Suchergebnisse

Abstract

Aims
We tested the hypothesis that high novelty seeking (NS—an externalizing trait), sweet-liking (SL—a phenotype that may reflect processing of hedonic stimuli) and initial insensitivity to the impairing effects of alcohol (SRE-A) act independently and synergistically to increase the likelihood of having alcohol-related problems in young adults.


Methods
A sample of 145 young adults, ages 18–26, balanced for gender and alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT) scores <8 or ≥8 were selected from a prior sample. NS, SL and SRE-A were assessed along with AUDIT score and family history of alcoholism (FH). The effect of phenotypes and their interaction on the likelihood of alcohol problems was assessed.


Results
All three phenotypes contribute to the total AUDIT score. The best-fitting model explaining 35.8% of AUDIT variance includes all three phenotypes and an interaction between NS and SL/sweet-disliking (SDL) status. The addition of FH to the model explains an additional 4% of variance in both models. Classification and regression tree analysis showed that the main phenotype influencing AUDIT score is NS. The SL/SDL phenotype is a strong modifying factor for high NS. SRE-A was shown to be a weak modifier for individuals with low NS.


Conclusion
The evidence supports the hypothesis that the presence of multiple alcohol use disorders (AUD) risk phenotypes with different underlying neurobiological mechanisms within an individual (SL, NS and SRE-A) represents a higher likelihood for developing alcohol-related problems and may allow for a graded assessment of risk for AUD and offer the possibility for early intervention strategies.

The article analyzes the ethno-cultural development of Ukrainian society in the conditions of russian revanchism towards Ukraine in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. It has been found that understanding the periodization of ethnocultural development of the Ukrainian society in the conditions of russia's revanchist course aimed to reсlaim imperial power, helps to draw conclusions about the achievements and mistakes made to improve the sustainable development of Ukraine on the path of Euro-Atlantic integration. It is noted that the ethno-cultural development of Ukrainian society in the conditions of revanchist-imperial policy of russia can be conditionally divided into five periods (stages): the first (1991–2004), the second (2005–2009), the third (2010–2013), the fourth (2014–2021), and the fifth (2022–present). This article examines the first two periods.The first period of ethnocultural development of Ukrainian society is the longest and is characterized by both positive and negative trends. Conventionally, it can be divided into two sub-periods: the first (1991–1999) and the second (2000–2004). It substantiated that this division is primarily caused by russia's revanchist policy towards Ukraine, since in 1999–1999 the Kremlin was solving its own socio-political problems and could not fully pay attention to Ukraine. It has been observed that after V. Putin came to power and the significant improvement of the political, economic, and financial situation in russia, the russian clique significantly increased its anti-Ukrainian influence on the Ukrainian ethno-cultural space.The second period of the ethno-cultural development of Ukrainian society is determined by the further expansion of the Ukrainian language functioning in social and political life, the educational process, in the spheres of science, culture, art, the film industry, etc. It is proven that the Кremlin, realising the danger of promoting the ideals and achievements of the Orange Revolution in the post-Soviet space, made considerable efforts to discredit and stigmatise it, using the newly created neo-imperial revanchist doctrine-concept of "russian world" for this purpose.

Following the recent wave of globalization, the possession of different types
of knowledge became even more important for economic development than the
possession of physical resources. The ability of a society to adopt existing
and create new knowledge thus gained fundamental importance for its
wellbeing. In this paper, we identify important aspects of the relationship
between education, creation of knowledge, economic growth, as well as both
material and immate?rial wellbeing of a society. We describe potential
problems that prevent societies from maximizing the benefit from the effort
its members invest in acquiring knowledge. The problems of failure of the
national markets for education as well as the global migrations which lead
to drain of knowledge towards economically highly developed countries are
especially analyzed. In the long run, they lead to a decline in both
national competitiveness and different aspects of the immate?rial wellbeing.
As the basis for solving these problems we propose a combination of economic
theory and the concept of solidarity between more and less devel?oped
countries, individuals and societies of their origin, respecting the free
will of individuals.

Published by order of the Detroit Common Council. ; Description based on: 1895. ; Imprint varies. ; Mode of access: Internet.

The Brazilian Constitution includes declarations in favor of the use of alternative energy and renewable resources. Articles 21, 174, 177 have dispositions to regulate renewable energy activities.

ABSTRACTIn this article, we use game theory to understand the emergence of various kinds of territorial arrangements in the Maine lobster fishery during the past century. Using the Nash equilibria of models of the fishery as our theoretical framework, we show that informal territorial arrangements in this fishery went through three sequential stages. These stages are the result of decisions by groups of lobster fishermen to defend fishing areas or invade those of other groups. A large number of factors influence these defensive and offensive strategies: concentrations of lobsters, the adoption of better technology, transportation costs, ecological changes, trap monitoring costs, the ability to organize defensive and offensive groups, and better law enforcement‐‐‐all of which are captured by crucial parameters of our model. We argue that this technique can be applied to elucidate territorial changes more generally.

… Why and how did the International Committee of the Red Cross commit itself? The reasons for its commitment were clearly expressed by the Delegate-General of the ICRC for Africa, even before the break was complete between the government of Nigeria and the leaders of the Eastern province. Concluding a report giving; an account, at the end of 1966, of the disturbances by which Nigeria had been torn during the year, Mr. Georges Hoffmann—under the title "Disaster relief in case of man-made disaster"—defined the task he wanted the ICRC to undertake: "A holocaust is taking place; there are victims, and care must be given to those who are not dead. As in the case of natural disasters, there must be teams of surgeons, supplies of surgical equipment, medical supplies, foodstuffs and blankets, and there must be means of transport, particularly ambulances and vans". In short, it was necessary to set up in Geneva, in agreement with the League of Red Cross Societies, an organization which would make it possible to confront those "man-made disasters" similar to the one which the League had already created in Nigeria to deal with natural disasters.

"Vilayat" literally means manager and governor as well as master. Absolute means complete power and authority. From the perspective of the Shia, this authority is in fact dedicated to God, and God has been assigned it to prophets and their successors, and in the time of occultation of Imam Mahdi (AS) to Wali faqih (the guardian jurist leading Islamic community). Just jurist has all the powers and authorities (including political) assigned to the Prophet (PBUH & HP) and the Imams (AS) for governance. In contrast, the Sunnis believe that religious texts are silent about the matter of government after the prophet (PBUH&HP), and they did not speak clearly about the system of government and the conditions of Islamic leader and the ways of selecting him. Hence, they followed a choice theory in determining the political system of Muslims after the death of the holy Prophet (PBUH&HP), and accepted caliphate system for ruling the Muslim community. Thus, according to the achievements of this research gathered in a descriptive-analytic method, the Shiite believes that the immaculate Imams (AS) appoints leaders of Muslims community, while Sunnis believe in choosing leader by people.

This article discusses the results of an exploratory study, funded by the Economic and Social Research Council, which investigated the impact of technology on the communication of parliamentary information to the general public in the United Kingdom. As Stage 1 of the project, interviews were conducted with representatives of the public information services of the UK Parliament, the Scottish Parliament, the National Assembly for Wales and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Stage 2 consisted of interactive, electronically-assisted interviews, delivered in a roadshow environment, where members of the public were given the opportunity to explore, and provide critical feedback on, parliamentary websites.