Suchergebnisse

Borders, immigration and international relations on the eve of the Second World War
Claudine PIERRE
Following a long period of occupation during the Great War, the Ardens resorted to a policy of mass immigration aiming at facing the needs imposed by the rebuilding and owing to the shortage of agricultural and industrial workforce. This border area can be used as the geographical frame for the study of the major international crises repercussions had on immigration between WWI and WWII.
The economic crisis brought out new behavioral patterns. Although the number of foreign migrant workers was decreasing, there appeared xenophobic attitudes. Despite the pressure of public opinion, employers hindered any measure of regulation concerning the hiring of foreign labour. The resulting feeling of uncertainty acted as an incentive towards the integration of the foreigners.
However the terrible events that led to the War questioned and upset the efforts towards stabilization made by most foreigners. They were soon considered as would-be enemies. The first ones were the Poles with the breaking out of the Munich crisis which made of them targets of a French people all the more worried and fearful they might be sacrified again since living in a border area. The Italians had become a threat ever since Mussolini's diplomatic reversal. What they did was to try to prove again and again their loyalty towards their host country. When the war broke out some Czechoslovakians were interned after various blunders for being « subject to the Reich ». These hard times further reinforced the precarious situation of foreigners living in border areas.

Le recensement du Canada est soumis principalement à des erreurs de dénombrement et de déclaration. Ces erreurs interviennent de façon importante lors de l'estimation de l'émigration internationale par des méthodes résiduelles, plus particulièrement dans le cas d'estimations selon le groupe linguistique.
Pour la période 1971-1976, les auteurs obtiennent une estimation négative du nombre d'emigrants anglophones du Québec. Dans ce cas, les erreurs qui accompagnent l'effectif d'émigrants sont au moins équivalentes sinon supérieures au résidu négatif. Suite à l'examen des problêmes liés aux données du recensement qui entraînent ces erreurs, certaines corrections sont présentées concernant le sous-dénombrement, les déclarations multiples et les changements de déclaration de langue maternelle. Les auteurs terminent en s'interrogeant sur la pertinence de ces corrections.

The mixed record on the 2015 Millennium Development Goal (MDG) targets and the focus on global public goods in post-MDG debates questions the future of traditional development co-operation (official development assistance, ODA). Meanwhile, international financial crisis and fiscal retrenchment have focussed policy makers on the international dimensions of income and asset taxation. This paper explores how these two currents of economic discourse can be combined, a decade after the Zedillo Commission proposed new forms of innovative development finance (IDF). Current IDF proposals involve new forms of hypothecated taxation (such as those on financial transactions or carbon pollution) and borrowing against future ODA commitments. These proposals have practical drawbacks, require new intergovernmental mechanisms and tend to perpetuate aid dependency. In contrast, greater international co-operation for direct tax collection (to which the G20 is already committed) would allow developing countries to ensure full income tax collection from their residents (both corporate and personal) through information exchange and the resulting clearing mechanism for double taxation resolution would provide the basis for prior collection of agreed quotas to fund global public goods on an equitable basis. Based on an expanded global income tax base (not new taxes or increased rates) such co-operation represents a more sustainable and equitable system than forms of IDF based on traditional ODA relationships. While a decade ago such an outcome seemed extremely unlikely, recent changes in the global political economy mean that such a transformation of development assistance might now possibly be feasible.