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AbstractThis article discloses the fact that there have coexisted two Chinese texts of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. One of the texts has been widely used by the United Nations and in China for more than three decades. However, it is not the authentic Chinese text of ICCPR. The authentic Chinese text of the Covenant, as published in the United Nations Treaty Series, has been rarely referred to in Chinese literature on human rights. The article compares the two texts and points out a number of mistakes in the widely used text in the light of the object and purpose of the Covenant. The article also analyses the legal and practical consequences of the situation, and proposes both a legally justifiable and practically acceptable solution to the problem.

The watershed map of the Lake of the Woods contained in the atlas is published also separately. ; Atlas has imprint: Ottawa, Government Printing Department. ; [v. 1] Text. -- [v. 2] Plates. -- [v. 3] Tables. -- [v. 4] Atlas. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Contiene: Sur la cure operatoire de quelques maladies : qui autrefois exemptaient du service militaire dans l'armée roumaine / Jacques Potarca; discussion par Delorme.-- Págs. 241-254

Contiene: La tuberculosis pulmonar en el ejército español, en relación con los ejércitos extranjeros / Federico F. Deleito.-- Págs. 95-116

Contiene: Necesidad de divulgar los preceptos de la higiene en los institutos armados / Enrique Mateo Barcones.-- Págs. 161-167

Contiene: Le repatriement est la seule chance de salut dans les guerres coloniales / J. Reig Gascó.-- Págs. 254-258

Cover Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Appendices -- Tables -- Figures -- Glossary -- Executive Summary -- Introduction -- 1. Selected Economic and Financial Indicators, 2011-2019 -- Financial Sector Structure and Performance -- A. The Banking Sector and Financial Stability -- 2. Structure of the Banking System -- 1. Banking Systems Balance Sheet -- 2. Comparative Indicators of Banking System Soundness -- 3. Financial Soundness Indicators, 2010-2013 -- 4. End-2012 Banks' Income Statements -- B. The Nonbanking Sector and Financial Stability -- 5. Number of Microfinance Institutions Not Meeting the Regulatory Norms -- Risks and Resilience of The Banking Sector -- A. Financial Sector Vulnerabilities -- 6. Risk Assessment Matrix -- 3. Comparison of Microfinancial Buffers, 2009 vs. 2013 -- B. Banking Sector Resilience -- C. Credit Risk -- 7. Solvency and Liqudity Stress Tests -- 4. Estimated Banks' Capital Needs if the Exchange Rate Depreciates Sharply -- 5. Large Concentration Exposures -- D. Liquidity Risk -- E. Interbank Contagion Risk -- Financial Sector Supervision and Regulatory Framework -- 6. Supervisory Structure -- Crisis Management and Safety Nets -- A. Crisis Preparedness -- B. Responding to a Crisis -- C. Deposit Insurance System -- Development and Market Structure -- Anti-Money Laundering -- 8. Key Recommendations (Extended) -- I. The Central Bank: Autonomy and Monetary Policy Tools -- II. De-dollarization: Preconditions, Operational Aspects, and Risks -- III. The Resolution of the Banque Congolaise -- IV. Observance of the Basel Core Principles -- V. Stress Test Matrix -- Footnotes.

In the recent years, the international dairy markets have become more and more the focus of public attention. This was primarily due to a higher degree of price volatility that also spilled over to the prices in the European Union after the export subsidies were suspended. Under these circumstances, it is increasingly important to understand the price formation on the international dairy markets. Since the international supply side on these markets is highly concentrated, the price formation can be expected to be influenced by market power. In this context, especially New Zealand is worth mentioning. The New Zealand dairy co-operative Fonterra is the most important player on the dairy markets holding world market shares of more than fifty percent in some cases. In this PhD thesis – that is composed of three papers – the pricing-to-market and the residual demand approach are used to analyze the New Zealand dairy exports with regard to market power. In doing so, both approaches are extended or modified. In the first paper, simulated data is used to show that the empirical pricing-to-market model proposed by Knetter can be expected to provide biased estimates of the prevailing degree of pricing-to-market. This is because the way of how the model controls for the export country's overall marginal cost implicitly assumes that changes in the marginal cost affect prices equally across destination countries. However, since the destination-specific pass-through of cost and exchange rates are equal for a profit-maximizing firm, the pricing-to-market coefficients of the Knetter model can be expected to be biased toward the average coefficient in the sample – around fifty percent under realistic conditions. Therefore, in the second paper, an alternative approach to control for the marginal cost is proposed – the usage of the so-called "stochastic" marginal cost; this procedure also allows the inference of pricing-to-market through changes in the marginal cost. At the same time, the Knetter model is extended to an oligopolistic model of pricing-to-market that a) provides an index of product differentiation and additionally b) identifies the source of pricing-to-market – a task that had not been solved until now. In the third paper, the concept of the stochastic marginal cost is applied to the residual demand approach in order to replace cost shifting variables that often reflect only a small proportion of the marginal cost. The results of both approaches show that Fonterra has a moderate degree of market power on the international dairy markets with estimated markups that amount to nine percent on average. These markups vary much more across destination countries than across the products analyzed. As the pattern can hardly be explained by observable factors, the prevailing degrees of market power seem to be caused by unobservable and qualitative factors. The results also show that Fonterra uses its markup in order to smooth out changes in the marginal cost – on average 40% – in order to maintain its market share in the destination countries.

AbstractComplex multi-actors and multi-level governance structures have emerged in areas that were traditionally exclusively the preserve of the State and treaty-making. The adoption of the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGP) affirmed a corporate responsibility to respect human rights to be implemented through human rights due diligence (HRDD), ie via management processes. The open-ended character of the UNGP generated the emergence of other soft instruments offering guidance to corporations in structuring HRDD. This contribution conceptualises the UNGP from the perspective of regulation as a principles-based exercise in polycentric governance reliant on regulatory intermediaries for interpretation. It then assesses the role of various sui generis normative instruments in providing interpretation to the UNGP and, how the presence of an additional layer of interpretative material contributes to the institutionalisation of responsible corporate conduct. The analysis of instruments drafted by international, non-governmental and business organisations reveals both a decentralising tension between different intermediaries due to disagreements and divergence concerning the precise extent of corporate human rights responsibilities, as well as attempts to centralise the interpretation of the UNGP. The article concludes by recommending some caution towards the employment of polycentric governance regimes and their lack of centralised interpretive authority in this domain of international law and suggests possible ways to formally establish centralised interpretation.

This paper examines how multinational enterprises (MNEs) and local partners, including suppliers, customers and competitors in China, improve their innovation capabilities through collaboration. We analyse this collaboration as a three-way interaction between the ownership-specific (O) advantages or firm-specific assets (FSAs) of the MNE subsidiary, the FSAs of the local partner, and the location-specific assets of the host location. Our propositions are examined through a survey of 320 firms, supplemented with 30 in-depth case studies. We find that the recombination of asset-type (Oa) FSAs and transaction-type (Ot) FSAs from both partners leads to new innovation-related ownership advantages, or 'recombinant advantages'. The study reveals important patterns of reciprocal transfer, sharing and integration for different asset categories (tacit, codified) and different forms of FSA and explicitly links these to different innovation performance outcomes. Ot FSAs, in the form of access to local suppliers, customers or government networks are particularly important for reducing the liability of foreignness for MNEs.