e 6 no dendograma B, configurando-se como método robusto para inferência em experimentos fatoriais sobre o comportamento germinativo.

For this study, ½ blood nelore × aberdeen angus heifers (n = 40; 14 months) were divided into two groups: control (n=20; 310 kg) and pró-cio (n=20; 304 kg). for pró-cio group, 20g of homeopathic product (pró-cio®, real h, campo grande, brazil) was supplied together with corn eighteen days prior (d-18) to the beginning of the fixed-time artificial insemination protocol (ftai). on d0, all females received an intravaginal p4 device and 2 mg be. on d5, the afc was assessed by ultrasound and blood was collected for amh dosage. on d8, p4 device was removed; 300 iu ecg, 0.530 mg of cloprostenol sodium and 0.5 mg of ec were administered; an estrus-identifying adhesive was fixed at the tail insertion and the diameter of the dominant follicle (df) was measured. on d10, all heifers were inseminated, estrus manifestation was assessed and the preovulatory follicle (pof) was measured. on d20, the cl area was measured and blood flow was assessed using doppler ultrasound. data were analyzed by student, mann-whitney or friedman test. the rates of heat expression, ovulation, and blood flow score with doppler were analyzed using fisher's exact test and pregnancy rate by binary logistic regression model (p ≤ 0.05). there was no difference in afc or amh dosage (p > 0.05). pró-cio group had greater diameters of the df (9.94 ± 0.42 mm) and pof (11.61 ± 0.56 mm) than the controls (df: 7.72 ± 0.34 mm and pof: 9.91 ± 0.37 mm), as well a larger cl area (3.26 ± 0.26 versus 2.35 ± 0.16 cm2) and a higher mean cl vascularization score (3.06 versus 2.26; p < 0.05). there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between estrus manifestation or conception rate for control and pró-cio groups. heifers supplemented with the homeopathic product showed larger follicular diameters at the end of the ftai protocol and cl with better blood flow scores compared to the control group.

Sähköistä asiointia kohtaan on asetettu terveyspoliittisia tavoitteita harvaan asutuissa länsimaissa. Sosiaali- ja terveydenhuollon palveluita voidaan toteuttaa soveltuvin osin sähköisinä palveluina. Sähköisten palveluiden käyttö edellyttää asiakkailta välineitä sekä osaamista ja tietoa palveluista, joihin hakeutua.
Selvitimme sähköisten sosiaali- ja terveydenhuollon vastaanottopalveluiden käyttöä eri alueilla. Tutkimus perustuu satunnaisesti valittujen 20–99 vuotiaiden henkilöiden antamiin vastauksiin aikuisväestöä edustavassa FinSote 2020 kyselytutkimuksessa (n=28 199, osallistumisaktiivisuus 46 prosenttia). Alueluokituksena käytettiin seitsemänluokkaista kaupunki-maaseutu-alueluokitusta. Tulokset esitetään työikäisille (20–64 vuotiaat) ja eläkeikäisille (65–99 vuotiaat) väestöä edustavina osuuksina vakioimattomina ja demografisten tekijöiden suhteen vakioituna. Sähköisesti vastaanottopalveluita käyttäneiden osuus laskettiin edeltävän vuoden aikana sosiaali- tai terveyspalveluja käyttäneistä. Vastaajan antama arvio siitä, korvasiko sähköinen asiointi vähintään yhden perinteisen soiton tai käynnin, laskettiin sähköisiä sosiaali- ja terveyspalveluja käyttäneistä.
Kaupunkimaisilla alueilla käytettiin useammin sähköisiä vastaanottopalveluja verrattuna maaseutumaisiin alueisiin. Sosiaali- tai terveydenhuollon palveluita käyttäneistä työikäisistä 39 prosenttia oli käyttänyt sähköisiä vastaanottopalveluita sisemmällä kaupunkialueella, kun vastaava osuus harvaan asutulla maaseudulla oli vain 25 prosenttia. Eläkeikäisistä nämä osuudet olivat pienempiä: sisemmällä kaupunkialueella 13 prosenttia ja harvaan asutulla maaseudulla kahdeksan prosenttia. Kun työikäisistä 86 prosenttia ulommalla kaupunkialueella ja 75 prosenttia maaseudun paikalliskeskuksissa raportoi sähköisen asioinnin korvanneen vähintään yhden perinteisen käynnin, niin eläkeikäisillä osuudet olivat pienempiä: 70 prosenttia sisemmällä kaupunkialueella ja 54 prosenttia harvaan asutulla maaseudulla.
Sähköisesti sosiaali- ja terveydenhuollon vastaanottopalveluita käyttäneiden osuus oli melko korkea. Sähköisten vastaanottopalveluiden käyttö oli yleisempää kaupunkialueella kuin harvaan asutulla maaseudulla. Ne, jotka olivat asioineet sosiaali- ja terveydenhuollossa sähköisesti, arvioivat useimmiten, että sähköinen asiointi korvasi perinteisen käynnin. Työikäiset käyttivät sähköistä vastaanottopalvelua useammin kuin ikääntyneet.
Sähköiset palvelut mahdollistavat asioinnin myös harvaan asutuilla seuduilla. Se, miten pitää välineet kaikkien tavoitettavissa, miten voidaan kohentaa osaamista ja tukea sähköisten palveluiden käyttöön ovat haasteita, joihin sosiaali- ja terveyspolitiikan sekä työllisyys- ja koulutuspolitiikan keinoin on vastattava.

Self-compassion is considered a protective factor that promotes positive psychology, happiness, emotional regulation and embodiment. Self‐compassion offers an approach wherein individuals in dance can pursue optimal participation and performance without compromising health and well‐being. The present study aimed to explore self-compassion among recreational dancers and discover possible differences between tango and ballet. More specifically the study examined: i) the levels of self-compassion in recreational tango and ballet dancers; ii) differences in self-compassion according to demographic characteristics; and iii) differences between tango and ballet dancers. The research was based on several adults from various cities in Greece who participated in tango and ballet for recreational reasons during their leisure time. One hundred and ninety-one dancers (20 men and 171 women), between the ages of 17 and 62, completed the self-compassion scale of Mantzios, Wilson and Giannou (2015), which consists of twenty-six items. The answers were given on a five-point Likert scale, while the reliability of the scale was successfully tested. In addition, the questionnaire contained the collection of other data such as demographic characteristics. According to the first aim, the high scores on self-compassion among recreational dancers showed a relationship between self-compassion and dance, and a positive influence of ballet and tango practice. The second hypothesis was partially confirmed as statistically significant differences emerged only between the age groups with those over forty years of age to show higher levels of self-compassion. Regarding the third aim of the research, differences were found between types of dance. Tango participants showed higher levels of self-compassion than ballet participants. Specific dance teaching interventions are discussed based on somatic and embodiment theory, to create healthier mental, emotional and behavioral patterns for dancers, schools, academies or companies.

Received: 2 August 2022 / Accepted: 20 October 2022 / Published: 5 November 2022

ObjectivesRestriction to the analysis of births that survive past a specified gestational age (typically 20 weeks gestation) can lead to biased exposure-outcome associations. The objective is to estimate the influence of bias resulting from using a left truncated dataset to ascertain exposure-outcome associations in perinatal studies.
ApproachWe simulated the magnitude of bias under a collider-stratification mechanism for the association between the exposure of advancing maternal age (≥ 35 years) and the outcome of stillbirth. This bias occurs when the cause of restriction (early pregnancy loss) is influenced by both the exposure and unmeasured factors that also affect the outcome. Simulation parameters were based on an original birth cohort from Western Australia and a range of plausible values for the prevalence of early pregnancy loss (< 20 gestational weeks), an unmeasured factor U and the odds ratios for the selection effects. Selection effects included the effects of maternal age on early pregnancy loss, U on early pregnancy loss, and U on stillbirth. We then compared the simulated scenarios with the results from the original cohort in which bias was unadjusted.
ResultsWe found the overall magnitude of bias to be minimal in the association between advancing maternal age and stillbirth. The findings indicate that the stronger the effect of the unmeasured U on early pregnancy loss and stillbirth, the greater the departure from the null. When we compared the simulated model with the results of the original cohort, we found evidence of marginal downward bias which was most prominent for women aged 40+ years.
DiscussionOur simulations demonstrated a marginal downward bias in the association between advancing maternal age and stillbirth. We recommend that future studies should quantify the extent of such bias when using left truncated birth datasets to determine exposure-outcome associations.

Albinism refers to a group of genetic disorders that, following genetic mutations, lead to impaired melanin production, resulting in skin allergies and visual impairment in affected people. Visual impairment brings not only physical limitations and challenges but also many social problems, including psychosocial challenges, leading to different experiences in the lives of these people. To this end, using a qualitative content analysis approach, the present study aimed to identify psychosocial challenges and introduce coping strategies for people with albinism living in Tehran in 2021. The participants were people with albinism aged 20 to 40 years in Tehran. The participants were selected from among members of the Iranian Albinism Association (AMAL) using purposive sampling. The data were saturated through semi-structured interviews with 20 participants in the research sample. The collected data were analyzed using conventional content analysis. Analysis of the participants' experiences revealed three main themes: (1) The challenges and difficulties of living with albinism, (2) welfare, specialized facilities, and support seeking, and (3) strategies for coping with psychosocial challenges. According to the findings, albinism, due to its limitations, brings many bitter and painful experiences in education, job finding, and marriage for affected patients. The condition is also associated with some limitations such as visual impairment affecting various aspects of the patient's life and different developmental periods. Each person may have different interpretations of their challenges and thus seek unique strategies for coping with the challenges. The findings of this study can have some implications for mental health professionals and managers of relevant institutions and to become aware of the nature and complications of albinism, the challenges faced by people with albinism, and the special needs of these people. Findings from this study can be used to identify the relationship between albinism, the challenges of living with albinism, and the special needs of these individuals, by mental health professionals, related institutions, and psychosocial environments.

The present study contrasts the thermodynamics analysis of modified diesel engines with traditional diesel engines. Thermodynamics study is done by the use of energy and exergy analysis for diesel, B20 (blend of 80 per cent diesel by volume with 20 per cent mahua biodiesel) and LHR modification and LTC 15 per cent EGR fuelled with B20 blend and 5 per cent ethanol with various loads ranging from no load to full load. Implemented two technologies for increasing engine efficiency. One of the primary techniques is the Low Heat Rejection (LHR) concept (or the so-called "Adiabatic" engine) applied. In the engine cylinder, a ceramic layer of Alumina (Al2O3) was used to modify the Low Heat Rejection (LHR). Another technique is Low-temperature combustion (LTC) modes are added by joining the inlet and exhaust pipes through valves to control the exhaust gas at an optimal rate of 15 per cent. The findings of energy and exergy distribution in the engine were compared using optimum alterations with fuel blends such as 20 per cent mahua biodiesel and 5 per cent ethanol. From energy distribution, best shaft power (QBP) (2.8kW) is transformed from heat input observed in the optimum altered engine at full load conditions compared to others. Due to modifications employed in the engine and fuels. Maximum unaccounted energy (QUN) loss in diesel (44 %). And highest thermal efficiency (31.2 %) is revealed in B20E5 (LHR+15 % LTC). From exergy distribution, it noticed that the same trend of energy distribution and at 100 per cent load condition, maximum (12.54kW) in diesel and minimum (8.45 kW) in B20E5 (LHR+15 % LTC) has obtained input availability (Ain).The maximum conversion rate of availability in brake power (Abp) (0.61 kW) in B20 (LHR). Compared to diesel, second law or exergetic efficiency more in B20E5 (LHR+15 % LTC).